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El fenómeno migratorio trae aparejados varios problemas de carácter social que indicen de manera directa e indirecta en el derecho, en función del tratamiento que se le dé a estos aspectos por la normativa interna e internacional, se producen situaciones de hecho que pueden suponer un riesgo por la discordancia de lo que refleja el Registro Civil, y en consonancia, para la legalidad de la situación. Uno de estos supuestos es el caso del matrimonio de complacencia. Así pues, en este artículo se analiza la última reforma legislativa, y se cuestiona su problemática sobre la base de los supuestos de hecho analizados por las sentencias más importantes de los últimos 10 años en la jurisdicción española. #DelitoContraExtranjeros Several social issues involved in the migratory phenomenon generate direct or indirect impacts over the law. Depending on the treatment given to such issues by internal and international regulations, there is a series of factual situations that entail risks due to the existing discrepancy of what is reflected in the Civil Registry and the legitimacy of a particular legal act. One of these situations is observed in the marriages of complacency. Therefore, based on the factual assumptions addressed in the most important judgments by the Spanish jurisdiction during the last 10 years, this article studies the recent legislative reform enacted in Spain and questions some of the problematic issues this has established.

Através do presente estudo, começamos por apresentar uma nota prévia sobre a venda de coisa alheia como própria, em Portugal. De seguida, analisamos criticamente e refutamos a tese segundo a qual a venda de bens alheios é válida, embora resolúvel, bem como a tese segundo a qual a venda de coisa alheia como própria é, apenas, parcialmente nula. Concluímos, afirmando que a venda de coisa alheia, não obstante estar sujeita a um regime atípico, é totalmente nula. Through this study, we begin by presenting a preliminary note on the acquisition of a third party`s good as your own in Portugal. Then, we critically analyze and refute the thesis according to which this sort of acquisition is valid, although resolvable, as well as the other thesis by which this institute is only partially null. We conclude by stating that the acquisition of a third party`s good, despite being subject to an atypical regime, is totally null.

We develop a general theory for irreducible homogeneous spaces M = G/H, in relation to the nullity distribution ν of their curvature tensor. We construct natural invariant (different and increasing) distributions associated with the nullity, that give a deep insight of such spaces. In particular, there must exist an order-two transvection, not in the nullity, with null Jacobi operator. This fact was very important for finding out the first homogeneous examples with non-trivial nullity, i.e., where the nullity distribution is not parallel. Moreover, we construct irreducible examples of conullity k = 3, the smallest possible, in any dimension. None of our examples admit a quotient of finite volume. We also proved that H is trivial and G is solvable if k = 3. Another of our main results is that the leaves, i.e., the integral manifolds, of the nullity are closed (we used a rather delicate argument). This implies that M is a Euclidean affine bundle over the quotient by the leaves of ν. Moreover, we prove that ν⊥ defines a metric connection on this bundle with transitive holonomy or, equivalently, ν⊥ is completely non-integrable (this is not in general true for an arbitrary autoparallel and at invariant distribution). We also found some general obstruction for the existence of non-trivial nullity: e.g., if G is reductive (in particular, if M is compact), or if G is two-step nilpotent.

The concept of nullity under New Civil Code enacted on 1st of October 2011 has been amended. Thus, the New Civil Code brings more clarity and amends partially some of the former concepts of nullity and its legal regime. In this respect, new legal provisions have been enacted for the purpose of clarifying the nature and the effects, respectively the option to confirm/remedy or, to restore the null and/or voidable legal acts. The notary public becomes a new competence through which the nullity can be confirmed upon parties’ request. Such new procedure saves a lot of resources for the parties with no/low appetite to initiate and to be part of the court action. This paper aims to critically to analyze the novelties and to identify the upsides and the downsides which may incur in practice when implementing such new concepts.

Law no. 31/1990 on companies, in its initial form, developed a more traditional approach of the consequences of the non-compliance with the legal requirements for the establishment of a company. Though, in the mentioned version, the interest of protecting third parties prevailed, with the exclusion of the drastic sanction of nullity. However, the legislator, in time, reached the conclusion that a more modern approached needed to be taken into consideration, which should reach a balance between the need to protect the interests of third parties and the imperative to comply with the law with reference to the conditions that must be met to establish a company. Even so, in this current form of the regulation, a concern still remains, respectively that of trying to save the company, to bring it to fulfill the conditions of legality and, through this, to protect third parties also. But in some cases it is necessary for the company to cease to exist by declaring its nullity. Therefore, the current study aims in presenting and analyzing, from a more practical point of view, the occurrence of the nullity of a company and the consequences of such a measure both for the company itself and also for its partners.

El autor vuelve a insistir, a propósito de una reciente sentencia del Tribunal Supremo español, en tres tesis sobre la gestación por sustitución que ya había defendido en otras ocasiones: no se trata de una práctica prohibida en nuestro Derecho (la nulidad no es lo mismo que la ilicitud); no atenta, en sí misma considerada, contra la dignidad humana, de la mujer gestante o del niño; y su regulación no tiene por qué exigir la gratuidad por parte de la mujer gestante, si bien la remuneración que esta pudiera recibir no debe quedar librada a las leyes del mercado. L'autor torna a insistir, a propòsit d'una recent sentència del Tribunal Suprem espanyol, en tres tesis sobre la gestació per substitució que ja havia defensat en altres ocasions: no es tracta d'una pràctica prohibida en el nostre Dret (la nul·litat no és el mateix que la il·licitud); no atempta, en si mateixa considerada, contra la dignitat humana, de la dona gestant o del nen; i la seva regulació no té per què exigir la gratuïtat per part de la dona gestant, si bé la remuneració que aquesta pogués rebre no ha de quedar lliurada a les lleis del mercat. The author insists, with regard to a recent Spanish Supreme Court ruling, on three theses on surrogacy that he has already defended: it is not a practice prohibited in our law (nullity is not the same as illegality); it is not, in itself considered, against the human dignity of the pregnant woman or the child; and its regulation does not necessarily have to require the pregnant woman to do it for free, although the remuneration that she may receive should not be left to the laws of the market.

In theoretical works of domestic authors the institute of conversion seems to be unjustifiably neglected. Nevertheless, this institute raises a number of questions that our theory and practice do not answer uniquely. In the absence of more complete regulation, the theory created a new form of conversion (judicial conversion), for which we cannot be sure whether it could fall under the existing norms of our law. Courts, however, enthusiastically accept such theoretical creation and use it to resolve "unsolved" disputes. Recently, the issue of judicial conversion has become very topical in our theory and practice due to numerous disputes against banks for determination of the nullity of credit agreements indexed in CHF. The recently adopted Legal opinion of the Supreme Court of Cassation on Validity of the Foreign Currency Clause in Credit Agreements in Swiss Francs and Conversion, speaks in favor of the actuality of the topic.

El fenómeno migratorio trae aparejados varios problemas de carácter social que indicen de manera directa e indirecta en el derecho, en función del tratamiento que se le dé a estos aspectos por la normativa interna e internacional, se producen situaciones de hecho que pueden suponer un riesgo por la discordancia de lo que refleja el Registro Civil, y en consonancia, para la legalidad de la situación. Uno de estos supuestos es el caso del matrimonio de complacencia. Así pues, en este artículo se analiza la última reforma legislativa, y se cuestiona su problemática sobre la base de los supuestos de hecho analizados por las sentencias más importantes de los últimos 10 años en la jurisdicción española. Abstract: Several social issues involved in the migratory phenomenon generate direct or indirect impacts over the law. Depending on the treatment given to such issues by internal and international regulations, there is a series of factual situations that entail risks due to the existing discrepancy of what is reflected in the Civil Registry and the legitimacy of a particular legal act. One of these situations is observed in the marriages of complacency. Therefore, based on the factual assumptions addressed in the most important judgments by the Spanish jurisdiction during the last 10 years, this article studies the recent legislative reform enacted in Spain and questions some of the problematic issues this has established. Sitio web de la revista (Consulta: 02-07-2021)

������������ ������������ �������������������� ���� ������������ ������������������ �� ������������������������������������ ������������. ������������������������ ������������ ���������������� ���������������������� �� ������, ������ ������������ �������������� ������������������������ �������������� �������������������������������� �� ������������������ ������������ ���� ������������������������������ ��������������������������������. ���������� ������������ ������������ ������������������ ���������������������� �� �������������������������� ���������������������� ������ �������������������� �������������� ������������ ������ ���������� ��������������. ���������� ���������������������� ������������������ �������������������������������� �� �������������������������������� ��������������. ���������������� �������������������������� ������������ ������������������ ������������������ �� ������������������ ������������, �� ���������� �������������������������� ���������������� ������������ ��������������������., This article is aimed at analyzing the provisions on the invalidity of transactions. The relevance of this problem lies in the fact that sometimes the parties neglect the norms of legislation and conclude transactions that do not comply with the legislation. Also, sometimes transactions are intentionally made with certain violations in order to extract greater benefits for one party. The author analyzes the provisions of the legislation on invalid transactions. Provides a comparative analysis of the provisions of void and disputed transactions, and also establishes the differences of these institutions.

La Sentencia 134/2021, de 24 de febrero, de la Sala de lo Contencioso-Administrativo del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de la Comunidad Valenciana, anula el apartado tercero.2 b) del anexo III de la Resolución del consejero de Educación de 1 de agosto de 2018, por la que se convocaba el programa de subvenciones públicas a la investigación y la innovación en la Comunidad Valenciana. La resolución examina la disposición cuestionada a la luz de ciertos datos estadísticos procedentes de convocatorias anteriores, que mostraban una situación de desigualdad de hecho de las investigadoras tanto en la solicitud como en la obtención de la subvención regulada por dicho apartado, y estima que su redacción incumplió la prescripción contenida en el artículo 11 de la Ley orgánica 3/2007, que regula las acciones positivas en favor de las mujeres, y, como consecuencia de dicha omisión o inacción, incurrió en una discriminación indirecta, prohibida por el artículo 6.2 de la citada ley orgánica, que justifica la declaración de nulidad del apartado impugnado. Judgment of the Superior Court of Justice of the Valencian Community 134/2021, of February 24, of the Administrative Chamber, annuls the third section 2 b) of annex III of the Resolution of the Regional Government, of August 2018, with the program of public grants for research and innovation in the Valencian Community. The resolution examines the questioned section in light of certain statistical data from previous calls, which showed a situation of de facto inequality of the women researchers both in the application and in obtaining the grant regulated by said section, and considers that its wording failed to comply with the prescription contained in article 11 of Organic Law 3/2007, which regulates affirmative actions in favor of women, and, as a consequence of said omission or inaction, produced indirect discrimination, prohibited by article 6.2 of the aforementioned organic law, which justifies the declaration of invalidity of the contested section.

Resumo Para que as patentes possam ser utilizadas como mola propulsora da inovação, da competitividade e do progresso tecnológico, é necessário que o sistema opere com eficiência e qualidade. Há pesquisas que constataram que o Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI) não tem cumprido o mandamento constitucional da eficiência, haja vista o crônico atraso na análise de pedidos de patentes, que supera e muito a razoabilidade. O presente artigo se propõe a avançar em direção distinta e ainda pouco explorada. Seu objetivo é estudar o rigor do sistema patentário brasileiro no tocante às análises dos pedidos de patente para verificar se há nele uma crise de qualidade. Em caso positivo, esse achado reforçaria a necessidade de revisão do sistema, de modo que sua finalidade mediata (promoção do desenvolvimento econômico, social e tecnológico do país) possa ser alcançada. A literatura aponta que uma forma de avaliar a qualidade de um sistema patentário é determinar a taxa com que as decisões técnicas tomadas pelo escritório de patentes são contestadas na esfera jurídica. No Brasil, toda ação de nulidade de patente deve ser anotada na Revista de Propriedade Industrial (RPI) do INPI. Com base nessas informações, foi possível realizar uma investigação empírica inédita sobre a qualidade dos privilégios patentários concedidos no país. Sob a ótica deste trabalho, a qualidade da patente foi analisada sob o ponto de vista da observância legal dos critérios de patenteabilidade. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva e explicativa, com caráter qualitativo e quantitativo, a qual se utilizou do método empírico e indutivo. Abstract For patents to be used as a driving force for innovation, competitiveness and technological progress, the system must operate efficiently and with quality. There are studies that found that the Brazilian National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) has not complied with the constitutional mandate of efficiency, given the chronic delay in the analysis of patent applications, which far exceeds the reasonableness. The present article proposes to move in a different and still little explored direction. The purpose of this paper is to study the rigor of the Brazilian patent system regarding the analysis of patent applications to verify if there is a quality crisis in it. If so, this finding would reinforce the need for revision the system so that its mediate purpose (promotion of the economic, social and technological development of the country) can be achieved. The literature points out that one way of assessing the quality of a patent system is to determine the rate at which technical decisions made by the patent office are challenged in the legal sphere. In Brazil, every patent invalidity action must be noted in the INPI magazine. Based on this information, it was possible to conduct an unprecedented empirical investigation on the quality of patent privileges granted in the country. From the perspective of this work, the quality of the patent was analyzed from the point of view of legal compliance with the patentability criteria. This is a descriptive and explanatory research, with qualitative and quantitative character, which used the empirical and inductive method.

The Constitutional Court delimits the concept and scope of public order, the requirement to state the grounds and the judicial review within the framework of the action for annulment of arbitral awards. The Constitutional Court rejects the jurisprudential line of the High Court of Justice of Madrid regarding the broadening of the concept of public policy and prevents the review of the merits of the case through the action for annulment.

������������ ������������ �������������������� ���� ���������������� �������������� ������������������������������������ ������������. �������������� ������������������ ������������ �������������� ������������������������ �������������� ������������������������������������ ������������. ����������, �������������������� ���������������������� ���������������������� �������������������������������� ������������, ���� ������������������ ������������������ �������������������� ��������������. �������������������� �������� ������������������������������������ ������������. ���������� ���������� ���������������������� ������������������ �� �������������������� ������������ ������������������������������������ ������������. ���� ������������������ ������������������ ������������, ���������� ���������������������� ���������������� ���������� ������������������������ ������������ ���� ���������������������������������� (����������������������)�� �� �������������������� ���������� ������������ ������������������������������������ �������� ������������������ �� ������������ �� ������������������ ���������������������������������� ������������ ���������������� �� ������������������ ����������������������., This article is aimed at studying the concept of invalidity of transactions. The author presents the opinions of the authors regarding the concept of invalidity of transactions. Also, the author provides his own definition of invalid transactions, based on the features identified by scientists. The types of invalidity of transactions are given. The author also analyzes the theories of invalidity of transactions available in the literature. Based on the studied theories, the author analyzes the legal norms of the Federal Law "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)" and determines which theory of invalidity was applied in the rules on invalidation of debtor's transactions in bankruptcy proceedings.

La sentencia aborda la debatida cuestión de la calificación que haya de merecer el despido sin causa acaecido durante el Estado de Alarma y vigente la mediáticamente denominada "prohibición de despedir" contenida en el art. 2 RDL 9/2020, cuyo alcance, como se sabe, es un semillero de cuestiones dudosas que han sido objeto de encontradas interpretaciones. The sentence addresses the debated question of the qualification that the dismissal without cause occurred during the State of Alarm and the media called "prohibition to dismiss" contained in art. 2 RDL 9/2020, which scope, as known, is a hotbed of dubious questions that have been the subject of conflicting interpretations.

La reciente jurisprudencia colombiana ha incorporado una visión de la reticencia que comprende elementos no contemplados en la legislación sobre la materia. Estos pronunciamientos deben llamar a reflexión. ¿Acaso la legislación mercantil colombiana requiere una modificación que dé cuenta de una nueva realidad? Se propone abordar este problema, realizando un análisis comparativo frente a legislaciones internacionales que han sido referente en esta materia, procurando brindar elementos de análisis útiles para su solución. In the most recent Colombian decisions, the Court’s interpretation of Reticence includes elements which are not contained in the respective legislation. These pronouncements should lead us to reflect on the matter. Does Colombian commercial law require a change to take this new reality into account? We intend to address the problem by conducting a comparative analysis through the examination of other legislations that are seen as a reference on this subject, and by providing useful analysis to resolve the problem.

Materia: Nulidad de Acuerdo Societario. No. De Expediente: 04901-2011-0-1817-JR-CO-16: La empresa Demandada es una sociedad anónima debidamente constituida bajo las leyes del Perú que, de conformidad con lo estipulado en el artículo Vigésimo Noveno de su Estatuto cuenta con Directorio que debe estar conformado permanentemente por ocho miembros titulares. Según el artículo Trigésimo Sexto del mismo, el quórum es de siete directores. Al 14 de noviembre de 2010, el Directorio de la Demandada se encontraba conformado por ocho Directores titulares y ocho Directores alternos. Con fecha 15 de noviembre de 2010 renunciaron dos Directores alternos y un Director titular. El 25 del mismo mes, una empresa, accionista de la Demandada (titular de 48.85% %), solicitó al Directorio convocar a Junta General de Accionistas, acto que no fue cumplido. Posteriormente, el 21 de diciembre de 2010 renunció la Directora titular de la Demandada. Por tanto, el Directorio solo contaba con seis Directores titulares hábiles. El 22 de diciembre de 2010, los Directores titulares hábiles de la Demandada sesionaron y acordaron designar a dos Directores titulares en reemplazo. Al respecto, el Registrador Público tachó el título bajo el cual se tramitó la inscripción del acuerdo, por considerar que no se habría sesionado respetando el quórum del Directorio. Materia: Protección al Consumidor. No. De Expediente: 147-2010/CPC: El 14 de febrero de 2010, los Demandantes denunciaron a una Compañía de Seguros y de Reaseguros por presunta infracción al T.U.O de la Ley del Sistema de Protección al Consumidor (Decreto Supremo N°006-2009-PCM) (en adelante, el T.U.O de la Ley del Sistema de Protección al Consumidor), señalando lo siguiente: 1.- Que, se adquirió una camioneta marca Honda, que tenía como finalidad el transporte particular. Al mismo tiempo se contrató una póliza de seguro que incluía la cobertura del robo total del vehículo. 2.-Se efectuó puntualmente los pagos mensuales durante el 2009. 3.-El 29 de junio de 2009, fueron víctimas del robo del vehículo asegurado, hecho que fue denunciado inmediatamente a la compañía, quienes señalaron que no darían cobertura al siniestro debido a que el vehículo no contaba con Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (GPS). 4.-Dicha condición no se encontraba establecida contractualmente y tampoco les fue informada oportunamente en la renovación del seguro en el 2009, siendo que incluso no contaban con la copia de esta nueva póliza. Presentaron un reclamo contra el Demandado a través del Servicio de Atención al Ciudadano (SAC) del Instituto Nacional de Defensa de la Competencia y de la Protección de la Propiedad Intelectual (Indecopi).

Materia: Mejor Derecho a la Propiedad. Número de expediente: 17222-2011-0-1801-JR-CI-29: En el presente expediente se analiza y desarrolla una demanda sobre mejor derecho a la propiedad, el cual inicia con la partida registral de una galería ubicada en el corazón de La Victoria y la independización de los estantes dentro de la galería; siendo materia de la controversia un área adquirida de 07.74 m2 de una tienda, la cual no se especificó ni tampoco se detalló de una manera correcta, ni tampoco se independizó de manera adecuada, por lo que se inicia una demanda por mejor derecho a la propiedad y nulidad del acto jurídico contra la junta de acreedores. Materia: Robo Agravado. Número de expediente: 00934-2016-0-1801-JR-PE-25: En el presente expediente, se analiza y desarrolla el tema del delito contra el patrimonio en la modalidad de Robo Agravado (a mano armada). La denuncia se inicia con la comunicación telefónica por parte de la policía hacia el Ministerio Publico, posterior a la detención del imputado. La fiscal a cargo de la investigación dispone apertura de investigación policial, la misma que iniciará las diligencias en la Comisaria de San Andrés para que participe de las diligencias correspondientes.

Let $G=\left( \mathcal{V}\left( G\right) ,\mathcal{E}\left( G\right) \right) $ be an $\left( n,m\right) $-graph. The Randi\'{c} spread of $G$, $s_{R}(G)$, is defined as the maximum distance of its Randi\'{c} eigenvalues, disregarding the Randi\'{c} spectral radius of $G$. In this work, we use numerical inequalities and bounds for the matricial spread to obtain relations between this spectral parameter and some structural and algebraic parameters of the underlying graph such as, the sequence of vertex degrees, the nullity, Randi\'{c} index, generalized Randi\'{c} indices and its independence number. In the last section a comparison is presented for regular graphs.

Materia: Restitución internacional de menor de edad Nº de Expediente: 10245-2010-0-1801-JR-FC-16 El expediente versa sobre la demanda de restitución internacional de acuerdo a la convención de la Haya sobre los aspectos civiles de la sustracción internacional de menores interpuesta por el Sr. A. A. A, de nacionalidad australiana, contra Sra. B. B. B. B., de nacionalidad peruana a fin de que el menor de edad C. C. C. retorne a su país de origen, es decir Australia. Materia: Nulidad por despido Nº de Expediente: 183416-2008-00563-0-LA El expediente versa sobre la demanda interpuesta por Sr. D. D. D. contra la Corporación E. E. E. S. A, por nulidad de despido como pretensión principal y en forma subordinada una indemnización por despido arbitrario hasta por el monto de S/ 13,291.11 (Trece mil doscientos noventa y uno y 11/100 soles).

In this paper, we determine the nullity of generalized rooted t-tuple coalescence graphs and the nullity of generalized rooted t-tuple with b-bridge coalescence graphs. Finally, the nullity of generalized rooted t-tuple with b-path coalescence graph and (b-bridge)-tuple coalescence graph and nullity of (b-path)-tuple coalescence graph is obtained for some special types of graphs.

The authors would like to thank anonymous referees for their helpful comments and suggestions which considerably improved the presentation of the paper. The authors except the third one were supported by Portuguese Funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). The first, second, and fifth authors were supported by FCT (Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia), under the project UIDB/04721/2020 (CEAFEL - Centro de Analise Funcional e Estruturas Lineares). The fourth author was supported within the scope of the project UIDB/00297/2020 (CMA - Centro de Matematica e Aplicacoes). This work was started in August 2017 while the third author was visiting CEAFEL at the Faculty of Sciences in the University of Lisbon. He is sincerely grateful to CEAFEL for the hospitality and support in August 2017 and March 2018. He also wishes to express his gratitude for the travel grant he received from the Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM) in August 2017. A vertex v of the underlying graph of a symmetric matrix A is called ‘Parter’ if the nullity of the matrix obtained from A by removing the row and column indexed by v is more than the nullity of A. Let A be a singular symmetric matrix with rank r whose underlying graph is a tree. It is known that the number of Parter vertices of A is at most r−1. We prove that when r is odd this number is at most r−2. We characterize the trees where these bounds are achieved. authorsversion published

Baksalary et al. (Linear Algebra Appl., doi:10.1016/j.laa.2004.02.025, 2004) investigated the invertibility of a linear combination of idempotent matrices. This result was improved by Koliha et al. (Linear Algebra Appl., doi:10.1016/j.laa.2006.01.011, 2006) by showing that the rank of a linear combination of two idempotents is constant. In this paper, we consider similar problems for k-potent matrices. We study the rank and the nullity of a linear combination of two commuting k-potent matrices. Furthermore, the problem of the nonsingularity of linear combinations of two or three k-potent matrices is considered under some conditions. In these situations, we derive explicit formulae of their inverses.

Marka bir teşebbüse ait mal veya hizmetin diğer teşebbüse ait mal veya hizmetten ayırt edilmesini sağlayan işaretlerdir. Markanın SMK tarafından korunabilmesi esasen tescil edilmesine bağlıdır. Markanın tescili ile beraber kanunen korunan marka, uygun şekilde kullanılmadığı takdirde çeşitli sonuçlarla karşılaşılacaktır. Markanın kullanılmasının kanun tarafından zorunluluk hâline getirilmesinin sebebi, gerçek kullanımı teşvik etmek, markaların sicilde boş yere istiflenmesini engellemektir. Bu amaçla tescilli bir marka, işlevine uygun, ciddi olarak Türkiye'de tescil olunduğu mal veya hizmetler için marka sahibi tarafından kullanılmadır. Marka hoşgörü süresi içerisinde belirtilen şekilde kullanılmaması veya kullanılmamasına haklı bir sebep gösterilmemesi hâlinde iptal edilebilecektir. İptal müessesi yeni düzenlemelerle idari süreç olarak kabul edilse de ilgili hükümler yürürlüğe girmemiştir. Ayrıca marka başvurusunda yayıma itiraz aşamasında, başvuru sahibi markanın kullanıldığının ispatını talep edebilir. Markanın kullanılmamasının diğer bir sonucu ise def'î olarak ileri sürülebilmesidir. Söz konusu hükümler gereği hükümsüzlük ve tecavüz davalarında markanın kullanılmaması davalı tarafından def'î olarak ileri sürülebilir. Anahtar kelimeler: Marka, markanın kullanılması, iptal, ciddi kullanım, def'i Trademarks are signs used for centuries in order to distinct enterprise's goods or services from the other. In principle, protection of trademark under the SMK (6769 numbered Industrial Property Law) relies on the registration of the trademark. However, if registered and protected trademark is not used in compliance with the law, trademark owner will face with a few consequences. The reason why use of trademark was regulated under the law is to encourage genuine use of trademark and prevent them to be stacked under the registration. With this purpose trademark must be used by its owner according to its function, genuinely for the registered goods or services in Turkey. In case of non-use or lack of valid reason for non-use, trademark can be revoked. Revocation became an administrative process with the new regulations. Besides cancellation, during the application of trademark, applicant may ask to proof use of trademark. The other consequence for non use of trademark is that it can be used as a defense. According to new provisions, in invalidity and infringement cases defendant can use non-use of trademark as a defense.Keywords: Trademark, use of trademark, revocation, genuine use, non-use as a defense 173

We study the sets of inertias achieved by Laplacian matrices of weighted signed graphs. First we characterize signed graphs with a unique Laplacian inertia. Then we show that there is a sufficiently small perturbation of the nonzero weights on the edges of any connected weighted signed graph so that all eigenvalues of its Laplacian matrix are simple. Next, we give upper bounds on the number of possible Laplacian inertias for signed graphs with a fixed flexibility τ (a combinatorial parameter of signed graphs), and show that these bounds are sharp for an infinite family of signed graphs. Finally, we provide upper bounds for the number of possible Laplacian inertias of signed graphs in terms of the number of vertices.

This paper explains how the notion of economic duress is understood in different legal regimes of Civil Law and Common Law. This way, the author first addresses the concept of economic duress from a restrictive sense (as a defect of consent) and, later, develops the concept from a wider perspective (taking into account an objective economic imbalance). El presente artículo explica cómo se entiende la noción de violencia económica en diversos ordenamientos jurídicos tanto del Civil Law como del Common Law. Así, el autor aborda primero el concepto de violencia económica en un sentido restringido (como vicio del consentimiento), y posteriormente lo desarrolla desde una perspectiva más amplia (tomando en cuenta un desequilibrio económico objetivo).

This paper deals with various issues in regard to nullity of the merger procedure in the EU law, comparative law and Serbian law. It examines possibilities for the nullity of merger procedure after registration, in regard to conditions, procedure and effects. Problems connected to ineffective and incomplete regulation of the nullity of the merger procedure in Serbian law were scrutinized in particular. Different solutions were put forward in regard to existing regime and appropriate regime de lege ferenda was suggested.

The expansion of the subject of a mortgage to buildings under construction is a considerable step forward in regulating mortgages. It is not possible to register ownership rights on buildings under construction. A person acquiring ownership does not have the possibility to protect his rights. Acquiring ownership rights to a building under construction is tied to possession. This is detrimental to the principle of publicity which in turn erodes the principle of reliance. Validity of the mortgage is tied to the possession over the mortgaged real estate at the time of its registration. Such position of the courts challenges the very essence of mortgage.

In this paper, we investigate several second order discrete problems with non-local multipoint boundary conditions and present obtained results about their nullity. The research was partially supported by the Research Council of Lithuania (grant No. MIP-047/ 2014).

This article deals with the issue of administrative decision, which represents one of the principal forms of the realization of public administration in the Czech Republic. Even if the Czech legislation provides for its issuance a number of requirements in relation to its content and form, in practice, however, there are violations of these legal conditions and requirements and then we talk about a defective administrative decision. According to how to remedy the defective administrative acts, distinction is made between formally defective administrative decisions, factually inaccurate decisions, unlawful decisions, and next to them, separately null administrative decisions. The main attention is paid to the nullity, because only the nullity represents the most serious and also irremovable defect of an administrative decision. As the null decision does not exist from the perspective of law, it is not able to affect the rights and duties of its recipients. The null acts, as the only category of defective administrative acts, constitute an exception to the principle of the presumption of validity and correctness of administrative acts.

Marriage is a social institution that formalizes and stabilizes the union between a man and wife. At times, either of the parties undergoing the contract of marriage may ask it be declared null and void. Psychiatrists and legal experts may be called in to provide opinion whether such a marriage should be annulled. Some laws in India do state unsoundness of mind as a valid reason for nullity of marriage. However, determining unsoundness of mind can be a difficult issue, especially when made in retrospect. This paper highlights some cases where nullity of marriage was contested in view of unsoundness of mind. Furthermore, some issues encountered by psychiatrists pertaining to nullity of marriage are discussed. Though psychiatrists and legal experts may have different ways of approaching the issue of nullity on the basis of psychiatric disorder, the overall aim of both remains the same of avoiding broken homes, upholding the dignity of the individual and legal framework.

A nut graph is a singular graph with one-dimensional kernel and corresponding eigenverctor with no zero elements. The problem of determining the orders $n$ for which $d$-regular nut graphs exist was recently posed by Gauci, Pisanski and Sciriha. These orders are known for $d \leq 4$. Here we solve the problem for all remaining cases $d\leq 11$ and determine the complete lists of all $d$-regular nut graphs of order $n$ for small values of $d$ and $n$. The existence or non-existence of small regular nut graphs is determined by a computer search. The main tool is a construction that produces, for any $d$-regular nut graph of order $n$, another $d$-regular nut graph of order $n + 2d$. If we are given a sufficient number of $d$-regular nut graphs of consecutive orders, called seed graphs, this construction may be applied in such a way that the existence of all $d$-regular nut graphs of higher orders is established. For even $d$ the orders $n$ are indeed consecutive, while for odd $d$ the orders $n$ are consecutive even numbers. Furthermore, necessary conditions for combinations of order and degree for vertex-transitive nut graphs are derived., Comment: 17 pages; submitted for publication

Under section 213 C.C.Q., immovables, enterprises, and important pieces of family property belonging to a minor can only be sold in cases of necessity, and only then with prior authorization from the court or the tutorship council. What is the legal status, therefore, of a contract of sale of a minor's property made by his tutor in violation of this provision? This question inspired a vigorous debate in both France and Quebec throughout the nineteenth century. Mignault "settled'' this debate in 1896 by declaring such a contract to be tainted with relative nullity. Now, over a century later, the law's attitude toward the protection of minors has changed significantly, which makes it appropriate to revisit Mignault's thesis. This paper argues that the sanction of relative nullity is inconsistent with both the text and underlying policy objectives of the section, and that an alternative approach must be adopted., Selon l’article 213 C.c.Q., les immeubles, les entreprises et les biens importants à caractère familial appartenant à un mineur ne peuvent être vendus qu’en cas de nécessité et avec une autorisation préalable du tribunal ou du conseil de tutelle. Quel est alors le statut juridique d’un contrat de vente d’un bien appartenant à un mineur faite par son tuteur en violation de cet article ? Cette question a été à l’origine d’un vigoureux débat, en France ainsi qu’au Québec, au cours du 19e siècle. Mignault le trancha en 1896 en déclarant un tel contrat entaché de nullité relative. Aujourd’hui, plus d’une centaine d’années plus tard, la position du législateur à l’égard de la protection des mineurs a beaucoup évolué, ce qui nécessite une réévaluation de la solution apportée par Mignault. Cet article soutient que la sanction de nullité relative va à l’encontre du libellé et des objectifs de l’article 213 C.c.Q. et qu’une approche alternative doit être adoptée.

Agreement on life support is one of the most often concluded civil contracts. It is certainly one of the most common contracts of civil law, as it is a convenient legal modality through which elderly, sick and disabled persons who have property, provide themselves a decent life and meet their basic needs through service of the other party. However, it is evident that not many agreements remain unchanged, but their content is often altered, many are canceled, even broken. Therefore, the author in this paper through legal method and systematic analysis of the corpus of domestic substantive provisions suggests all ways of termination of life support, especially on the factual circumstances that cause it. Some legislative ambiguities are stressed, as well as decisions in some controversial cases. Among other things, broken relations between the contractor and the changed circumstances as the most common and complex cause of termination are defined. In conclusion the proposals on which one may specify and complement legal loophole are given.

In this paper we investigate the relation between the matrix nullity of the second order discrete boundary value problem and nonlocal boundary conditions. The obtained classification and examples are also presented.

Con la STJUE de 21 de diciembre de 2016, Gutiérrez Naranjo y otros, C-154/15, C-307/15 y C-308/15, se pone al descubierto la defectuosa interpretación llevada a cabo en la creación jurisprudencial del control de transparencia. A nuestro juicio, los errores manifiestos que afectan a este nuevo control tienen su origen en una interpretación de la norma motivada por la intención de favorecer al consumidor con la creación ex professo del referido control, a la vez que se intentan dulcificar las consecuencias derivadas de la sanción de nulidad que las entidades de crédito han de soportar. Producida la primera llamada de atención, sería una grave equivocación obviar la necesidad de revisar nuestra doctrina jurisprudencial, que se ha visto desbordada al procurar la complacencia de las partes implicadas. The faulty interpretation carried out in the recent case-law relative to control of transparency has been brought to light with the CJEU’s ruling of 21st December 2016, Gutiérrez Naranjo and others, C-154/15, C-307/15 and C-308/15. It is our belief that the errors revealed that affect this new control have their origin in an interpretation of the regulation motivated by, on the one hand, the intention to benefit the consumer with the deliberate creation of said control and, on the other hand, the attempt to soften the consequences from the nullity sanction that lending entities must endure. After a first warning, it would be a grave mistake to ignore the need to review our case-law doctrine, which is overwhelmed by seeking to satisfy all parties involved.

We study a semilinear Neumann problem which is resonant at ± ∞ with respect to any eigenvalue different from the first and the second eigenvalue of − Δ N (the negative Neumann Laplacian). Using a combination of variational methods with Morse theoretic techniques, we show that the problem has at least two nontrivial smooth solutions.

In this note we consider a set of augmentation block preconditioners for solving generalized saddle point systems whose coefficient matrices have singular (1,1) blocks. Results concerning the eigenvalue distribution and forms of the eigenvectors of the augmentation block preconditioned generalized saddle point matrix and its minimal polynomial are given, and an optimal augmentation block preconditioner of the set is derived. These results extend previous ones in the literature. Numerical experiments that show the very effective performance of the optimal augmentation block preconditioner are reported.

[EN] In the present work one tries to think about the concept of inefficiency in the juridical Spanish classification, and his distinction with the invalidity and contractual nonexistence. The analysis of the different doctrinal existing positions does not facilitate an unanimous distinction. We consider, after the study of the doctrine and jurisprudence, to the nonexistence as a category autonomous and independent from the contractual invalidity, since it is the own norm, in this case the civil Spanish Code, in diverse rules that we analyze, the one who leads us to the suppositions of contractual nonexistence in the cases of lack of essential requirements in the contract, since they are the cases of absence of assent, of object and of reason, which will be an object of arrested study., [ES] En el presente trabajo se pretende reflexionar sobre el concepto de ineficacia en el ordenamiento jurídico español, y su distinción con la invalidez e inexistencia contractual. El análisis de las distintas posturas doctrinales existentes no facilita una distinción unánime. Consideramos, tras el estudio de la doctrina y jurisprudencia, a la inexistencia como una categoría autónoma e independiente de la invalidez contractual, ya que es la propia norma, en este caso el Código Civil español, en diversos preceptos que analizamos, quien nos conduce a los supuestos de inexistencia contractual en los casos de falta de requisitos esenciales en el contrato, como son los casos de ausencia de consentimiento, de objeto y de causa, que serán centro de estudio detenido.

A connected graph with a unique cycle is called a unicyclic graph. A unicyclic graph with depth one may be thought of as being obtained from a cycle by appending n i pendent edges on each vertex v i in the cycle C t (for some integer t ⩾ 3 ), denoted by C n 1 , n 2 , … , n t . In this paper, we give a complete characterization on the nullity of the line graph G = L ( C n 1 , n 2 , … , n t ) as follows: Let m = # { i | n i > 0 } . Then (i) η ( G ) = 2 if and only if m = 0 and t ≡ 0 ( mod 4 ) . (ii) η ( G ) = 1 if and only if m ⩾ 1 and either (1) n i ∈ { 0 , 1 } for i = 1 , … , t , the length of any zero chain of ( n 1 , n 2 , … , n t ) is even and t + m ≡ 0 ( mod 4 ) ; or (2) t ≡ 0 ( mod 4 ) and one of n 1 = n 3 = ⋯ = n t - 1 = 0 and n 2 = n 4 = ⋯ = n t = 0 must hold. (iii) η ( G ) = 0 , otherwise.

In this paper, we study connected plane graphs with link component number equal to the nullity and call them near-extremal graphs. We first study near-extremal graphs with minimum degree at least 3 and prove that a connected plane graph G with minimum degree at least 3 is a near-extremal graph if and only if G is isomorphic to K4, the complete graph with 4 vertices. The result is obtained by studying general graphs using the knowledge of bicycle space and the Tutte polynomial. Then a simple algorithm is given to judge whether a connected plane graph is a near-extremal graph or not. Finally we study the construction of near-extremal graphs and prove that all near-extremal graphs can be constructed from a loop and K4 by two graph operations.

The rank of a graph G is defined to be the rank of its adjacency matrix. In this paper, we consider the following problem: What is the structure of a connected graph with rank 4? This question has not yet been fully answered in the literature, and only some partial results are known. In this paper we resolve this question by completely characterizing graphs G whose adjacency matrix has rank 4.

The nullity of a graph G, denoted by η(G), is the multiplicity of the eigenvalue zero in its spectrum. It is known that η(G)⩽n-2 if G is a simple graph on n vertices and G is not isomorphic to nK1. The extremal graphs attaining the upper bound n-2 and the second upper bound n-3 have been obtained. In this paper, the graphs with nullity n-4 are characterized. Furthermore the tricyclic graphs with maximum nullity are discussed.

The nullity of a graph is defined as the multiplicity of the eigenvalue zero in the spectrum of the adjacency matrix of the graph. We investigate a class of graphs with pendant trees, and express the nullity of such graph in terms of that of its subgraphs. As an application of our results, we characterize unicyclic graphs with a given nullity.

For a graph G of order n , the maximum nullity of G is defined to be the largest possible nullity over all real symmetric n × n matrices A whose ( i , j ) th entry (for i ≠ j ) is nonzero whenever { i , j } is an edge in G and is zero otherwise. Maximum nullity and the related parameter minimum rank of the same set of matrices have been studied extensively. A new parameter, maximum generic nullity, is introduced. Maximum generic nullity provides insight into the structure of the null-space of a matrix realizing maximum nullity of a graph. It is shown that maximum generic nullity is bounded above by edge connectivity and below by vertex connectivity. Results on random graphs are used to show that as n goes to infinity almost all graphs have equal maximum generic nullity, vertex connectivity, edge connectivity, and minimum degree.

The nullity of a graph is defined to be the multiplicity of the eigenvalue zero in the spectrum of the adjacency matrix of the graph. In this paper, we obtain the nullity set of bipartite graphs of order n , and characterize the bipartite graphs with nullity n - 4 and the regular bipartite graphs with nullity n - 6 .

The nullity of a graph G, denoted by η ( G ) , is the multiplicity of the eigenvalue zero in its spectrum. Cheng and Liu [B. Cheng, B. Liu, On the nullity of graphs, Electron. J. Linear Algebra 16 (2007) 60–67] characterized the extremal graphs attaining the upper bound n - 2 and the second upper bound n - 3 . In this paper, as the continuance of it, we determine the extremal graphs with pendent vertices achieving the third upper bound n - 4 and fourth upper bound n - 5 . We then proceed recursively to construct all graphs with pendent vertices which satisfy η ( G ) > 0 . Our results provide a unified approach to determine n-vertex unicyclic (respectively, bicyclic and tricyclic) graphs which achieve the maximal and second maximal nullity and characterize n-vertex extremal trees attaining the second and third maximal nullity. As a consequence we, respectively, determine the nullity sets of trees, unicyclic graphs, bicyclic graphs and tricyclic graphs on n vertices.

La Sentencia que ocupará las siguientes páginas aborda la legalidad de un convenio de empresa suscrito por un delegado de personal pero cuyo ámbito funcional pretende extenderse a la totalidad de la empresa. Impugnado el convenio por una Federación Sindical, la cual pretende que las condiciones de los trabajadores se sigan rigiendo por el convenio sectorial aplicable, la AN estima la pretensión de la parte actora, aplicando el principio de correspondencia. The Court ruling that we are analyzing decides the legality of an enterprise agreement signed by an elected representative, but whose functional scope intended to extend to the entire company. Challenged the agreement by Federation ofTrade Unions,which claims that the conditions of workers are governed by the applicable sector agreement, this claim is estimated by applying the correspondence principle.

La doctrina y la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo coinciden en calificar como negocios jurídicos incompletos aquellos negocios jurídicos que se realizan sin la previa autorización judicial o administrativa. También coinciden en considerar que tales negocios jurídicos incompletos son susceptibles de convalidación por la posterior autorización judicial o administrativa, incluso así lo contempla el RF en determinados supuestos en que falta la previa autorización del Protectorado cuando se han realizado actos de disposición o gravamen sin la misma. The Supreme Court’s Doctrine and Case Law agree to classify as unfinished law business the business which takes place without a prior legal or administrative authorization. They also agree on considering such unfinished business as open to being validated by its ultimate legal or administrative authorizing, it is also seen by the Foundation Rules for those particular cases without the authorizing from the Protectorate when an activity of disposal or a tax-based activity has occurred without being authorized. Die Lehre und Rechtsprechung des Obersten Gerichtshofs stimmt darin überein, dass diejenigen Rechtsgeschäfte unvollständig sind, die ohne vorherige rechtliche oder verwaltungsrechtliche Erlaubnis zustandegekommen sind. Ebenso stimmen sie darin überein, dass solche unvollständigen Rechtsgeschäfte der nachträglichen Bestätigung durch ein Gericht oder Verwaltungsgericht bedürfen, sogar, und so sieht es das durch ein Gericht oder Verwaltungsgericht bedürfen, sogar, und so sieht es das spanische Wirtschafts- und Steuersystem REF in bestimmten Fällen vor, wenn die Genehmigung der Aufsichtsbehörde fehlt und Verfügungen und finanzielle Erhebungen vorgenommen wurden.

Die Lehre und Rechtsprechung des Obersten Gerichtshofs stimmt darin überein, dass diejenigen Rechtsgeschäfte unvollständig sind, die ohne vorherige rechtliche oder verwaltungsrechtliche Erlaubnis zustandegekommen sind. Ebenso stimmen sie darin überein, dass solche unvollständigen Rechtsgeschäfte der nachträglichen Bestätigung durch ein Gericht oder Verwaltungsgericht bedürfen, sogar, und so sieht es das durch ein Gericht oder Verwaltungsgericht bedürfen, sogar, und so sieht es das spanische Wirtschafts- und Steuersystem REF in bestimmten Fällen vor, wenn die Genehmigung der Aufsichtsbehörde fehlt und Verfügungen und finanzielle Erhebungen vorgenommen wurden. The Supreme Court’s Doctrine and Case Law agree to classify as unfinished law business the business which takes place without a prior legal or administrative authorization. They also agree on considering such unfinished business as open to being validated by its ultimate legal or administrative authorizing, it is also seen by the Foundation Rules for those particular cases without the authorizing from the Protectorate when an activity of disposal or a tax-based activity has occurred without being authorized. La doctrina y la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo coinciden en calificar como negocios jurídicos incompletos aquellos negocios jurídicos que se realizan sin la previa autorización judicial o administrativa. También coinciden en considerar que tales negocios jurídicos incompletos son susceptibles de convalidación por la posterior autorización judicial o administrativa, incluso así lo contempla el RF en determinados supuestos en que falta la previa autorización del Protectorado cuando se han realizado actos de disposición o gravamen sin la misma.

It has recently been shown that the symmetric gauge functions on the canonical (principal) angles give a family of unitarily invariant metrics between linear subspaces of the same dimension. In this short paper, we extend such metrics to subspaces of possibly different dimensions. This extension is necessary in addressing some perturbation analysis problems involving subspaces with different dimensions. Examples of such perturbation analysis problems are also studied in this paper using the extended metrics.