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This study investigates and forecasts the effects of implementing a newly proposed Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system in Lebanon on the urban land use evolution between the years 2019 and 2049. It contributes to the emerging scientific literature by proposing a technique intended to identify the potential urban land use impacts of BRT. The identification of these impacts as part of the feasibility study for the BRT is considered important for policymakers, local officials, and urban planners. The impacts are identified by conducting the Analytical Hierarchy Process, based on data collected via survey and interviews with real estate experts. The outcomes show that implementing a BRT service complemented with bus feeder services will: (i) reshape the urban fabric, in proximity to BRT routes and particularly around the stations, by triggering the Transit-Oriented Development and increasing the attractivity of urban development by 6 to 9% according to the distance from BRT route; and (ii) increase the attractivity of urban development projects by 11% in areas distant from the highway if these areas are characterized by high coverage of bus feeder services, low possibility of an increase in estate prices, and medium to high public acceptance of the proposed BRT.

Green roofs are widely recognized as a Nature-Based Solution that regulates the air temperature within urban environments. Thanks to the shading effect and the evapotranspiration process (ET), the temperature decreases in the green roof surrounding area. Hence, the implementation of green roofs in urban environment for this purpose requires the quantification of ET-related processes at different scales. Nevertheless, because of complexity of the ET process, different methods of measurement have been used at different scales. However, no agreement about the way to assess ET rates over green roofs has been reached between the scientific community, as well as its behaviour at different urban scales is still unclear. Therefore, more investigations on ET measurements are required for better understand and analyse its spatial and temporal variability at different scales.For this purpose, a Larger Aperture Scintillometer (LAS) MKI from Kipp&Zonen was installed over a wavy-green roof of 1 ha, the Blue Green Wave (BGW), located in the Ecole des Points ParisTech (France). The main objective of this set-up was to assess the refractive index-structure parameter (Cn2) fluctuations from which ET can be deduced by means of the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory and the surface energy balance. As LAS is mainly influenced by fluctuations of air temperature, a radiometer equipped with a temperature sensor was installed in addition over the BGW. Then, the scaling statistics of Cn2 and temperature were studied through their power spectral density and their structure function.The results obtained from the power spectral density demonstrated the scaling invariance of Cn2 and temperature over certain ranges of scales. The spectral exponents are close to 5/3 for Cn2 and to 2 for the temperature. Regarding the scaling exponents of the structure functions, the multifractal feature of the structure parameter Cn2 and the temperature was confirmed. The scale-invariant properties of the empirical data were characterised using the Universal Multifractal framework.

sMonitoring and understanding the evolution of land use and land cover is a key factor for many environmental studies as well as for policymakers. Moreover, policymakers are interested in understanding the factors that have a significant impact on land use change. This paper analyses the dynamics of land use change in Lebanon between the years 1984 and 2019 and identifies the main factors behind this process. The use of LandSat satellite images enables the creation of land use maps at several periods and the monitoring of the evolution of built up areas as well as of green areas. Five periods emerge from this analysis, for which it is possible to propose explanatory factors, after an in-depth qualitative analysis. Within the framework of Structural Equation Models, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis is carried out to determine the impacts of several factors related to governance and financial data. Moreover, the urban sprawl is further investigated and explained by cultural, environmental, and infrastructural factors. The main results reveal that the development of built up areas is highly dependent on good funding conditions, whereas banking conditions and weak governance are correlated. The case of Lebanon presents specificities probably linked to historical and cultural considerations that deserve to be studied in future works. In the form of recommendations, new land use policies should be enacted to ensure sustainability in the form of an equilibrium between the urban development, from one side, and the preservation of natural resources and good environmental conditions on the other side. This could comprise the preservation of natural zones; the subsidization of the cultivation profession; and the encouragement of urban densification instead of horizontal sprawl.

The growth of the world’s population living in urban areas has led to change from natural to highly dense and impermeable landscapes. Moreover, the intensity and frequency increase of extreme event...

This chapter investigates the perceptions of disenfranchisement in English-speaking communities living in Quebec. The chapter draws upon original data from an online survey conducted in 2017 and tests two hypotheses: (1) the relative deprivation hypothesis and (2) the perceived discrimination hypothesis. The evidence presented in the chapter suggests that there exists a state of ‘relative deprivation’ in English-speaking minority communities in Quebec and that a strong majority of Anglo-Quebecers believe that their group faces discrimination often if not most of the time. Contrary to theoretical expectations, however, these two factors predict a lower likelihood of Anglo-Quebecer organisational engagement and volunteerism. The chapter discusses the implications for the accommodation of minorities (within multi-national federal settings) who perceive discrimination but fail to mobilise around their concerns.

International audience; Limiting commuting trips in major cities is important from the environmental, social and economic standpoints. In order to design policies that aim to change commuting practices it is, however, necessary to have acquired a good understanding of the trips in question and their determinants. However, these trips have been subjected to very little study in the cities of developing countries. This paper is concerned with the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area (RJMA), and sets out to test the influence of “classical” socioeconomic and spatial variables on the distance and duration of the commuting trips of the region's inhabitants, especially those with the lowest incomes. The main original feature of this research is that it includes jobs in the informal sector. The results show that, all other things being equal, commuting distances and times are shorter for the informal sector, and people walk more from their homes to their place of work because jobs in the informal sector are more dispersed than jobs in the formal sectors. The notable exception is personal and household services for which employees (who are mainly women) live a long way from the city center where wealthy families (and their jobs) are concentrated.

La carte est un objet entretenant un rapport etroit avec la mesure, redigee par le cartographe a partir d'un ensemble de mesures prises sur le terrain et devenant elle-meme outil de mesure. L'article propose d'etendre ce constat en considerant la carte comme un modele, au meme titre qu'un modele mathematique ou un modele physique, en adoptant l'approche relationnelle de Robert Rosen. Cette approche permet d'analyser de maniere nouvelle la dialectique entre carte et mesure et la facon dont la carte fait emerger du sens en mobilisant les operations d'analogie et de comparaison qui font partie des operations de base du calcul spatial.

Olivia Le Saux,1 Bertrand Ripamonti,2 Amandine Bruyas,3,4 Olivier Bonin,4 Gilles Freyer,1,4 Marc Bonnefoy,4,5 Claire Falandry4,51Medical Oncology Unit, Lyon Sud University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, 2Gynaecology-Obstetrics Department, University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, 3Croix Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, 4Lyon University, Lyon, 5Geriatric Unit, Lyon Sud University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, FranceAbstract: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common female malignancy in the world and almost one third of cases occur after 70 years of age. Optimal management of BC in the elderly is a real challenge and requires a multidisciplinary approach, mainly because the elderly population is heterogeneous. In this review, we describe the various possibilities of treatment for localized or metastatic BC in an aging population. We provide an overview of the comprehensive geriatric assessment, surgery, radiotherapy, and adjuvant therapy for early localized BC and of chemotherapy and targeted therapies for metastatic BC. Finally, we attempt to put into perspective the necessary balance between the expected benefits and risks, especially in the adjuvant setting.Keywords: elderly, breast cancer, geriatric assessment, surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy

This paper presents a geographical sensitivity analysis on a vector road database. It consists in introducing controlled noise to the database and in studying the effects of this noise on the results of a chosen application. The objective is to give users the means to evaluate the accuracy of their application results for given quality parameters.

We present in this paper a new urban morphogenetic model that enables to obtain by simulation a qualitative differentiation of urban spaces. The urban forms produced by the model are similar to those observed in actual cities. This model relies on a schematisation of RITCHOT?s urban form theory in the framework of ALONSO, MILLS and MUTH canonical economic model. The response of the model to variations of its parameter is correct, and the model enables to question the links between economy and politics in the building of urban forms.