Ndaki, Pendo M., Mushi, Martha F., Mwanga, Joseph R., Konje, Eveline T., Ntinginya, Nyanda E., Mmbaga, Blandina T., Keenan, Katherine, Sabiiti, Wilber, Kesby, Mike, Benitez-Paez, Fernando, Sandeman, Alison, Holden, Matthew T. G., Mshana, Stephen E., Consortium, HATUA Consortium HATUA, Medical Research Council, University of St Andrews. Geographies of Sustainability, Society, Inequalities and Possibilities, University of St Andrews. Population and Health Research, University of St Andrews. School of Geography & Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews. Infection and Global Health Division, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, University of St Andrews. Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, and University of St Andrews. St Andrews Bioinformatics Unit
This study was part of the larger 3-country Holistic Approach to Unravel Antibacterial Resistance in East Africa (HATUA) project funded by the National Institute for Health Research, Medical Research Council and the Department of Health and Social Care, Award (MR/S004785/1). Worldwide, antimicrobial resistance is increasing rapidly and is highly associated with misuse of antimicrobials. The HATUA study (a broader 3-country study) investigated the antibiotic dispensing practices of pharmaceutical providers to clients, particularly the propensity to dispense without prescription. A cross-sectional study using a ‘mystery client’ method was conducted in 1,148 community pharmacies and accredited drugs dispensing outlets (ADDO) in Mwanza (n = 612), Mbeya (n = 304) and Kilimanjaro (n = 232) in Tanzania. Mystery clients asked directly for amoxicillin, had no prescription to present, did not discuss symptoms unless asked [when asked reported UTI-like symptoms] and attempted to buy a half course. Dispensing of amoxicillin without prescription was common [88.2, 95%CI 86.3%–89.9%], across all three regions. Further-more, a majority of outlets sold a half course of amoxicillin without prescription: Mwanza (98%), Mbeya (99%) and Kilimanjaro (98%). Generally, most providers in all three regions dispensed amoxicillin on demand, without asking the client any questions with [Chi2 = 11.8851 and p-value = 0.003]. In Mbeya and Kilimanjaro, providers in ADDOs were more likely to do this than those in pharmacies but no difference was observed in Mwanza. While the Tanzanian government has laws, regulations and guidelines that prohibit antibiotic dispensing without prescription, our study suggests non-compliance by drug providers. Enforcement, surveillance, and the provision of continuing education on dispensing practices is recommended, particularly for ADDO providers. Publisher PDF