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One of the obstacles in shallot cultivation is the S. exigua Hubner larvae attack, reducing crop yields. The efforts to control larvae attack using chemical pesticides are often carried out. One of the alternatives chosen to control the larvae attack is the use of Nerium (Nerium oleander L.) leaf extract. This plant has the potential as a larvicide because it is toxic. The study's main goal was to figure out what effect a certain concentration of N. oleander leaf extract had on the population density and attack intensity of S. exigua larvae. The investigation was carried out between December 2018 and February 2019. P0= 0 g/l (without treatment), P1= 2.68 g/l (0.268%), P2= 5.37 g/l (0.537%), P3= 10.75 g/l (1.075%), P4= 21.5 g/l (2.15%), and P5= 43 g/l (4.3%) were employed in the study. The randomized block design (RBD) was utilized in the study, and it was repeated four times. The findings revealed that increasing the quantity of N. oleander leaf extract may reduce the population density and attack intensity of S. exigua larvae while simultaneously increasing the output of Lembah Palu shallots. Generally speaking, the higher the concentration of N. oleander leaf extract, the lower the population density of S. exigua larvae, and the larger the shallot yield. It is necessary to use the effective concentration of N. oleander leaf extract, which is P3 (10.75 g/ha) with a production rate of 7.29 tons/ha in order to get the desired results.

BACKGROUND: The cesarean section in Indonesia was higher, still worrying for women and babies’ health with pregnancy complications. It will have psychological effects such as trauma and stress during labor and its consequences on labor cost. AIM: This study’s purpose was to determine the cost of cesarean delivery as a diagnosis of transition-related groups and the Australian-diagnosis-related groups (AR-DRGs) model’s impact. METHODS: The research method is descriptive qualitative study. The 42 samples are pregnant women and that selected by purposive sampling. The data are collected from a secondary data source of medical record installations, observations, interview interviews, and focus group discussion with health professionals, nurses, doctors, and midwives. Data analysis is based on the activity-based costing system method. It includes cost treatment per disease diagnosis, cesarean section AR-DRG 370 method as a payment method for hospital treatment. RESULTS: Determinants of cost differences in cesarean section surgery are based on AR-DRG 370 related to diabetes and eclampsia (complications and comorbidities) with relatively high-cost rates of O01A DRGs of US$ 2639 due to high-risk pregnancy complications. Complications of mild pregnancy (DRGO01D) with different categories of uterine rupture and sepsis have a low-cost average at the total cost of US$ 1251. Payment ability of an average of 42 respondents shows the costs category of DRGs O01A-DRGs O01D US$ 7088 or US$ 169, per patient and length of stay 4–6 days. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of Australia’s AR-DRGs model of transition DRG prospective payment shows that the health system can improve the quality of professional services in hospitals and control costs, and labor costs are cheaply profitable for hospitals. The results are accurate and experienced to be applied in Indonesian hospitals.

Orthopaedic surgeons may wonder what preparation and recuperation would be like during pandemics. We are concerned about the patient's safety during the operation. All surgical centres have received instructions to discontinue all elective surgery operations, although urgent surgical cases are still being carried out. This procedure should not be delayed in orthopaedic issues such as fracture repositioning surgery, as the unionization process is ongoing.We gather review articles from a variety of sources. The keywords "Ethics," "COVID-19," "Elective Surgery," and "Orthopedic Surgery" were used to filter the documents. We found 863 documents and then set the criteria for including documents that we thought eligible for review articles, such as research journals and newspaper pieces from reliable sources, resulting in the discovery of 40 papers that met our requirements.We will discuss four basic principles of medical ethics: beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice. Orthopaedic surgeons will face many decisions that will challenge these ethical principles, especially in performing elective surgery during a pandemic.Physicians must protect the most vulnerable, but they are under no obligation to administer treatment they believe to be ineffective. In individuals who are positive for COVID-19, orthopaedic surgical procedures have a significant mortality rate. Surgical leaders must remain attentive, and surgical services must be reintroduced gradually and carefully. A good option is to carry out treatment at a different place and time and ensure that the patient has tested negative for COVID-19 before the procedure, thereby creating safety for patients and health workers.

The aim of this study as to determine the relationship between the factors of demography, comor-bidity, medication, lifestyle, and access to health services related to the QoL of people with hy-pertension and its complications in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta. The study was conducted in a cross-sectional manner using data from Sleman HDSS (Health and Demographic Surveillance System) from 2015 to 2018 in cycles 3 and 2 with the inclusion criteria of hypertensive patients and their complications aged 25 years or older obtained by using a total sampling of 532 people. Measurement of QoL using Short Form 12v2 2a and 2b questionnaires presented in the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS). Data analysis using Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal Wallis test. The results showed factors related to the QoL in PCS were variables of gender, age, diagnosis of hypertension and its complications, the presence of comorbidities, fatty foods, drug consumption in the last two weeks, while factors related to the mental component (MCS) were education and occupation seen from the p-value

Convalescent plasma therapy (CP) has long been used to prevent and treat various infectious diseases before COVID-19 such as SARS, MERS, and H1N1. Because the viral and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 share the similarities between SARS and MERS, CP treatment could be a promising treatment option to save COVID-19. With only low quality medical evidence, but massive media support and a very significant public demand for the use of convalescent plasma for COVID-19, we are now faced with an ethical dilemma. Therefore, this paper uses a structured analysis that focuses on the preferred reporting items for a systematic review of ethical issues regarding the use of Convalescent Plasma Therapy for COVID-19. The use of convalescent plasma must meet the ethical principles of autonomy; such as voluntary, informed consent, and confidentiality. Consideration of the risk-benefit ratio for potential donor recipients also needs to be considered in order to meet the beneficence and non-maleficence principles. The principle of justice also needs to be applied both to donors, donor recipients and health workers, such as determining the priority of donor recipients, due to the increasing demand for convalescent plasma amid the limited circumstances of patients who have recovered from Covid-19 who voluntarily donate.