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Amaç: Bu çalışmanın temel amacı; öğretmenlerin örgütsel sessizlik algılarında cinsiyet, kıdem ve branş değişkenlerinin etki düzeyini ortaya koymaktır. Yöntem: Konu ile ilgili YÖK Tez Merkezi, ProQuest, EBSCOhost ve Google Akademik, Ulusal Akademik Ağ ve Bilgi Merkezi (Türkiye Akademik Arşivi, Ulusal Toplu Katalog, Dergi Park Akademik) veri tabanları taranarak dahil edilme ölçütlerine uygun cinsiyet değişkeni için 83, kıdem değişkeni için 55 ve branş değişkeni için 28 çalışma meta analiz kapsamına dahil edilmiştir. Araştırmaya dahil edilen çalışmaların örneklem büyüklükleri, cinsiyet değişkenine göre 29058, kıdem değişkenine göre 19597 ve branş değişkenine göre 11194 öğretmendir. Verilerin analizinde Comprehensive Meta Analysis Ver. 2.2.064 (CMA) programı kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Yapılan analizler sonucunda tüm değişkenler için araştırmaya dâhil edilen bireysel çalışmalarda yayın yanlılığı bulunmadığı görülmüştür. Rastgele etkiler modeline göre yapılan analiz sonucunda; öğretmenlerin örgütsel sessizlik algıları üzerinde cinsiyet değişkeninin genel etki büyüklüğünün (d=0.00), kıdem değişkeninin genel etki büyüklüğünün (d= -0.07) ve branş değişkeninin etki büyüklüğünün (d=-0.06) zayıf ve önemsiz düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Tüm değişkenleri için yapılan moderatör analizleri sonucunda da istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmayan sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmada ulaşılan bulgular genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde öğretmenlerin cinsiyet, kıdem ve branş gibi özelliklerinin örgütsel sessizlik algısı üzerinde etkisinin olmadığı ya da çok zayıf düzeyde olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırma bulguları üzerinde araştırma karakteristik özelliklerinin etkisi incelendiğinde; kademe türünün, yayın türünün, okul türünün, öğretmen branşının, araştırmanın yapıldığı bölgenin ve araştırmacı cinsiyetinin moderatör etkisi olmadığı görülmüştür. Özgünlük: Öğretmenlerin örgütsel sessizlik algılarında cinsiyet, kıdem ve branşlarının etkisini bütüncül bir yaklaşımla meta-analiz yöntemi ile bir araya getirmesi bağlamında özgün bir çalışmadır.

According to scientists, the dog was domesticated in Asia and spread to other parts of the world from this continent. Turks are also from Central Asia. It is believed that the homeland of the Turkish Akbash Shepherd Dog is Central Asia. The Turks may have taken these white-skinned shepherd dogs to other parts of Europe as well. It is also believed that the Hungarians came from the Hun Turks, one of the ancient Turkish tribes. When the ancestors of the Hungarians came to this region, they may have brought white-skinned dogs, which are now called Kuvasz Dogs. Hungary, Slovakia and Southern Poland are in the same basin and dogs called Kuvasz, Chuvach and Tatra are bred in the countries of this basin, respectively. Kuvasz, Chuvach and Tatra were brought by the Hun Turks and may be dogs of the same origin. This paper claims “All white-skinned shepherd dogs are descended from the Central Asian Shepherd Dog, which was taken by the Turks from Central Asia to other countries.” If this hypothesis can be proven as a result of genetic analysis, the results of this research will not only serve animal science, but also anthropology for humanity.

The transition of people from the nomadic life to the settled social life from the past to the present has also affected and further developed the relations of people in the settled life with animals. As people move from individual life to social life, they also experience some social and economic changes. These changes often affect behaviour patterns and lifestyles. Social changes have brought with them urban and rural differences. Along with this change, people’s perspectives on animals also changed over time, they domesticated some species defined as wild or wild animals and started to keep them as pets in their farms or homes. People benefit from various yields of animals such as offspring, meat, milk, eggs, wool, horns, nails, work, protection, life partner, guidance service. Although there are many reasons for this, the most important reason is the Covid-19 pandemic. It is clearly seen that animals provide economic, social and spiritual support to humans in this difficult period.

Signaling circuits crucial to systemic physiology are widespread, yet uncovering their molecular underpinnings remains a barrier to understanding the etiology of many metabolic disorders. Here, we identified a copper-linked signaling circuit activated by disruption of mitochondrial function in the murine liver or heart that resulted in atrophy of the spleen and thymus and caused a peripheral white blood cell deficiency. We demonstrated that the leukopenia was caused by alpha-fetoprotein, which required copper and the cell surface receptor CCR5 to promote white blood cell death. We further showed that alpha-fetoprotein expression was upregulated in several cell types upon inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. Collectively, our data argue that alpha-fetoprotein may be secreted by bioenergetically stressed tissue to suppress the immune system, an effect that may explain the recurrent or chronic infections that are observed in a subset of mitochondrial diseases or in other disorders with secondary mitochondrial dysfunction.

In this study, it is aimed to analyze the positive effects of pets on the market economy and people. The COVID-19 pandemic started with the virus outbreak that emerged in Wuhan City, the capital of Hubei Province of China, on December 1, 2019 [1], and the first case in our country was announced by the Ministry of Health on March 11, 2020. With the rapid spread of the epidemic in the world, closures in countries, travel restrictions, working from home and the introduction of the online education system, the rate of spending more time with pets, known as people's loyal friends, and the rate of adopting new animals have begun to increase. In this process, it has been seen that people are more interested in their animals and they are more sensitive in meeting their needs. It has been observed that they do not hesitate to allocate a significant part of their budgets in many subjects such as animal nutrition and veterinary care services, consumption expenditures such as pad shop products and purchasing new animals have increased, and this market has been dynamic. It is known that having a pet is good for blood pressure, greatly reduces the feeling of loneliness and depression in people, and always keeps their hopes warm. It can be said that taking care of furry friends after a long day helps people feel more optimistic and spending time with their pets helps them cope with stress, helps animals increase social relationships, and develops empathy, social skills, mutual love and sense of responsibility in children. It can be said that spending time with their pets is good for people's mood, and they even prefer their animals over other people in quarantine, and they gain social status. The trend of online shopping for pets also seems to become permanent. Pets are now more important than ever in our lives. The pandemic may ease in the near future, but the closeness of our pets will be permanent. It is seen that the tendency towards the adoption of pets and meeting their needs such as care and nutrition is increasing day by day. While various needs come to the fore in this trend, it is important to determine the economic role of consumption of these needs and their relationship with the reasons.

The effect of chronic noise on the middle ear is not fully known. This study aimed to evaluate the middle ear functions of metal workers exposed to chronic noise using wideband tympanometry.In this study, 62 male workers exposed to chronic noise and 30 healthy men were included. Workers exposed to chronic noise were divided into 2 groups according to their pure tone averages. Totally 30 workers (60 ears) with pure tone average less than 20 dB were included in group I, and 32 workers (64 ears) with pure tone average more than 20 dB were included in group II. All individuals were subjected to wideband tympanometry. Tympanometric peak pressure, equivalent ear canal volume, static acoustic admittance, resonance frequency, and absorbance ratios at peak pressure and ambient pressure values were analyzed.There was no difference between the groups in terms of traditional tympanometric parameters such as tympanometric peak pressure, equivalent ear canal volume, and static acoustic admittance (P.05). Resonance frequency of workers exposed to chronic noise (group I and group II) was lower than the control group (P.05). The absorbance ratios of workers exposed to chronic noise at approximately 4 kHz were lower in both peak pressures and ambient pressures (P.05).Chronic noise does not only damage the inner ear but also causes changes in the middle ear structures. Wideband tympanometry can be used to detect minor auditory damage due to noise that cannot be detected by audiogram early. In this way, necessary measures can be taken in the early period before noise-induced hearing loss occurs.

This study was carried out to evaluate compositions of milk from Hair goat and Saanen x Hair goat crossbreed (F1) under semi-intensive conditions. The research was conducted on 20 Hair goats and 20 Saanen x Hair goat crossbreed (F1) at Farm for Research and Application of Van Yuzuncu Yil University in Turkey. All the experimental goats were 3 years old and were raised under semi-intensive conditions. In the current study, the average fat, non-fat solid, protein, lactose, total solids, lactic acid, pH values of Hair and crossbreed goat milks were 3.98%, 3.80%; 9.54%, 9.24%; 3.59%, 3.48%; 5.24%, 5.08%; 13.51%, 13.04%; 0.24%, 0.25%; 6.62, 6.64, respectively. Lactation stage had a significant influence (P

It is explained that the immorality of the world and the world, and the superiority of turning away from the world, and even a great virtue and virtue, are explained in the majority of moral books, especially in the Islamic world. The story, which is made up of the virtue and virtue in the works, mentioned by the concept of zuhd in the mentioned works, is expressed with verses and hadiths besides gentle and humorous, as well as gentle. The main goal in the writing of these works is to bring the Muslim society to moral maturity and make it happy in the world and the hereafter. In the third century, which started in the second century, Hijri al-Muhâsibi (d. 243/857), Zunnun el-Misri (d. 245/859), Ma'ruf el-Kerhi (d. 200/815), Seri es- Sakati (d. 251/865), Bisr el-Hâfi (d. 227/841), Baayezid-i Bestâmi (d. 234/848) and Cuneyd Bagdadi (d. 297/909), matured in the hands of the famous Sufis and in the following centuries. The tradition of praising the life of zuhd in the sense of turning away from the world, which was carried to the top with great Sufi and scholars such as 505/1111) continues today. When we look at the subject through the circumcision, which is the practice of the verses, it is understood that it is not suitable for Sunnah to turn a face to life from the world and that it will not be happy in the world and the hereafter. Because, according to the history, siyer and magazines books about the life of the Messenger of Allah, the Messenger of Allah, who most of the people claim to take as an example, warned his fellows who wanted to live a zuhd life by not pulling a hand-skirt from the world and saying that it is not me who turned away from my sunnah. This article focuses on the concept of the zuhd, which means leaving the world and being only engaged in worship, killing its nafs and being aunt of all desires and desires. The place of the Zuhd lifestyle in Islamic thought and whether it is suitable for Islamic teachings taken from the Sunnah is discussed.

Bu çalışmada, evlerimizin birer ferdi gibi yetiştirilen pet hayvanlarının mevcut durumu, beslenme şekilleri ve barınma şartları ile Alanya ve Mardin’deki pet hayvan sahiplerinin sosyo-demografik yapılarında ne gibi farklılıkların olduğunun tespit edilmesi ve pet hayvanı sahiplerinin pet hayvanı yetiştiriciliğine bakışlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma materyalini, Antalya ili Alanya ilçesinde ve Mardin ilinde yaşayan, yaşları 18-79 (ortalama 34.26) arasında değişen, pet kliniklerine gelen, rastgele belirlenmiş ve gönüllü olarak katılan, toplam 244 pet hayvan sahibi ile yüz yüze yapılan anket çalışmasından elde edilen veriler oluşturmuştur. Bu verilere göre; katılımcıların %43.6’sı Alanya, %56.4’ü ise Mardin’de yaşamaktadır. Ankete katılan pet hayvan sahiplerinin Alanya ve Mardin de sırasıyla; %51.9 ve %56.5’i erkek olduğu, ayrıca Alanya’da %56.6’sı bekâr iken Mardin’de %59.4 evli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Pet hayvanı sahiplerinin Alanya’da %29.2’si diğer meslek grubunda iken Mardin’de %39.1’i memur olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcıların pet hayvanını Alanya’da %29.2’lik aynı oranla sokak ve pet shoptan sahiplenir iken Mardin’de %37.7’si arkadaşından sahiplendiği belirlenmiştir. Tatilde pet hayvanını Alanya’da %36.8’i arkadaşına bırakır iken, Mardin’de %46.4’ünün yanında götürdüğü tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, evlerimizin birer ferdi gibi yetiştirilen pet hayvanlarının durumu ve bulunduğu ortamlar farklı yerleşim yerlerinde benzer gibi görünse de, pet hayvan sahiplerinin sosyo-demografik yapılarında ve pet hayvanı yetiştiriciliğine bakışlarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıkların olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Soft continuum system-based robots which can interact with different environment are becoming a novel mechatronic system in varied fields. Many soft continuum robot can easily crawl, roll, steer, and climb. These innovatively designed systems are safe, effective and easy to control. In this study, two different soft continuum robotic prototypes are developed for locomotion in pipeline inspections. The motions of these soft robots were inspired from the locomotion behavior of the caterpillar. Unlike other types of soft robotic systems, the developed soft robots do not rely on pneumatic or hydraulic actuators, but can be operated electrically using nickel-titanium (NiTi)-based shape memory alloy (SMA) springs. These soft robot systems are fabricated via casting process using silicone elastomers. The linear locomotion profile of the soft robots are investigated carefully. Prismatic and tubular forms are used for designing of the soft robots to move within the pipelines via actuation of the NiTi shape memory alloy springs. The soft body of the robot systems are made of RTV-2 grade silicone rubber due to its hyperelastic response. A thermo-mechanical training process is applied on the NiTi SMA springs for achieving the linear motion inside of the silicone-based body. A microprocessor is used for creating the locomotion sequence of the soft robotic system. The periodic optimal locomotion sequence of the soft robots is determined by means of experimental investigations.

Background and purpose We sought to understand why (-)-cannabidiol (CBD) and (-)-cannabidiol-dimethylheptyl (CBD-DMH) exhibit distinct pharmacology, despite near identical structures. Experimental approach HEK293A cells expressing either human type 1 cannabinoid (CB1 ) receptors or CB2 receptors were treated with CBD or CBD-DMH with or without the CB1 and CB2 receptor agonist CP55,940, CB1 receptor allosteric modulator Org27569 or CB2 receptor inverse agonist SR144528. Ligand binding, cAMP levels and βarrestin1 recruitment were measured. CBD and CBD-DMH binding was simulated with models of human CB1 or CB2 receptors, based on the recently published crystal structures of agonist-bound (5XRA) or antagonist-bound (5TGZ) human CB1 receptors. Key results At CB1 receptors, CBD was a negative allosteric modulator (NAM), and CBD-DMH was a mixed agonist/positive allosteric modulator. CBD and Org27569 shared multiple interacting residues in the antagonist-bound model of CB1 receptors (5TGZ) but shared a binding site with CP55,940 in the agonist-bound model of CB1 receptors (5XRA). The binding site for CBD-DMH in the CB1 receptor models overlapped with CP55,940 and Org27569. At CB2 receptors, CBD was a partial agonist, and CBD-DMH was a positive allosteric modulator of cAMP modulation but a NAM of βarrestin1 recruitment. CBD, CP55,940 and SR144528 shared a binding site in the CB2 receptor models that was separate from CBD-DMH. Conclusion and implications The pharmacological activity of CBD and CBD-DMH in HEK293A cells and their modelled binding sites at CB1 and CB2 receptors may explain their in vivo effects and illuminates the difficulties associated with the development of allosteric modulators for CB1 and CB2 receptors. Linked articles This article is part of a themed section on 8th European Workshop on Cannabinoid Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.10/issuetoc.

This paper reviews the current status of Turkish silkworm genetic resources and activities being undertaken for their conservation. Silk production and the trade in silk have been important activities in Turkey, which lies on the ancient Silk Road, for many hundreds of years. Current production of silk is on the rise after a period of very low production. Turkey has a well-established programme of conservation and development of all of its domestic animal genetic resources, of which silkworm is considered a constituent part. Three distinct lines of native silkworm have been registered with the national standards body, the Turkish Standards Institute. Distribution of silkworm germplasm is regulated by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock through Cooperative Unions which have more than 10,000 members. Renewed and increased international demand for natural and biological products is favourable to Turkey’s silkworm industry. The prognosis for the future development of silk production is strongly positive.

Located at the boundaries of Europe and Asia, Turkey is home to an extraordinary variety of domestic animal species and breeds that include bees, camels, cats, cattle, dogs, domestic fowl, donkeys, ducks, goats, geese, horses, mules, pigs, rabbits, sheep, silkworms, water buffalo and several species of domestic birds (partridge, pheasant, pigeon and ostrich). In addition to the clearly distinct Angora and Van cat breeds a short-haired nondescript cat breed is found throughout Turkey. As well as private household ownership, Angora cats have been raised at Ankara Zoo which has belonged to the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock since 1939. The Van cat is raised at the Van Cat Research Centre at Yuzuncu Yil University in Van Province which also has a small clinic for the cats. There is a risk of extinction for the Angora and Van breeds but none for the short-haired nondescript type. This paper reviews social aspects, the genetic resources and conservation status of the native cat breeds of Turkey.

We introduce a prototype testing framework as an extension of JUnit for testing actor-based systems. Our framework runs a given JUnit test in various schedules and records the execution trace for each run. In case a failure is observed during one of the test runs, the corresponding execution trace is compared with those traces associated with passed test runs. The sequence of exchanged messages that are different with respect to these runs are extracted. A UML sequence diagram is automatically generated to depict this sequence. Hence, the developer can observe the interleaving of messages that caused the failure. We illustrated the application of our framework on two sample actor-based software systems.

Arslan, Mikail (Balikesir Author), The study carried out at Dort Mevsim Meat Integrated Facility in Susurluk district, Balikesir province, Turkey. In each genotype, there were 20 male lambs. Suffolk and German Mutton Merino lambs were subjected to fattening for 70 days. At the end of the trial, 6 male lambs from each genotype were slaughtered. Slaughter weight, ADG, concentrate feed efficiency, hot carcass weight, chilling carcass weight, hot dressing percentage and chilling dressing percentage were 43.9 kg, 301 g, 3.44 kg, 23.18 kg, 22.24 kg, 52.80 % and 50.66 % in Suffolk lambs; these values were 43.1 kg, 296 g, 3.86 kg, 21.85 kg, 20.89 kg, 50.70 % and 48.47 % in German Mutton Merino lambs, respectively. Hot and chilling carcass weights of Suffolk and German Mutton Merino lambs were significantly different (P

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We sought to understand why (−)‐cannabidiol (CBD) and (−)‐cannabidiol‐dimethylheptyl (CBD‐DMH) exhibit distinct pharmacology, despite near identical structures. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: HEK293A cells expressing either human type 1 cannabinoid (CB(1)) receptors or CB(2) receptors were treated with CBD or CBD‐DMH with or without the CB(1) and CB(2) receptor agonist CP55,940, CB(1) receptor allosteric modulator Org27569 or CB(2) receptor inverse agonist SR144528. Ligand binding, cAMP levels and βarrestin1 recruitment were measured. CBD and CBD‐DMH binding was simulated with models of human CB(1) or CB(2) receptors, based on the recently published crystal structures of agonist‐bound (5XRA) or antagonist‐bound (5TGZ) human CB(1) receptors. KEY RESULTS: At CB(1) receptors, CBD was a negative allosteric modulator (NAM), and CBD‐DMH was a mixed agonist/positive allosteric modulator. CBD and Org27569 shared multiple interacting residues in the antagonist‐bound model of CB(1) receptors (5TGZ) but shared a binding site with CP55,940 in the agonist‐bound model of CB(1) receptors (5XRA). The binding site for CBD‐DMH in the CB(1) receptor models overlapped with CP55,940 and Org27569. At CB(2) receptors, CBD was a partial agonist, and CBD‐DMH was a positive allosteric modulator of cAMP modulation but a NAM of βarrestin1 recruitment. CBD, CP55,940 and SR144528 shared a binding site in the CB(2) receptor models that was separate from CBD‐DMH. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: The pharmacological activity of CBD and CBD‐DMH in HEK293A cells and their modelled binding sites at CB(1) and CB(2) receptors may explain their in vivo effects and illuminates the difficulties associated with the development of allosteric modulators for CB(1) and CB(2) receptors. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on 8(th) European Workshop on Cannabinoid Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.10/issuetoc

Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel, which can result in chronic lung disease. The sequence of events leading to lung disease is not fully understood but recent data show that the critical pathogenic event is the loss of the ability to clear bacteria due to abnormal airway surface liquid secretion (ASL). However, whether the inhalation of bacteria triggers ASL secretion and whether this is abnormal in cystic fibrosis has never been tested. Here we show, using a novel synchrotron-based in vivo imaging technique, that wild-type pigs display both a basal and a Toll-like receptor-mediated ASL secretory response to the inhalation of cystic fibrosis relevant bacteria. Both mechanisms fail in CFTR−/− swine, suggesting that cystic fibrosis airways do not respond to inhaled pathogens, thus favoring infection and inflammation that may eventually lead to tissue remodeling and respiratory disease., Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the CFTR chloride channel, leading to reduced airway surface liquid secretion. Here the authors show that exposure to bacteria triggers secretion in wild-type but not in pig models of cystic fibrosis, suggesting an impaired response to pathogens contributes to infection.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding for the anion channel cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Several organs are affected in CF, but most of the morbidity and mortality comes from lung disease. Recent data show that the initial consequence of CFTR mutation is the failure to eradicate bacteria before the development of inflammation and airway remodeling. Bacterial clearance depends on a layer of airway surface liquid (ASL) consisting of both a mucus layer that traps, kills, and inactivates bacteria and a periciliary liquid layer that keeps the mucus at an optimum distance from the underlying epithelia, to maximize ciliary motility and clearance of bacteria. The airways in CF patients and animal models of CF demonstrate abnormal ASL secretion and reduced antimicrobial properties. Thus, it has been proposed that abnormal ASL secretion in response to bacteria may facilitate the development of the infection and inflammation that characterize CF airway disease. Whether the inhalation of bacteria triggers ASL secretion, and the role of CFTR, have never been tested, however. We developed a synchrotron-based imaging technique to visualize the ASL layer and measure the effect of bacteria on ASL secretion. We show that the introduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacteria into the lumen of intact isolated swine tracheas triggers CFTR-dependent ASL secretion by the submucosal glands. This response requires expression of the bacterial protein flagellin. In patients with CF, the inhalation of bacteria would fail to trigger ASL secretion, leading to infection and inflammation.

Horses, donkeys, and mules have been important in Turkey for agriculture, transport, and the military for hundreds of years. Equids number more than 0.5 million in Turkey. Most horses are local types but emphasis is now on Thoroughbreds and Arabians for racing and competitions. New roles have not materialized for donkeys and mules that continue to perform their traditional activities. Disease control is assured mainly by public services acting within laws governing diseases and welfare. African horse sickness, glanders, dourine, equine infectious anemia, vesicular stomatitis, equine encephalomyelitis, anthrax, and rabies are notifiable diseases but none of the mainly equine diseases has been reported in Turkey for many years. Several zoonoses, including toxoplasmosis, brucellosis, listeriosis, and Rhodococcus infections, have been identified by serodiagnosis over wide areas, but animals carrying antibodies rarely exhibit clinical symptoms. Among other diseases in Turkish Equidae are piroplasmosis, respiratory infections, contagious equine metritis and equine influenza. Other viral and bacterial pathogens have been identified in isolated investigations. Internal and external parasites are a major cause of economic loss. Much research on equine diseases has been undertaken in the last decade of the 20th and first decade of the 21st centuries, perhaps because of Turkey's possible accession to the European Union and the goal to harmonize identification and control procedures and also because of the country's increasing participation in international equine events. This paper reviews animal health services and provides a bibliography of more than 100 references covering horse, donkey, and mule diseases in Turkey.

Introduction: In this study we investigated the clini- cal utility of single fiber conduction velocity (SF-CV) testing in the evaluation of motor nerve function in diabetic patients with signs and symptoms of symmetrical distal sensory polyneurop- athy (DSP). SF-CV findings were compared with conventional nerve conduction studies (NCS). Methods: Twenty-eight con- secutive type 2 diabetic patients with clinically diagnosed DSP were studied. Results: SF-CV testing of the tibial nerve was abnormal in 16 (57.1%) patients. Twelve patients with normal conventional motor NCS had abnormal findings by tibial SF-CV. SF-CV testing of the tibial nerve was significantly superior to all other motor NCS. Conclusions: SF-CV testing of the tibial nerve often demonstrates motor nerve impairment in diabetic patients with sensory DSP when conventional NCS are normal. Muscle Nerve 49:84-89, 2014 Distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP) is the most common neuropathy in patients with diabe- tes. Conventional nerve conduction studies (NCS) are the "gold standard" in evaluation of DSP. 1 The most commonly observed electrophysiological ab- normality associated with DSP is axonal neuropa- thy predominantly affecting the most distal sensory nerves, which is characteristic of the "dying-back" mechanism of the disease. 2,3 Other sensitive indi- ces of DSP are decreases in sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity (CV) and abnormalities on autonomic testing. 1 Early detection of motor nerve involvement in patients with DSP is important, because subtle motor nerve changes may lead to abnormalities of foot posture that contribute to foot ulceration and gait imbalance. 4 Unfortunately, conventional NCS

2 Abstract: Turkey is home to a broad range of domestic livestock species that includes ruminant and monogastric quadrupeds and at least eight species of poultry. Ducks and geese are minor species of poultry in terms of numbers but are spread over most of the country (with concentrations of geese in the northeast) and are owned mainly by resource-poor smallholder farm families to whom they contribute animal protein and thus improve welfare. Government recognizes only one indigenous breed of each species but there are various colour morphs of both ducks and geese and these show differences in egg weights and growth traits. Some exotic Pekin ducks were imported in 1984 and Muscovy ducks at an unknown time. There were attempts to modify the genome of local geese with imports of Romanola eggs in 1988 and French White eggs in 1992. There has been limited research on disease in the two species. Most production is for home consumption so there is little internal market activity but there have been sporadic exports and exports of duck meat and goose foie gras. Government has a policy statement on duck and goose production but does not support or promote any conservation activities. There are both technical and administrative challenges to improved and increased production of ducks and geese but opportunities exist for enterprise diversification, for new entrants to species that are less costly to keep and produce than many other domestic species and for processing and producing value-added products.

The pigeon is one species among the numerous domestic animal types that contribute to the economy of Turkey as food and work, and provide diversion and pleasure for the nation's people. Pigeons are kept at the household level, usually in small numbers, by many hundreds of thousands of Turkish families, yet they have been subject to little study. This paper collates much of the information available (almost all in the Turkish language) to provide a brief history of the bird in Turkey. An inventory of the nine groups and 72 breeds that have been identified is presented. Some of these breeds are international in status, some are widespread in Turkey and some have only local distribution; many breeds have synonyms which are used in their areas of distribution. There is little government or academic support for pigeon breeders. The private Pigeon Breeders Association of Turkey and the Turkish Pigeon Federation are umbrella organisations for a number of breed clubs. In an initial attempt to standardise the national pigeon genetic resources, two of the more widespread breeds have been registered with the Animal Breeds Registration Committee of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock.

Turkey's 21.8 million head of sheep comprise a rich array of fat-tailed and thin-tailed native breeds and crosses of these with animals of exotic origin. The structure of agriculture is such that most farms are predominantly subsistence oriented, of small size, keep few animals and provide only minimal inputs. Native breeds have evolved to meet these conditions and are generally well adapted to the natural environment, inadequate and unbalanced nutrition and disease stress. In the last 80 years, there have been attempts to modify the natural gene pool and many distinct breed types are in danger of or have already suffered extinction. This paper describes some of the major sheep genetic resources and their conservation status. The government is now aware of the danger of impoverishment or loss of this important aspect of biodiversity and has established programmes for conservation and preservation of several native breeds. Government, research institutions and producers should work together to ensure that the local gene pool is preserved and can thus continue to contribute to biodiversity and sustainable livestock production.

Introduction: We aimed to assess central and peripheral nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients without any neurological signs and symptoms by performing electrophysiological investigations. Methods: Thirty-eight SLE patients and 35 healthy volunteers participated in this study. Peripheral nerve conduction and brainstem reflexes were evaluated by performing nerve conduction studies (NCSs) and blink reflex (BR) and masseter inhibitory reflex (MIR) recordings. Results: Eleven patients (29%) had an abnormality in at least 1 NCS parameter, and 1 (2.6%) patient was diagnosed with polyneuropathy. The number of patients with abnormal BR and MIR was 23 (60.5%) and 14 (37%), respectively. The contralateral R2 latency of BR and the silent period 1 (SP1) latency of MIR were significantly prolonged in the patients compared with the controls (p=0.015 and p

Goats were first domesticated in Turkey some 10 000–11 000 years ago. The country's population of 5.1 million goats in 2009 (down from 24.6 million in 1960) are still an important livelihood asset for smallholder farmers and nationally are a rich array of farm animal genetic resources of current enormous and future inestimable value. The structure of agriculture is such that most farms are predominantly subsistence oriented, of small size, keep few animals and provide only minimal inputs. Native breeds have evolved to meet these conditions and are generally well adapted to the natural environment, inadequate and unbalanced nutrition and disease stress. In general, there are two classes of goat, the one being the iconic Angora that produces mohair and the other the “common” or “hair” goat. The reduction in numbers is owing to a variety of reasons both internal and external to the country, but the Angora, which now amounts to only 2.5 percent of national goat numbers, has suffered relatively more than the hair types. This paper, based on detailed reviews of the literature and on the authors' own experiences, provides information on 17 breeds or recognized populations of Turkey's goat genetic resources and their conservation status. The government is now aware of the danger of the impoverishment or loss of this important aspect of biodiversity and has established programmes for conservation and preservation of several native breeds. The government, research institutions and producers should work together to ensure that the local gene pool is preserved and can thus continue to contribute to biodiversity and sustainable livestock production.

Los 10,6 millones de cabezas de ganado de Turquia comprenden un amplio abanico de razas y tipos; sin embargo, estos estan sufriendo una mayor erosion por el uso indiscriminado de genotipos foraneos. La estructura de la agricultura es tal que la mayoria de las explotaciones estan orientadas a la subsistencia, de pequeno tamano, manteniendo muy pocos animales y llevando a cabo una inversion minima. Las razas autoctonas se han desarrollado para satisfacer estas condiciones y, en general, estan muy bien adaptadas al medio en que se desarrollan, a una alimentacion pobre y desequilibrada y a diferentes enfermedades. A lo largo de los ultimos 80 anos se han producido grandes modificaciones del acervo genetico, motivo por el cual muchas de estas razas se encuentran en peligro de extincion o han llegado a extinguirse. Este trabajo describe algunas de los principales recursos geneticos de los animales domesticos que quedan y su estado conservacion. Actualmente el gobierno es consciente del peligro de empobrecimiento o de la perdida de esta importante parte de la biodiversidad y, para ello, ha puesto en marcha programas de conservacion y preservacion de varias razas autoctonas. Tanto el gobierno como los centros de investigacion, asi como los productores, deben trabajar conjuntamente para asegurar que el acervo genetico local se mantenga, y poder contribuir asi al desarrollo de la biodiversidad y a la produccion sostenible del ganado.

The present day inhabitants of modern Turkey arrived in the country with the expansion of the Turkic Empire out from Central Asia in the middle of the eleventh century. They travelled with their herds and flocks and with the guard and hunting dogs as part of their array of domestic animals. In the one thousand years since their arrival several specialized dog breeds have developed. This paper describes three such, one is a sighthound, one is a scent hound, and one is a chaser dog. The sighthound (Tazi) is similar to other Near and Middle East greyhounds. The scent hound (Tarsus Catalburun also known in English as Fork-nose and Turkish Pointer) is little known outside Turkey but is celebrated in its home area for its skills and is finding employment as a sniffer dog for narcotics, explosives and live and dead people. The chaser dog of Zagar is also called as Kopay, Kopoy, Tavsanci (Hare hunter), Izsuren (Chaser), Cakir. It is especially used for hare hunting.

During thousands of years of Turkish History, camels were always important in their life. In the past camels were used as transport, pack, ride, war, food, and sport animal by Turks. After industrialization and modernization since 20th century, camel lost their importance and nowadays they are only a sport and tourism material in Turkey. Hence the camel population in Turkey decreased in number of about 1.000 recently. The camel population is mostly used for camel wrestling events in West Anatolia. The camel wrestling events are organized about in 60-70 places annually during winter season. Wrestling events are on Sundays and followed by not only men spectators but also women and children. Because of this side, camel wrestling events is a family sport. Although camel wrestling equipment, accessories, ornaments, wages of take carers, transport for wrestling from city to city, accommodation, catering are quite expensive, camel owners are not so rich people, but low or middle income people. Hence, those organizations and camel owners should be supported by the state more in order to survive this traditional event.

The limitations in conventional marine seismic surveys such as imaging of complicated geology in deep water motivate a quest for new and alternative technologies such as OBNs (ocean-bottom nodes). High-quality data from the sea floor can be acquired with ocean-bottom node acquisition techniques which can provide wide-azimuth data set with sparse receiver interval and dense source interval. The main challenge with the ocean-bottom nodes is now processing and imaging of the data. The mirror migration technique is an effective solution for this challenge by separation of the seabed hydrophone and geophone data into up-going and down-going waves.