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A stochastic chemical system with multiple types of molecules interacting through reaction channels can be modeled as a continuous-time Markov chain with a countably infinite multidimensional state space. Starting from an initial probability distribution, the time evolution of the probability distribution associated with this continuous-time Markov chain is described by a system of ordinary differential equations, known as the chemical master equation (CME). This paper shows how one can solve the CME using backward differentiation. In doing this, a novel approach to truncate the state space at each time step using a prediction vector is proposed. The infinitesimal generator matrix associated with the truncated state space is represented compactly, and exactly, using a sum of Kronecker products of matrices associated with molecules. This exact representation is already compact and does not require a low-rank approximation in the hierarchical Tucker decomposition (HTD) format. During transient analysis, compact solution vectors in HTD format are employed with the exact, compact, and truncated generated matrices in Kronecker form, and the linear systems are solved with the Jacobi method using fixed or adaptive rank control strategies on the compact vectors. Results of simulation on benchmark models are compared with those of the proposed solver and another version, which works with compact vectors and highly accurate low-rank approximations of the truncated generator matrices in quantized tensor train format and solves the linear systems with the density matrix renormalization group method. Results indicate that there is a reason to solve the CME numerically, and adaptive rank control strategies on compact vectors in HTD format improve time and memory requirements significantly.

The problem of computing the transient probability distribution of countably infinite multidimensional continuous-time Markov chains (CTMCs) arising in systems of stochastic chemical kinetics is addressed by a software tool. Starting from an initial probability distribution, time evolution of the probability distribution associated with the CTMC is described by a system of linear first-order ordinary differential equations, known as the chemical master equation (CME). The solver for the CME uses the time stepping implicit backward differentiation formulae (BDF). Solution vectors in BDF can be stored compactly during transient analysis in one of the Hierarchical Tucker Decomposition, Quantized Tensor Train, or Transposed Quantized Tensor Train formats.

Markov chains (MCs) are widely used to model systems which evolve by visiting the states in their state spaces following the available transitions. When such systems are composed of interacting subsystems, they can be mapped to a multi-dimensional MC in which each subsystem normally corresponds to a different dimension. Usually the reachable state space of the multi-dimensional MC is a proper subset of its product state space, that is, Cartesian product of its subsystem state spaces. Compact storage of the matrix underlying such a MC and efficient implementation of analysis methods using Kronecker operations require the set of reachable states to be represented as a union of Cartesian products of subsets of subsystem state spaces. The problem of partitioning the reachable state space of a three or higher dimensional system with a minimum number of partitions into Cartesian products of subsets of subsystem state spaces is shown to be NP-complete. Two algorithms, one merge based the other refinement based, that yield possibly non-optimal partitionings are presented. Results of experiments on a set of problems from the literature and those that are randomly generated indicate that, although it may be more time and memory consuming, the refinement based algorithm almost always computes partitionings with a smaller number of partitions than the merge-based algorithm. The refinement based algorithm is insensitive to the order in which the states in the reachable state space are processed, and in many cases it computes partitionings that are optimal.

A multiclass c-server retrial queueing system in which customers arrive according to a class-dependent Markovian arrival process (MAP) is considered. Service and retrial times follow class-dependent phase-type (PH) distributions with the further assumption that PH distributions of retrial times are acyclic. A necessary and sufficient condition for ergodicity is obtained from criteria based on drifts. The infinite state space of the model is truncated with an appropriately chosen Lyapunov function. The truncated model is described as a multidimensional Markov chain, and a Kronecker representation of its generator matrix is numerically analyzed.

The infinitesimal generator matrix underlying a multidimensional Markov chain can be represented compactly by using sums of Kronecker products of small rectangular matrices. For such compact representations, analysis methods based on vector-Kronecker product multiplication need to be employed. When the factors in the Kronecker product terms are relatively dense, vector-Kronecker product multiplication can be performed efficiently by the shuffle algorithm. When the factors are relatively sparse, it may be more efficient to obtain nonzero elements of the generator matrix in Kronecker form on the fly and multiply them with corresponding elements of the vector. This work proposes a modification to the shuffle algorithm that multiplies relevant elements of the vector with submatrices of factors in which zero rows and columns are omitted. This approach avoids unnecessary floating-point operations that evaluate to zero during the course of the multiplication and possibly reduces the amount of memory used. Numerical experiments on a large number of models indicate that in many cases the modified shuffle algorithm performs a smaller number of floating-point operations than the shuffle algorithm and the algorithm that generates nonzeros on the fly, sometimes with a minimum number of floating-point operations and as little of memory possible.

As a vocational education, the purpose of accounting education is to help students gain the necessary skills and knowledge required by this profession. Students obtain these skills and knowledge with using curriculum. Accounting curriculum should be developed and revised according to current conditions in order to serve its purpose. For this reason, students’ ideas should also be taken into consideration in this development process. In this context, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the components of the accounting curriculum according to student’s’ opinions, Muhasebe eğitimi bir mesleki eğitim olup bu eğitimden beklenen, kişiye mesleğin gerektirdiği bilgi ve becerinin kazandırılmasıdır. Bu bilgi ve beceri ders programlarıyla öğrencilere kazandırılmaktadır. Muhasebe öğretim programı bu kazanımı gerçekleştirmek üzere günün şartlarına uygun olarak geliştirilmeli ve uyarlanmalıdır. Muhasebe öğretim programı geliştirme sürecinde her düzeyde öğrenci görüşleri değerlendirilmelidir. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın amacı mevcut muhasebe öğretim programını öğelerine dayalı olarak öğrenci görüşleri bağlamında değerlendirmektir. Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada meslek yüksekokullarında muhasebe/muhasebe ve vergi uygulamaları bölümünde/programında öğrenim gören öğrencilere yönelik “Muhasebe Öğretim Programı Değerlendirme” ölçeği geliştirilmiş ve güvenirlik analizleri yapılarak uygulanmıştır. Uygulama sonrası elde edilen veriler tanımlayıcı istatistik olarak ortaya konulmuş, değişkenler üzerinde bağımsız örneklem “t testi” ve “tek yönlü varyans analizi” yapılmıştır. Veri analizleri sonrasında, gerekli değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Bu değerlendirmeler doğrultusunda; muhasebe öğretim programının program öğeleri, endüstriyel staj uygulamaları gibi birçok konuda yetersiz olduğu görülmektedir. Bu değerlendirmelerden hareketle ilgililere gerekli önerilerde bulunulmuştur

Enterprises have to outsource the most of goods and services that they need in order to continue their operations. It is due to the costs of outsourced goods and services represent a significant percentage within total costs. Given the current global economic circumstances, enterprises who are able to achieve cost savings in these items sustain a significant competitive advantage over their rivals. Among the strategic cost management techniques, Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) approach is accepted as an effective tool for such cost savings. The main purpose of this study is to forecast the willingness of use to TCO approach of manufacturing enterprises in Turkey, according to their applied level of importance to benefits and difficulties of this approach, using Logistic Regression Analysis. The survey which had been prepared for this purpose had been applied on 225 enterprises among the 500 Large Manufacturing Enterprises of Turkey, determined by Istanbul Chamber of Industry in 2010. Results showed that it had been observed that the benefits of TCO have no effect on enterprises decision making process while difficulties of this approach have negative effects.

Artan rekabet ortamında varlıklarını korumak ve sürdürmek isteyen işletmeler, düşük maliyetle ve yüksek kalitede üretim yapma zorunluluğu duymaktadırlar. Rekabetçi piyasalarda faaliyet gösteren işletmelerin rekabet gücünü kazanmalarının en önemli faktörü etkili bir maliyet yönetimidir. Stratejik maliyet yönetim sistemleri arasında Kaizen Maliyetleme Yöntemi en önemli maliyet yönetim yaklaşımlarından biridir.Kaizen Maliyetleme Yöntemi 1970’li yıllarda Japon işletmeleri tarafından geliştirilmiştir. Kaizen Maliyetleme, üretim aşamasında üretim maliyetlerinin sürekli olarak iyileştirilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada Kaizen Maliyetleme Yöntemi ve bu yöntemin Türk Otomotiv sektöründe uygulanma düzeyi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu araştırma sonucunda işletmelerin Kaizen Maliyetleme Yöntemini tam anlamıyla uygulamadıkları, ancak bu yöntemin uygulanmasını gerekli kılan bazı şartları yerine getirdikleri görülmektedir.

Markovian systems with multiple interacting subsystems under the influence of a control unit are considered. The state spaces of the subsystems are countably infinite, whereas that of the control unit is finite. A recent infinite level-dependent quasi-birth-and-death model for such systems is extended by facilitating the automatic representation and generation of the nonzero blocks in its underlying infinitesimal generator matrix with sums of Kronecker products. Experiments are performed on systems of stochastic chemical kinetics having two or more countably infinite state space subsystems. Results indicate that, even though more memory is consumed, there are many cases where a matrix-analytic solution coupled with Lyapunov theory yields a faster and more accurate steady-state measure compared to that obtained with simulation.

Hybrid sorbent based on nano alumina single walled carbon nanotube was applied to preconcentration of Pb(II), Cu(II) and Co(II) from various samples via solid phase extraction technique. The determination of Pb(II), Co(II) and Cu(II) ions was made by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Experimental parameters including pH of sample solution, sample volume, flow rate of sample solution, volume and concentration of eluent that affect the recovery of the analytes have been optimized. Under optimized experimental conditions, analytical parameters including limit of detection, limit of quantification, linear working range, precision and accuracy have been determined. Interfering effects of matrix constituent on the recovery of the analytes were studied. The reusability and adsorption capacity of the new hybrid sorbent were also investigated. The hybrid sorbent was successfully applied for preconcentration of Pb(II), Cu(II) and Co(II) from various samples with recovery values of 101 %, 95 % and 98 %, respectively. The analytical limit of detection was found to be 2.1 µg L-1, 0.9 µg L-1 and 1.1 µg L-1 for Pb(II), Co(II) and Cu(II), respectively. The hybrid sorbent was stable up to 100 runs. Adsorption capacities of the hybrid sorbent were 101.2 mg g-1 for Pb, 76.3 mg g-1 for Co and 53.2 mg g-1 for Cu. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by analyzing certified materials (BCR 150 Skim milk powder, CMI 7003 Silty clay) and spiked real samples. The method has been applied for the determination of analytes in tap water, dam water, soil and tea leaves. © 2011 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.

Buçalışmanın amacı, yurtdışında muhasebe ve finansman konularında yapılmış olan doktora tez çalışmalarını, Türkçe'ye çevrilmiş haliyle toplu bir şekilde ilgi duyanlara sunabilmektir.Bu amaçla, 1985 'lerden başlayarak 1997'ye kadar yapılan doktora tezlerinden elde edilebilenler tarihsel bir yaklaşımla sıralanarak; tezin adı, tezi hazırlayanın soyadı-adı, tezin konusu, yapıldığı üniversite / enstitü adı ve bitirme yılı çalışmada yer almıştır.The main objective of this study is to collect Ph.D. thesis on accounting and finance by translating into Turkish, and to provide to researcher who is interested in them.Starting 1985, the thesises that is reached have been put in a historical row. Also it has been mentioned the names of the thesises, surnames and first names of the researchers, university or institute names, and finished years.

Finansal tablolar yoluyla yatırımcılara sunulan bilgilerin, hisse senedi fiyatlarına etkisi konusunda yapılan çalışmalarda, genellikle muhasebe kârları ve kâr paylarının bilgi içeriklerinin incelendiği görülmektedir. Ancak son yıllarda, hisse senedi fiyatlarından hareketle kâr ve kâr payı rakamlarının öngörüldüğü çalışmaların literatürde oldukça benimsendiği gözlenmektedir. İMKB’de işlem gören şirketler üzerinde yaptığımız araştırmanın sonucunda, fiyatların bilgi içeriğinin, imalat sektörüne kıyasla mali sektörde daha fazla olduğu ve kâr paylarının fiyatların oluşumuna etkisinin imalat sektöründe daha belirgin olduğu tespit edilmiştirIn the research concerning the level of the effect produced by the information provided to investors through financial statements on share prices it is generally observed that information contents of earnings and dividends are examined. But in recent years, studies concerning the estimation of eanrirgs and dividends by using share prices (information content of prices) are highly accepted. As a result of the analysis based on firms which are traded in ISE, it is found out that information content of the prices is more in the financial sector compared to the manufacturing sector and the effect of dividends on formulation of the prices is more in the manufacturing sector.

Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2001, Thesis (PhD) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2001, Bu çalışmada, 150 MPa basınç değerine kadar hidrostatik basınç ölçümlerinin gerçekleştirilmesi için imal edilen, gerinim ölçerli basınç dönüştürücüsünün gerinim dağılımı analizinde Sonlu Elemanlar Metodu (SEM) kullanılmıştır. İncelenmiş olan basınç dönüştürücüsünün temeli, çelik yapıdaki serbest aktif elemana sahip “kalın-cidarlı silindirik tüp”tür. Ölçülecek basınç, aktif elemanın içerisine ve her iki taraftaki dairesel yüzeyine uygulanmıştır. Dönüştürücünün simetrik yapısı ve tasarım parametreleri, en yüksek basınçta dahi, aktif elemandaki gerinim ve stresin simetrik olmasını sağlayacak şekilde seçilmiştir. Bu sebeple SEM analizi, aktif elemanın yarısı kullanılarak üç boyutlu olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışma, gerinim ölçerin yapıştırıldığı bölgedeki SEM gerinim değerlerini sunmaktadır. Bu değerlerin geçerliliği, gerinim ölçer kullanılarak elde edilen ölçüm sonuçları ile karşılaştırılarak sağlanmıştır. İki farklı metot kullanılarak elde edilen değerler kümesi arasındaki bağıl fark, maksimum gösterge değeri cinsinden % 13’den daha küçüktür. İmal edilen toplam sekiz adet numunenin metrolojik özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı sadece bir SEM uygulaması olmasına rağmen belirlemeler göstermiştir ki, imal edilen dönüştürücü, maksimum gösterge değeri cinsinden % 0.1 belirsizlikle kullanılabilecektir. Bu çalışmada sunulan sonuçlar, statik basınç ölçümleri ile birlikte bu tip basınç dönüştürücüsünün tasarımının SEM yardımıyla gerçekleştirilmesi konusunda yardımcı olacaktır., The Finite Element Method (FEM) was used in this study for the analysis of the strain distribution of a strain gauge pressure transducer for hydrostatic pressure measurements up to 150 MPa. The investigated pressure transducer, based on the “thick-wall cylindrical vessel” theory has a free steel active element. Pressure is applied to the inside and both open ends of this active element. The symmetric shape of the transducer and all the design parameters of the active element were selected to assure a symmetrical stress and strain distribution even at the maximum working pressure of the transducer. Thus, the FEM analysis was conducted by investigating one half of the element in three dimensions. This study presents the FEM output strain values on the area where the strain gauges were bonded. The validity of those values was established comparing them with the results obtained from the strain gauge measurements. The relative difference between the two value sets was determined as being lower than 13% of the full scale. The metrological specifications of a total of eight specimens were evaluated. Although the scope of the study is only an application of FEM, this evaluation also suggests this type of transducer can be used with an estimated uncertainty of up to 0.1 % of the full scale. The results presented in this study will be helpful for practical static pressure measurements as well as for the appropriate design of this kind of pressure transducer using FEM., Doktora, PhD

Low cholesterol levels can be detected in solid tumors and hematological malignancies such as muliple myeloma. Moreover chloesterol levels reduced in some experimental studies of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In this retrospective multicenter study, lipid levels were retrospectively evaluated in 420 (264 male and 256 female with mean age 64 ± 11 years) patients with newly diagnosed CLL, according to the International CLL study group. 71 (28 male and 43 female with mean age 55 ± 9 years) healthy subjects as control group were included to this study. Lipid parameters such as total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C), and triglyceride levels were measured with enzymatic/ calorimetric method and Architect C800 instrument. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were calculated according to Friedwald formula. Lipid parameters between two groups were compared with Mann-Whitney U test. A value of p< 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. According to Binet classification, 60% of patients were in stage A, while 25% of them were in stage C. In CLL patients, the levels of TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C were lower than those of control group (p=0.001). There was no significantly difference for triglyceride and VLDL-C levels between two groups (p>0.05) (Table-1). The levels of TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C in the patients with stage C were lower than those of both stage A and stage B (Table-2). Low cholesterol levels in patients with CLL may occur due to increased use of cholesterol by lymphocytes.Table-1Lipid parameters in control group and CLL patientsCLL (N:420)Control (N:71)P valueTC (mg/dl)175±41217±360.05VLDL-C (mg/dl)31±1731±17>0.05Table 2Lipid parameters in the patients according to Binet classificationStage A (n:255)Stage B(n:61)Stage C(n:104)P valueTC(mg/dl)183±38179±43156±400.05VLDL-C(mg/dl)30±1535±3331±13>0.05 Disclosures: Sonmez: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Turkey: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees.

Introduction Nilotinib, a more potent and selective drug than imatinib, was approved by the FDA and EMA initially for the treatment of chronic and accelerated phase Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients resistant or intolerant to prior therapy including imatinib and subsequently for the treatment of newly-diagnosed Ph+ CML patients in the chronic phase (CML-CP). The aim of the present study was to investigate efficacy and safety profile of nilotinib in a Turkish population of newly-diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP patients and to evaluate the effects of these results on prognosis according to current treatment guidelines. Methods The study was planned as a multicenter, open-label, one-arm phase II clinical trial. All patients were planned to be treated with nilotinib (AMN107, Tasigna®) 300 mg BID for 24 months. Herein, efficacy results of the patients who completed the first year of the study are presented. Results Of the 112 patients included in the study, data for 94 patients who completed 12 months of the study up to April 29, 2013 were analyzed. Of these 94 patients, 16 were excluded within this period and 78 completed the first year of the study within the median 371 days (range, 339-401 days) or median 12.4 months (range, 11.3-13.4 months). General characteristics of the patients are presented in Table 1. Treatment-related characteristics of the patients are presented in Table 2. Data are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%), where appropriate. MMR (Major molecular rate): BCR-ABL/control gene ratio of ≤%0.1 measured by RQ-PCR as % CCyR (Complete cytogenetic response): Patients with 0% Ph+ metaphases Cumulative MMR rates at 3rd, 6th 9th, and 12th months of the patients are shown in Figure 1. Conclusions According to the results of interim analysis of this first prospective CML study conducted on Turkish population, the cumulative MMR rate by 12th month (primary endpoint) (61.7%) appears to be similar to that of the ENESTnd study. From the 3rd month, rapid and increasing MMR rates were reported and median time to MMR was 6.5 months. At both 6th and 12th month, high CCyR rates (both 90.5%) were also established. At all landmark evaluations, most of the patients rapidly achieved high rates of cytogenetic and molecular responses to nilotinib assessed by both 2009 and 2013 ELN optimal response criteria, and only one patient had disease progression. These results suggest that more rapid and greater efficacy was achieved with nilotinib during the 1st year of the study in comparison to historical data with imatinib and that nilotinib might improve short-term responses when started in the first-line setting. The rate of patients with BCR-ABL ≤10% at 3rd month, which is very important according to the current treatment guidelines, was 86.2%.The results of the present study revealed that efficacy of nilotinib, which is a licensed alternative for the treatment of newly diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP in Turkey, might provide a new standard of treatment. Disclosures: Saydam: Bristol-Myers Squibb: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Turkey: Consultancy, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees. Haznedaroglu:Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Turkey: Honoraria, Research Funding. Yavuz:Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Turkey: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees. Ali:Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Turkey: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees. Guvenc:Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Turkey: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees. Sonmez:Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Turkey: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees. Akkaynak:Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Turkey: Employment. Dag:Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Turkey: Employment.

Large doses of dimethylnitramine (DMNM), N-nitroso-L-proline (NPRO), and sodium nitrite were administered in the drinking water to MRC Wistar rats for at least 1 year, and the rats were maintained for life. DMNM (total dose, 20 g/kg) produced liver tumors in 25 (69%) of the 36 rats and nasal cavity tumors in 9 (25%) of the rats. NPRO (total dose, 36 g/kg) induced no tumors in 37 treated rats. In the group receiving NaNO2 (3.0 g/liter drinking water; total dose, 63 g/kg), 8 (18%) of 45 rats had forestomach squamous papillomas. The tumor incidence in the NaNO2-treated group was significantly greater than that of 2% in a control group started 11 months earlier, which suggested that the NaNO2 was tumorigenic in this experiment.

A patient with highly limited options for psychotherapy, who was moreover not an ideal candidate for standard forms of therapy, was nevertheless able to maintain an effective, if unusual, therapeutic relationship of long duration. The combination of patient, therapist, and milieu gave rise to accomodations and innovations that have practical and theoretical significance.

A review of the studies on the aetiology of habitual thumbsucking reveals either contradictory or inconclusive results. In this study carried out in Turkey, 50 thumbsuckers, 50 non-thumbsuckers, 250 school children and 312 ‘problem’ children were investigated through interviews, questionnaires and other clinical techniques with their mothers. Among variables studied were aspects of feeding, onset and incidence of thumbsucking, strength of sucking drive, sex distribution, educational level and occupation of mothers, parental attitudes toward physical contact with children, mother-child relationships, and particular forms of falling asleep. It was found that thumbsucking was aetiologically more related to ways of falling asleep than to other factors. An attempt was made to explain the social, psychological and physiological basis of the aetiological significance of the falling asleep-stage in habitual thumbsucking. These findings now permit predictive longitudinal investigations to test this accuracy.

Some chemical carcinogens, such as urethane and diethylnitrosamine, have been shown to produce carcinogenic effects on the fetus in utero (1, 2). In the case of the polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens, the data are quite unclear. A number of investigations have demonstrated that administration of polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens to pregnant animals will result in an increased number of tumors in their progeny (3–7). However, in these experiments, the offspring have been allowed to nurse on their own mothers. Since polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens will appear in the milk, a distinction cannot be made between prenatal and postnatal exposures (8). The studies to be presented were designed to distinguish between these two possibilities. The progeny of female mice which had received subcutaneous injections of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) during the latter half of pregnancy were delivered by caesarean section and nursed on foster mothers from a control group which had not received injections of any type. Thus, any ca...

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the effects of open innovation (OI) and big data analytics (BDA) on reflective knowledge exchange (RKE) within the context of complex collaborative networks. Specifically, it considers the relationships between sourcing knowledge from an external environment, transferring knowledge to an external environment and adopting solutions that are useful to appropriate returns from innovation.Design/methodology/approachThis study analyzes the connection between the number of patent applications and the amount of OI, as well as the association between the number of patent applications and the use of BDA. Data from firms in the 27 European Union countries were retrieved from the Eurostat database for the period 2014–2019 and were investigated using an ordinary least squares regression analysis.FindingsBecause of its twofold lens based on both knowledge management and OI, this study sheds light on OI collaboration modes and highlights the crucial role they could play in innovation. In particular, the results suggest that OI collaboration modes have a strong effect on innovation performance, stimulating the search for RKE.Originality/valueThis study furthers a deeper understanding of RKE, which is shown to be an important mechanism that incentivizes firms to increase their efforts in the innovation process. Further, RKE supports firms in taking full advantage of the innovative knowledge they generate within their inter-organizational network.