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The subgenus Campomyrma Wheeler, 1911 of the genus Polyrhachis Smith, 1758 in Thailand and Laos is reviewed. Four species are recognized, of which two are described and illustrated as new to science based on the worker and dealate queen under the names Polyrhachis quadrispinosa Jaitrong & Noon-anant, sp. nov. (found in a dead twig on a rubber tree) and P. lao Jaitrong & Yamane, sp. nov. (collected in dead wood). Polyrhachis sukarmani Kohout, 2007 is recorded for the first time from Thailand. A key to the Thai and Lao species of the subgenus based on the worker caste is given.

For the last decade, the use of deep learning techniques in plant leaf disease recognition has seen a lot of success. Pretrained models and the networks trained from scratch have obtained near-ideal accuracy on various public and self-collected datasets. However, symptoms of many diseases found on various plants look similar, which still poses an open challenge. This work takes on the task of dealing with classes with similar symptoms by proposing a trained-from-scratch shallow and thin convolutional neural network employing dilated convolutions and feature reuse. The proposed architecture is only four layers deep with a maximum width of 48 features. The utility of the proposed work is twofold: (1) it is helpful for the automatic detection of plant leaf diseases and (2) it can be used as a virtual assistant for a field pathologist to distinguish among classes with similar symptoms. Since dealing with classes with similar-looking symptoms is not well studied, there is no benchmark database for this purpose. We prepared a dataset of 11 similar-looking classes and 5, 108 images for experimentation and have also made it publicly available. The results demonstrate that our proposed model outperforms other recent and state-of-the-art models in terms of the number of parameters, training & inference time, and classification accuracy.

The internal heat source and reaction effects on the onset of thermosolutal convection in a local thermal non-equilibrium porous medium are examined, where the temperature of the fluid and the solid skeleton may differ. The linear instability and nonlinear stability theories of Darcy–Brinkman type with fixed boundary condition are carried out where the layer is heated and salted from below. The D 2 {D^{2}} Chebyshev tau technique is used to calculate the associated system of equations subject to the boundary conditions for both theories. Three different types of internal heat source function are considered, the first type increases across the layer, while the second decreases, and the third type heats and cools in a nonuniform way. The effect of different parameters on the Rayleigh number is depicted graphically. Moreover, the results detect that utilizing the internal heat source, reaction, and non-equilibrium have pronounced effects in determining the convection stability and instability thresholds.

The Polyrhachis (Myrmatopa) flavicornis species group in Thailand is reviewed. Four species are recognized, of which one species closely related to Polyrhachis constructor Smith, 1857 is described and illustrated as new to science based on the worker caste under the name Polyrhachis longipilosa sp. nov. The queens of P. flavicornis Smith, 1857 and P. constructor, and the males of P. flavicornis and P. varicolor Viehmeyer, 1916 are described. The new species is distributed in western Thailand in the area north of the Isthmus of Kra, while P. constructor is distributed in Malaysia (West Malaysia and Sabah), Indonesia, Singapore, southern and western Thailand. Polyrhachis piliventris Smith, 1857 and Polyrhachis elii Emery, 1900 are synonymized with P. constructor. A key to the Thai species of the Polyrhachis flavicornis species group is given. The type series of P. longipilosa was collected from the canopy of a dry evergreen forest.

PURPOSE Overexpression of c-Met protein and epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR) mutations can co-occur in non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), providing strong rationale for dual targeting. Telisotuzumab vedotin (Teliso-V), a first-in-class antibody-drug conjugate targeting c-Met, has shown a tolerable safety profile and antitumor activity as monotherapy. Herein, we report the results of a phase Ib study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02099058 ) evaluating Teliso-V plus erlotinib, an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), in patients with c-Met–positive (+) NSCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study evaluated Teliso-V (2.7 mg/kg once every 21 days) plus erlotinib (150 mg once daily) in adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) with c-Met+ NSCLC. Later enrollment required presence of an EGFR-activating mutation ( EGFR-M +) and progression on a prior EGFR TKI. End points included safety, pharmacokinetics, objective response rate (ORR), and progression-free survival (PFS). The efficacy-evaluable population consisted of c-Met+ patients (confirmed histology [H]-score ≥ 150) who had at least one postbaseline scan; c-Met+ patients with H-scores ≥ 225 were classified as c-Met high. RESULTS As of January 2020, 42 patients were enrolled (N = 36 efficacy-evaluable). Neuropathies were the most common any-grade adverse events reported, with 24 of 42 patients (57%) experiencing at least one event. The pharmacokinetic profile of Teliso-V plus erlotinib was similar to Teliso-V monotherapy. Median PFS for all efficacy-evaluable patients was 5.9 months (95% CI, 2.8 to not reached). ORR for EGFR-M + patients (n = 28) was 32.1%. Of EGFR-M + patients, those who were c-Met high (n = 15) had an ORR of 52.6%. Median PFS was 6.8 months for non-T790M+ and for those whose T790M status was unknown, versus 3.7 months for T790M+. CONCLUSION Teliso-V plus erlotinib showed encouraging antitumor activity and acceptable toxicity in EGFR TKI-pretreated patients with EGFR-M+, c-Met+ NSCLC.

Despite sustained global efforts to avoid, reduce, and reverse land degradation, estimates of land degradation nationally and regionally vary considerably. Land degradation reduces agricultural productivity, impacts the provision of vital ecosystem services, and disproportionately affects vulnerable populations. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, through Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 15.3, sets out to achieve land degradation neutrality (LDN) by improving the livelihoods of those most affected and building resilience in areas affected by or at risk from degradation. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) leads the charge in creating a spatially-explicit framework for monitoring and reporting on LDN goals that countries can integrate into their land planning policies. However, it remains difficult to operationalize the integration of biophysical indicators of land degradation with climatic and socio-economic indicators to assess the impact of land degradation on vulnerable populations. We present an integrative framework that demonstrates how freely available global geospatial datasets can be leveraged through an open-source platform (Trends.Earth) to simplify and operationalize monitoring and reporting on progress towards achieving LDN. Then, we summarize a suite of datasets and approaches that can be used to understand and quantify the socio-ecological interactions between drought, land degradation and population exposed to desertification, land degradation and drought (DLDD). We discuss how improvements in Earth Observation (EO) datasets and algorithms will allow UNCCD land-based progress sub-indicators (changes in primary productivity, land cover, soil organic carbon, drought, and population exposure) to be computed at enhanced spatial resolutions.

Strongyloides infection may develop into fatal hyperinfection and dissemination syndrome in immunocompromised hosts. Despite suboptimal specificity issues, the detection of IgG antibodies by ELISA has been central in the serodiagnosis of Strongyloides infection. Recently, an IgG4-based lateral-flow test (SsRapid) using recombinant NIE (rNIE) protein with good diagnostic performance has been reported. This study assessed the result concordance between a commercial IgG-ELISA and the SsRapid. Additionally, we determined the Strongyloides seroprevalence and its association with clinical manifestations. Immunocompromised patients (N = 200) were from Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and were diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, hematological malignancy, and solid organ cancers. Their plasma samples were tested using a commercial IgG-ELISA and SsRapid. A fair concordance (κ = 0.27–0.33; P < 0.05) between the tests was demonstrated. The SsRapid exhibited a significantly higher (P < 0.05) seroprevalence (10.5% [21/200]) compared with IgG-ELISA (7.5% [15/200]). After adsorption with rNIE, all SsRapid-positive samples tested negative with the rapid test, thus showing binding specificity. There was no significant association with clinical manifestations. This study revealed that SsRapid is a useful diagnostic tool for Strongyloides infection, and there is a notable seroprevalence among the immunocompromised patients.

Despite improvements in predicting the track and intensity of tropical cyclones (TCs), these storms with major societal and economic impacts continue to pose challenges for statically provisioned computational resources. The number of active storms varies from day to day, leading to regular bursts of irregular computational loads atop an already busy production schedule for weather prediction centers. The emergence of high-resolution ensemble TC prediction to quantify the uncertainty in track and intensity exacerbates this problem by requiring multiple forecasts run for each storm, each representing a possible outcome. With more than a decade of progress in the literature describing research and real-time numerical weather prediction in the cloud, we set out to evaluate if the commercial cloud environment could cope with the unique demands of TC ensemble forecasts. We describe a demonstration using a high-performance computing environment within the Microsoft Azure cloud to test dynamic resource provisioning to address time-varying resource challenges. We deployed existing operational models, implemented a combination of vendor-provided and open-source tools to orchestrate the cycling production workflows, and developed techniques for automatic error handling to keep production on schedule with minimal operator intervention. Despite challenges, our production pipeline from data ingest, forecast integration, graphics generation, and dissemination via social media was able to produce real-time forecasts of storm track and intensity with product latencies commensurate with existing operational forecasting systems.

High-quality holes in the drilling process are possible by selecting appropriate cutting parameters, proper machine setup and tools. The current study examines how drilling parameters like spindle speed and feed rate affect the formation of chips as well as hole quality, including hole size, circularity, and surface roughness of Al6061-T6. HSS drill bits were used in dry drilling experiments. The results showed that hole size and circularity are increased with the high spindle speed and feed rate. While the high spindle speed and low feed rate result in low surface roughness. Analysis of variance indicates that the hole size was highly affected by feed rate, having a contribution of 61.58 % compared with spindle speed with a contribution of 36.12 %. Moreover, the contribution of feed rate on circularity is 69.30 % greater than the effect of spindle speed at 28.48 %. In contrast, the spindle speed has a high influence of 56.84 % on surface roughness, than the feed rate with 42.13 %. The outcome also demonstrated that short, segmented chips could be produced at low spindle speeds and high feed rates.

Introduction Being involved in a romantic relationship has consistently been associated with better general well-being and life satisfaction, relational and sexual satisfaction, and sexual function. Research indicates that these relationships also buffer women against negative mental and sexual health outcomes after traumatic experiences. Regardless of quality, the presence of a romantic relationship is associated with better general and sexual outcomes for women. Though it has been well established that romantic relationships are positively associated with better sexual and general well-being for heterosexual individuals, the influence of relationship status on other important indicators of sexual well-being has received significantly less attention. Research has not assessed sexual well-being by self-schemas and sexual excitation and inhibition propensities. Given the associations of sexual schemas and sexual excitation and inhibition with sexual function and satisfaction, these two constructs are important to consider when evaluating sexual well-being for women. Additionally, it is imperative to consider nonconsensual sexual experiences (NSEs) when evaluating women’s sexual well-being as 20% of women in the U.S. experience an NSE in their lifetime. NSEs are known to negatively impact sexual excitation and inhibition, self-schemas, and sexual and general well-being. Objective The current study expands upon existing research on sexual well-being by including measures of excitation and inhibition and sexual schemas as well as considering participants’ NSE history. Filling these gaps in the extant literature could prove important for understanding the combined effects of relationship status and NSE history on women’s sexual well-being. Methods The data for the current study was taken from a larger assessment of female sexuality in February and July of 2016. Data from 1152 women was analyzed in the current study. The women completed assessments of previous consensual and nonconsensual sexual experiences using the Nonconsensual Sexual Experiences Inventory, sexual excitation and inhibition using the Sexual Excitation and Sexual Inhibition Inventory for Women, sexual self-schemas using the Sexual Self-Schema Scale and relationship status. Results The results from an ANOVA and subsequent independent t-test pairwise comparisons indicate significant differences in sexual schemas and excitation and inhibition propensities across various relationship statuses (p values < 0.05). After Bonferroni corrections, there were a few significant findings. Women in married or cohabitating relationships report significantly more conservative/embarrassed sexual self-schemas than single women. Single women with NSE histories also reported significantly lower scores on the “setting” excitation subscale of the SESII-W compared to single women with no NSE histories. Conclusions The results indicate that women conceptualize their sexual schemas and experience facilitators and inhibitors of arousal differently across various relationship statuses. Consistent with previous literature, married and cohabitating women reported more conservative/embarrassed self-schemas. Interestingly, single women with an NSE history reported that sex in novel or public settings was less activating for their sexual arousal than the sexual setting for women with no NSE histories. These findings highlight the importance of considering relationship status and NSE history when examining sexual well-being, sexual self-schemas, and sexual excitation and inhibition. Disclosure No

Introduction Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), which are used by over a quarter of reproductive-age women in the United States (Daniels et al., 2015; Jones et al., 2013), contain either both ethinylestradiol and a synthetic progestin, or solely a synthetic progestin. Through progestin-induced hepatic increases in sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), OCPs have been found to reduce the number of bioavailable androgens within women’s bodies (Zimmerman et al., 2014). Given that androgens are essential for the maintenance of healthy vaginal tissue (I. Goldstein, 2009), reduced androgen levels may adversely impact the vaginal epithelium in OCP users. While OCPs are indeed associated with symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA), such as vaginal pain and vaginal dryness (Battaglia et al., 2012), little is known about how these symptoms may vary based on the androgenicity of OCPs. Objective The aim of the present study was to compare rates of VVA among three groups of women: (1) women using OCPs containing low doses (i.e., ≤25 μg) of ethinylestradiol coupled with an androgenic progestin, (2) women using OCPs containing low doses (i.e., ≤25 μg) of ethinylestradiol coupled with an antiandrogenic progestin, and (3) naturally-cycling women (i.e., women with no history of oral contraceptive pill use). Methods Participants rated the severity of the following symptoms of VVA on a 4-point Likert-type scale ranging from 0 (mild) to 3 (severe): vaginal dryness, vaginal and/or vulvar irritation/itching, dysuria, and vaginal pain associated with sexual activity. Participants also dichotomously rated the presence or absence of vaginal bleeding associated with sexual activity. Results Women taking androgenic OCPs (n = 50) were significantly more likely to report vaginal bleeding associated with sexual activity than were women in the control group (n = 59), χ2(2, 130) = 9.759, p = .007. One participant (1.69%) in the control reported vaginal bleeding, compared to ten women (20%) in the androgenic group. Three participants (14.28%) in the antiandrogenic group endorsed vaginal bleeding, however this result was not significant. A MANOVA indicated no significant between-group differences for any of the remaining VVA items (i.e., dryness, itching/irritation, dysuria, or pain), F(2, 250) = 1.098, p = .365, and an ANOVA confirmed there were no differences between groups in the total VVA score, F(2) = 2.093, p = .127. Conclusions There were elevated rates of vaginal bleeding among OCP users compared to non-OCP users in this sample. This finding could be attributable a range of factors which have previously linked OCP use to vaginal bleeding, such as thinning of the vaginal tissue (Kagan & Rivera, 2018), cervical ectopy (Patil & Sharma, 2017), and thinning of the endometrium (Bright et al., 2011). Disclosure No

We report a 16-year-old adolescent girl with Down syndrome who developed a slowly progressive papulonodular eruption in the inguinal area. Skin biopsy for histopathology showed foci of bony trabeculae with osteoblasts and calcium deposition in the deeper dermis. An association of such lesions with Down syndrome, and the site of involvement, has not been reported previously.

Two early career academics share their experiences as project supervisors on the European Federation of Psychology Students’ Associations Junior Researcher Programme. They reflect on the benefits and challenges of supervising on the programme during their doctoral studies, discuss what they gained most from participation, and provide advice for those who may be interested in joining the programme in the future. Overall, although the authors’ experiences differed, they both felt that the programme was a worthwhile experience which supported their professional development. It is hoped that this reflective piece acts as a useful resource for potential Junior Research Programme applicants.

ObjectiveHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasingly incident in England, while survival remains poor with regional disparities. We aimed to explore the differences in HCC treatment across different geographical regions and to examine the impact on cancer survival.MethodsIncident HCC cases and treatment were identified from the English Hospital Episode Statistics (2016–2017) and then a subset by National Health Service (NHS) regions. Treatment was grouped into curative, palliative and untreated. Median survival was estimated to date of death in the national statistics.ResultsThe median observed survival was 8.6 months (95% CI 7.5 to 9.9) across all 2160 HCC cases, 52.1 months (CI 50.5, not reached) in 449 (20.8%) treated with curative intent, 21.0 months (CI 18.5 to 24.5) after other cancer-specific treatment in 449 (20.8%), and 2.3 months (CI 2.1 to 2.6) in 1262 (58.4%) untreated. Across NHS regions, ConclusionMajority of HCC cases in England are untreated and survival remains low, with variation in outcomes in regions with similar incident rates. A deeper exploration of regional treatments and screening practice is required to improve early detection and survival.

This study tested whether age moderates the longitudinal relationships between upward and downward comparisons on Instagram and three identity processes (i.e., commitment, in-depth exploration, and reconsideration of commitment). Two hundred and eleven British emerging adults completed two self-report surveys, two months apart, in early 2020. A cross-lagged panel model with interaction terms found that age moderated the relationships between both upward and downward comparisons on Instagram and commitment. Contingent moderations were found: the relationship between upward comparisons and commitment was negative for older participants, whilst the relationship between downward comparisons and commitment was negative for younger participants. Significant age differences were not found in the paths between the comparison behaviours and the two exploratory processes. Findings therefore provide evidence to suggest that developmental factors may inform the identity implications of social comparisons on Instagram during emerging adulthood, and thus, developmental sensitivity is required when supporting emerging adults to navigate the platform.

IL-27 is a heterodimeric IL-12 family cytokine formed by noncovalent association of the promiscuous EBI3 subunit and selective p28 subunit. IL-27 is produced by mononuclear phagocytes and unfolds pleiotropic immune-modulatory functions through ligation to IL-27 receptor α (IL-27RA). Although IL-27 is known to contribute to immunity and to limit inflammation after various infections, its relevance for host defense against multicellular parasites is still poorly defined. Here, we investigated the role of IL-27 during infection with the soil-transmitted hookworm, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, in its early host intrapulmonary life cycle. IL-27(p28) was detectable in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of C57BL/6J wild-type mice on day 1 after s.c. inoculation. IL-27RA expression was most abundant on lung-invading γδ T cells. Il27ra−/− mice showed increased lung parasite burden together with aggravated pulmonary hemorrhage and higher alveolar total protein leakage as a surrogate for epithelial–vascular barrier disruption. Conversely, injections of recombinant mouse (rm)IL-27 into wild-type mice reduced lung injury and parasite burden. In multiplex screens, higher airway accumulations of IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-3 (CCL7) were observed in Il27ra−/− mice, whereas rmIL-27 treatment showed a reciprocal effect. Importantly, γδ T cell numbers in airways were enhanced by endogenous or administered IL-27. Further analysis revealed a direct antihelminthic function of IL-27 on γδ T cells as adoptive intratracheal transfer of rmIL-27–treated γδ T cells during primary N. brasiliensis lung infection conferred protection in mice. In summary, this report demonstrates protective functions of IL-27 to control the early lung larval stage of hookworm infection.

Background: During pregnancy, maternal metabolic environment is modified by a rise in serum levels of estrogen and progesterone, pancreatic beta-cell hyperplasia and an increase in the secretion of insulin. Hyperinsulinemia leads to an increase in peripheral glucose utilization, a decline in fasting plasma glucose levels, increased tissue storage of glycogen, increased storage of fats and decreased lipolysis. The aim of our current study to investigate the changes in lipid profile, blood glucose and blood pressure throughout three trimesters in pregnant ladies. Materials and Methods: This is a hospital based, descriptive analytical cross-sectional study, performed at refer clinic of Omdurman Maternity hospital in Khartoum state. Included 150 apparently healthy pregnant ladies in the study group and 40 healthy non-pregnant ladies as a control group. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were measured and blood sample was obtained to analyzed lipid profile and blood glucose. Results: Data analysis showed that the mean level of triglyceride tend to change from slight increase in first trimester and significant increase in the second and third trimester. While mean level of HDL tend to change from slight decrease in the first and second trimester to significant decrease in the third trimester. Whereas there was an increase in both total cholesterol and LDL but was not significant. The mean level of fasting blood glucose was significantly raised in third trimester compared to other first and second Trimesters. Both component of blood pressure was significantly elevated in the first and third trimesters compare to second trimester. Conclusion: Normal pregnancy is associated with dyslipidemic changes due to elevated pregnancy related hormones. Increased insulin resistance leads to production of dyslipidemic changes in mother in form of elevated TG, total cholesterol, LDL and decreased HDL in serum and increased random blood glucose.

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and underrepresented minorities (URMs) historically have below average vaccination rates. URMs have increased morbidity and mortality from COVID-19. We surveyed IBD patients to assess COVID vaccination attitudes, particularly among URMs.In May and June 2021, all 822 adult patients with IBD, medically homed at a tertiary IBD referral center and safety net hospital, and with access to the electronic patient portal, were sent an electronic survey assessing their attitudes regarding COVID-19 vaccination. An additional 115 without access to the patient portal were contacted by phone. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. The primary outcome was vaccination hesitancy, defined as: likely will become vaccinated later this year, but not immediately; unsure if they will get the vaccine; or do not want the vaccine. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of factors associated with vaccination intent.The mean age was 46.6 years (SD 15.1). 210/1029 patients responded to the survey: 150/822 (18.2%) electronically and 60/115 (52.2%) by phone. Overall vaccine hesitancy rate was 11.9%, significantly higher in younger (aOR for 10-year increments, 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46-0.90, p = 0.011), Hispanic (aOR, 7.67; 95% CI, 2.99-21.3, p 0.0002), and Black patients (aOR, 3.52; 95% CI 1.11-11.1, p = 0.050). Safety concerns were the most cited reasons for vaccine hesitancy.URM patients were more vaccine hesitant. Future studies should further explore factors leading to lower vaccination rates among these groups and strategies to improve COVID-19 vaccination rates.

When excess base is required to drive desired reactions, such as in lignin alkaline oxidation, Sr(OH)2 can offer a reversibly-soluble alternative to NaOH that allows simple recycle of the excess base with concomitant cost and environmental benefits.

PDF file - 170K, Representative LEC microingjections showing dye transfer. Pre-images obtained using DIC and gfp (a,c,e) showing dsred (pink) for reference cell and lucifer yellow dye transfer in blue. LECs electroporated with empty EGFP vector (a,b); WT- hCx47-EGFP (c,d); H409Y-EGFP (e,f). 40x oil, 1.3 n.a.

Purpose: Secondary lymphedema is a frequent complication of breast cancer associated with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation following breast cancer treatment. The potential contribution of genetic susceptibility to risk of developing secondary lymphedema following surgical trauma, radiation, and other tissue insults has not been studied.Experimental Design: To determine whether women with breast cancer and secondary lymphedema had mutations in candidate lymphedema genes, we undertook a case–control study of 188 women diagnosed with breast cancer recruited from the University of Pittsburgh Breast Cancer Program (http://www.upmccancercenter.com/breast/index.cfm) between 2000 and 2010.Candidate lymphedema genes, GJC2 (encoding connexin 47 [Cx47]), FOXC2, HGF, MET, and FLT4 (encoding VEGFR3), were sequenced for mutation. Bioinformatics analysis and in vitro functional assays were used to confirm significance of novel mutations.Results: Cx47 mutations were identified in individuals having secondary lymphedema following breast cancer treatment but not in breast cancer controls or normal women without breast cancer. These novel mutations are dysfunctional as assessed through in vitro assays and bioinformatics analysis and provide evidence that altered gap junction function leads to lymphedema.Conclusions: Our findings challenge the view that secondary lymphedema is solely due to mechanical trauma and support the hypothesis that genetic susceptibility is an important risk factor for secondary lymphedema. A priori recognition of genetic risk (i) raises the potential for early detection and intervention for a high-risk group and (ii) allows the possibility of altering surgical approach and/or chemo- and radiation therapy, or direct medical treatment of secondary lymphedema with novel connexin-modifying drugs. Clin Cancer Res; 18(8); 2382–90. ©2012 AACR.

PDF file - 154K, Mutation chromatograms.

Supplemental tables 1 - 5. Supplemental tables reporting lncRNA microarray data, and details including gene ontology for selected candidates.

Purpose: Loss of epigenetic gene regulation through altered long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) expression seems important in human cancer. LncRNAs have diagnostic and therapeutic potential, and offer insights into the biology disease, but little is known of their expression in urothelial cancer. Here, we identify differentially expressed lncRNAs with potential regulatory functions in urothelial cancer.Experimental Design: The expression of 17,112 lncRNAs and 22,074 mRNAs was determined using microarrays in 83 normal and malignant urothelial (discovery) samples and selected RNAs with qPCR in 138 samples for validation. Significantly differentially expressed RNAs were identified and stratified according to tumor phenotype. siRNA knockdown, functional assays, and whole-genome transcriptomic profiling were used to identify potential roles of selected lncRNAs.Results: We observed upregulation of many lncRNAs in urothelial cancer that was distinct to corresponding, more balanced changes for mRNAs. In general, lncRNA expression reflected disease phenotype. We identified 32 lncRNAs with potential roles in disease progression. Focusing upon a promising candidate, we implicate upregulation of AB074278 in apoptosis avoidance and the maintenance of a proproliferative state in cancer through a potential interaction with EMP1, a tumor suppressor and a negative regulator of cell proliferation.Conclusions: We report differential expression profiles for numerous lncRNA in urothelial cancer. We identify phenotype-specific expression and a potential mechanistic target to explain this observation. Further studies are required to validate lncRNAs as prognostic biomarkers in this disease. Clin Cancer Res; 20(20); 5311–21. ©2014 AACR.

Supplemental figures 1 - 8. Supplemental figures reporting the distribution and fold changes of lncRNA in UCC, together with the outcomes from experiments to understand their function.

Supplemental data S1 - S3. Interactive pathways analysis linking EMP1 and SND1

PDF file - 100K

Polyrhachis varicolor Viehmeyer, 1916 (Figs 8–9) Polyrhachis (Campomyrma) fruhstorferi subsp. varicolor Viehmeyer, 1916: 163, worker & queen, Singapore. Polyrhachis varicolor: Kohout 2008: 259 (raised to species); Noon-anant et al. 2009: 177, figs 3–8; Khachonpisitsak et al, 2020: 75; Wang et al. 2022: 59. Non-type material examined. THAILAND: W Thailand, Prachuab Khiri Khan Prov., Nakon Si Thamarat Prov., 180 m alt., lower-vegetation, 8.III.2006, N. Noon-anant leg., NAW-POL6-024 (workers, PSUSC, SKYC); Central Thailand, Nakhon Nayok Prov., Muaeng Dist., near Nang Rong Temple, nest under leaf, 26.III.2021, W. Jaitrong leg., TH21-WJT-003 (THNHM, workers, dealate queen, alate queens, males); S Thailand, Nakhon Si Thammarat Prov., Khao Nan NP, Yod Nam Waterfall, 27.IX.2008, Sk. Yamane leg. (worker, SKYC). Measurements and indices. Worker (10 non-types). TL 3.05–4.65, HL 1.30–1.45, HW 1.00–1.25, SL 1.75– 1.95, PW 0.85–1.05, MTL 1.50–1.75, CI 80–83, SI 150–180. Queen (3 non-types). TL 5.00–5.45, HL 1.60–1.70, HW 1.25, SL 1.90-2.05, PW1.45–1.50, MTL 1.85–2.00, CI 74–78, SI 152–164. Male (non-type). TL 4.8, HL 0.9, HW 0.65, SL 1.00, PW 1.25, MTL 1.7, CI 72, SI 154. Description of worker (Fig. 8 A-C) Head in full-face view distinctly longer than broad, with posterior margin evenly and roundly convex, lateral margins distinctly converging anteriad. Frontal carinae in full-face view posteriorly reaching level of mid-length of eye, parallel anteriorly, divergent in middle, parallel posteriorly; frontal carina in profile distinctly elevated. Clypeus in dorsal view transverse, trapezoidal; its posteromedian margin straight to very shallowly emarginated; anterior margin slightly convex; anteromedian portion weakly produced with its anterior margin straight and usually with acute lateral angles. Mandible subtriangular, masticatory margin with five distinct teeth. Antennal scape long, ca. 1.30–1.37 times as long as head width including eyes; pedicel (antennal segment II) about 2 times as long as antennal segment III; all flagellomeres longer than broad with the first shortest. Eye in full-face view convex and prominent, distinctly breaking lateral margin of head, located posterior to mid-length on lateral face of head. Pronotum in dorsal view much broader than long, anteriorly and laterally weakly convex, with very shallowly concave posterior margins; humerus bluntly angled or produced as small process; in profile view lateral face of pronotum with shallow furrow along its anterior margins; posteroventral corner broadly rounded. Mesonotum in dorsal view demarcated anteriorly and posteriorly by distinct furrows, broader than long, gradually narrowed posteriad, posteriorly much narrower than pronotum; in profile view dorsal margin almost flat but lateral keel with angle in its posterior half; mesopleuron anteriorly demarcated from pronotum by sinuated deep furrow but completely fused with metapleuron. Metanotal groove short (‘narrow’) and shallow, continuing down to metathoracic spiracle that has an upward-directed small opening. Propodeum in dorsal view as broad as mesonotum posteriorly; dorsal face rectangular, slightly broader than long, gradually merging with posterior declivity; propodeal spine short, upward directed; lateral face not demarcated from metapleuron; propodeal lobe very small; propodeal spiracle located on lateral margin of declivity, prominent, with oblong opening. Petiole in dorsal view broader than long; dorsal face not clearly differentiated from anterior and posterior slopes, with pair of long lateral spines that diverge in basal part and are parallel in apical two-thirds, without denticle between them; in profile view anterior slope of node straight, much shorter than posterior slope that is roundly convex; subpetiolar process weakly developed, subtrapezoid with straight ventral margin. Vertex and frons of head areolate-rugose, area between frontal carinae puncto-reticulate, areas between eyes and frontal carinae weaklier sculptured; gena behind eye and venter of head densely puncto-reticulate. Clypeus densely punctate. Mandible in basal half very densely and finely striate with scattered punctures from which setae arise; apical half with much sparser and weaker sculpture and shiny.Antenna densely micropunctate. Dorsum of pronotum puncto-striate, but with weak striation; mesonotum and dorsum of propodeum densely macropunctate; lateral face of mesosoma including lateral face of pronotum densely macropunctate. Petiole densely macropunctate. Gastral tergites finely micropunctate and matte; sternites with coarser punctures but interspaces shiny. Legs micropunctate and matte. Dorsa of head, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster almost without standing hairs; few very short standing hairs present on outer margin of mandible, clypeus anteriorly, frontal lobe, petiolar sternite anteriorly and venter of gaster. Eye without standing hairs. Antennal scape without standing hairs. Body brown to dark reddish brown; gaster darker than elsewhere [in some specimens gaster with similar color or slightly paler than head and mesosoma] Description of queen (Fig. 9 A–C) General habitus similar to the worker except for caste-specific structures. Body slightly larger than the average worker with head width 1.25 mm (1.00– 1.25 mm in worker). Eye larger and more prominent; ocelli arranged in low triangle. Anterolateral corner of pronotal dorsum round, without any projection. Mesoscutum without notauli, with weak parapsidal line in posterior half of scutum; prescutal carina absent; mesopleuron divided into upper and lower sections by groove; anterior margin of lower section with high acute keel (not conspicuous in the worker). Metanotum in dorsal view short (‘narrow’), indented, sharply demarcated from propodeum by deep furrow; metapleuron barely differentiated from mesopleuron, completely fused with propodeal side; propodeal spines short, blunt. Body slightly hairier; in addition to standing hairs mentioned for the worker, queen bears standing hairs as follows: one or two around ocelli, several on mesoscutum, some on mesoscutellum, some on second to fifth gastral tergites. Body color almost identical to the worker. Description of male (Fig. 9 D–F) Head in full-face view longer than broad, but if including eyes, then distinctly broader than long. Clypeus in dorsal view broad, with transverse impression in its median portion, posteriorly clearly demarcated from frons, with posteromedian margin shallowly emarginated medially and anterior margin broadly convex. Mandible spatulate, weakly sclerotized, twice as long as broad with outer margin curved and apex bluntly pointed; masticatory margin short and edentate. Eye large, positioned at mid-length of lateral face of head; distance between mandibular base and anterior margin of eye (malar space) half as long as major diameter of eye. Antennal scape moderately long, as long as head width including eyes. Mesosoma in dorsal view much broader than head including eyes. Pronotum in dorsal view short (‘narrow’), almost entirely concealed by inflated mesoscutum. Mesoscutum with faint median line, without notauli; parapsidal line present in posterior half of scutum; scuto-scutellar sulcus prominent; mesoscutellum much narrower than mesoscutum, distinctly narrowed posteriad. Metanotum short (‘narrow’), indented, clearly defined from propodeum with deep furrow. Propodeum without separation of dorsum from declivity; spines absent. Petiole low and globular, in dorsal view as broad as long. Gaster rather weakly sclerotized, easily deformed after drying. Entire body superficially and finely sculptured, weakly shiny. Short appressed hairs present over body surface; standing hairs confined to following parts: clypeus with two to three long hairs anteriorly; mandible with some long hairs of varying length on outer surface; standing hairs on maxillary and labial palpi numerous; mesoscutum without standing hairs; mesoscutellum without standing hairs but with sparse appressed hairs that are relatively short; a few standing hairs present in posterolateral area of propodeum and around propodeal spiracle; petiole with ca. 20 fine standing hairs dorsally, pair of standing hairs present on sternite posteriorly, and thick golden hairs anteriorly; gastral tergites generally lacking standing hairs except on apical tergites; gastral sternite with more standing hairs; coxae of all legs with sparse standing hairs. Eye without hairs that are recognized under high magnifications (>100 x). Body brown to dark brown; mandible, legs and genitalia yellowish or light brown; maxillary and labial palpi yellowish. The male of P. varicolor is very similar to that of P. flavicornis but is distinctly larger than the latter (HW 1.25 mm in this species; 0.95–1.00 mm in P. flavicornis). Habitat. Nests of P. varicolor were found on the underside of plant leaves or between leaves in dry evergreen forests and evergreen forests (2–5 m above the ground). Silk, carton and other materials were used in constructing the nests. Distribution. Thailand and Singapore (Fig. 10 B). Remarks. Polyrhachis varicolor is similar to P. flavicornis. See under ‘Remarks’ of P. flavicornis., Published as part of Jaitrong, Weeyawat, Yamane, Seiki & Noon-Anant, Nawee, 2023, The Thai species of the Polyrhachis (Myrmatopa) flavicornis Smith, 1857 species group, with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae Formicinae), pp. 446-464 in Zootaxa 5249 (4) on pages 460-463, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5249.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7694534, {"references":["Khachonpisitsak, S., Yamane, S., Siriwichai, P. & Jaitrong, W. (2020) An updated checklist of the ants of Thailand (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys, 998, 1 - 182. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 998.54902","Wang, W. Y., Soh, E. J. Y., Yong, G. W. J., Wong, M. K. L., Guenard, B., Economo, E. P. & Yamane, S. (2022) Remarkable diversity in a little red dot: a comprehensive checklist of known ant species in Singapore (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with notes on ecology and taxonomy. Asian Myrmecology, 15, e 015006. https: // doi. org / 10.20362 / am. 015006"]}

Polyrhachis flavicornis Smith, 1857 (Figs 4–6) Polyrhachis flavicornis Smith, 1857: 63, worker and queen, Singapore; Donisthorpe, 1932: 446, combination in Polyrhachis (Myrmatopa): Jaitrong & Nabhitabhata 2005: 38; Pfeiffer et al. 2011: 41; Khachonpisitsak et al. 2020: 64; Yamane et al. 2021: 124; Wang et al. 2022: 10. Types examined. One syntype worker and one syntype alate queen of Polyrhachis flavicornis from Singapore (A. R. Wallace), deposited in OXUM. Non-type material examined. LAOS: Vientiane, Naxaythong dist., Sivilay vill., carton nest on leaf, 11.VI.2010, Sk. Yamane, LA10-SKY-077 (workers, SKYC). THAILAND: W Thailand, Tak Prov., Huai Khaeng, 26.II.2016, Sk. Yamane leg. (workers, SKYC); W Thailand, Phetchaburi Prov., Kaeng Krachan N.P., 250- 350 m, 30.V.2005, nesting on lower-vegetation, 2.30 m above ground, Colony L, N. Noon-anant leg. (workers, queens, PSUSC, THNHM); NE Thailand, Nakhon Ratchasima Prov., Wang Nam Kheao Dist., Sakaerat Environmental Research Station, 26.IX.2021, W, Jaitrong leg., TH21-WJT-636 (workers, alate queens, THNHM); E Thailand, Chacheongsao Prov., Khao Ang Reu Nai W. S., Lamchangwat Stn., 21.VIII.2003, carton nest on leaf, Sk. Yamane leg., TH03-SKY-18 (workers, SKYC, THNHM); same loc., 22.VIII.2003, Sk.Yamane leg., TH03-SKY-61 (workers, male); same data, TH03-SKY-62 (workers, queens, SKYC); same loc., 21.III.2003, S. Hasin leg., TH03-SH-004 (workers, males, THNHM); same loc., 26.IV.2003, W. Jaitrong leg., WJT03-TH-11 (workers, THNHM); same loc., 23.IV.2003, W. Jaitrong leg., WJT03-TH-14 (workers, THNHM); same loc., 22.VIII.2003, W. Jaitrong leg., WJT03-TH-256 (workers, alate queen, male, THNHM); E Thailand, Chanthaburi Prov., Pong Nam Ron Dist., Khao Soi Dao, Soi Dao Waterfall, 13.V.2006, W. Jaitrong leg., WJT06-E041 (worker, dealate queen, alate queens, THNHM); S Thailand, Songkhla prov., Ton Nga Chang W. S., carton nest, 22.X.2011, Sk. Yamane leg., TH11-SKY-173 (workers, queen, male, SKYC); Narathiwat Prov., Bala Forest, Hala-Bala W.S., 50– 300 m, 15.I.2002, on lower vegetation, N. Noon-anant leg. (workers, PSUSC); Satun Prov., Ludu Waterfall, Tatutao N.P., 0– 200 m, 6.III.2005, on lower vegetation, N. Noon-anant leg. (workers, PSUSC); Songkhla Prov., Ton Nga Chang W. S., 100– 300 m, 21.I.2002, canopy fogging, S. Tongjerm leg. (workers, PSUSC); same loc., 27.III.2004, nesting on lower vegetation, 1.84 m above ground, Colony E, N. Noon-anant leg. (workers, queen, PSUSC); Phatthalung Prov., Ton Pra Tong Waterfall 100– 200 m, 19.III.2005, nesting on lower vegetation, 1.63 m above ground, Colony F, N. Noon-anant leg. (workers, PSUSC); Nakhon Si Thammarat Prov., Aey Kiew Waterfall, Khao Luang N.P. 100– 300 m, 8.VIII.2005, on lower vegetation, N. Noon-anant leg. (workers, PSUSC); Nakhon Si Thammarat Prov., Khao Nun N.P. 100– 500 m, 16.IV.2005, nesting on lower vegetation, 2.35 m above ground, Colony G, N. Noon-anant leg. (workers, queen, PSUSC); Surat Thani Prov., inner mainland, Klong Sang W.S. 100– 300 m, 1.V.1994, canopy fogging, L. Lebel leg. (workers, PSUSC); Surat Thani Prov., Tai Rom Yen N.P. 400– 500 m, 31.VII.2005, nesting on lower vegetation, 2.25 m above ground, Colony H, N. Noon-anant leg. (workers, PSUSC); Ranong Prov., Kuan Mayoy Mom W. S. 190– 250 m, 28.IX.2005, nesting on lower vegetation, 2.20 m above ground, Colony I, N. Noon-anant leg. (workers, queens, PSUSC); Prajuab Khiri Khan Prov., Ka Oon Waterfall, 100– 200 m, 10.II.2007, nesting on lower vegetation, 2.05 m above ground, Colony J, N. Noon-anant leg. (workers, queen, PSUSC); Prajuab Khiri Khan Prov., Kuy Buri N. P., 100– 300 m, 30.V.2005, nesting on lower vegetation, 1.93 m above ground, Colony K, N. Noon-anant leg. (workers, queen, PSUSC). INDONESIA: Sumatra, Aceh, P. Simeulue, Babulmakmur, 15.IX.2012, Sk. Yamane leg., SU12-SKY-090 (workers, queen, male, SKYC); West Sumatra, Mentawai Is., P. Siberut, Surisura, 20.II.2007, light-attracted, Sk. Yamane leg. (queen, SKYC). MALAYSIA: Sabah, Danum Valley, 3–4.III.1999, Sk. Yamane (worker, SKYC); Sarawak, Miri, Lambir Hills NP, 21–27.II.2009, Sk. Yamane leg. (worker, SKYC). Measurements and indices. Worker (10 non-types). TL 3.20–3.35, HL 1.15–1.25, HW 0.95–1.00, SL 1.45– 1.55, PW 0.75–0.80, MTL 1.35–1.45, CI 79–87, SI 150–158. Queen (2 non-types). TL 4.30–4.35, HL 1.40–1.45, HW 1.15–1.20, SL 1.80–1.85, PW 1.15–1.20, MTL 1.75–1.80, CI 82–83, SI 154–157. Male (non-type). TL 4, HL 0.85, HW 0.60, SL 0.95, PW 1.30, MTL 1.55, CI 71, SI 158. Description of worker (Fig. 4 A–C, Fig. 5 A–C) Head in full-face view distinctly longer than broad, with posterior margin evenly and roundly convex, lateral margins distinctly converging anteriad. Frontal carinae distinctly elevated, posteriorly reaching level of mid-length of eye, parallel anteriorly, divergent in middle, parallel posteriorly. Clypeus transverse, trapezoidal, its posteromedian margin straight to very shallowly emarginated; anterior margin slightly convex; anteromedian portion weakly produced, with straight anterior margin and blunt lateral angles. Mandible subtriangular, masticatory margin with 5 distinct teeth. Antennal scape long, ca. 1.37–1.40 times as long as head width including eyes; pedicel more than 2.5 times as long as broad, much longer than first flagellomere that is shortest of all flagellomeres; all flagellomeres longer than broad. Eye in full-face view convex and prominent, in full-face view breaking lateral margin of head, located posterior to mid-length on lateral face of head. Pronotum in dorsal view much broader than long, anteriorly slightly convex, laterally roundly convex, with straight posterior margin; humerus rounded, weakly angled or produced as very small process; in profile view lateral face of pronotum with shallow furrow along its anterior margin; posteroventral corner broadly rounded. Mesonotum in dorsal view demarcated anteriorly and posteriorly by distinct furrows, much narrower than pronotum, broader than long, trapezoidal, gradually narrowed posteriad; in profile view dorsal margin almost flat but posterior portion of lateral keel of mesonotal dorsum bluntly angled; mesopleuron in profile demarcated from pronotum by deep sinuate furrow but completely fused with metapleuron. Metanotal groove short (‘narrow’) and shallow, continuing down to metathoracic spiracle that has upward-directed small round opening. Propodeum in dorsal view posteriorly as broad as mesonotum; dorsal face rectangular, broader than long, gradually merging with posterior declivity; lateral face not demarcated from metapleuron; propodeal spine short, directed upward; propodeal spiracle located on lateral margin of declivity, prominent, with oblong opening. Petiole in dorsal view broader than long; dorsal face not clearly differentiated from anterior and posterior slopes, with a pair of long lateral spines that diverge in basal part and are parallel in apical two-thirds, intercalary denticle absent; in profile view anterior slope of node straight, much shorter than posterior slope that is roundly convex; subpetiolar process ventrally with round margin but sometimes with blunt posterior angle. Head almost entirely puncto-reticulate; area between frontal carinae with much weaker sculpture. Clypeus very densely puncto-reticulate. Mandible in basal half very densely and finely striate with scattered punctures from which setae arise; apical half with much sparser and weaker sculpture and matte or weakly shiny. Antenna densely micropunctate. Pronotum and mesonotum puncto-striate, other parts of mesosoma densely puncto-reticulate to indistinctly puncto-striate. Petiole densely puncto-reticulate; sculpture on posterior face coarser; lateral spines with finer and irregular punctation. Tibiae and tarsi of all legs micropunctate and matte; femora in apical area densely punctate but in other parts superficially and more striated sculptured and shiny; coxae superficially rugulose and shiny. Gastral tergites densely micropunctate and matte; sternites with larger punctures, weakly shiny. Body with very sparse short appressed pubescence that is absent in some parts, with few long standing hairs; pubescence abundant on gastral tergites and sternites; few standing hairs present on outer margin and along masticatory margin of mandible, clypeus anteriorly, frontal lobe, petiolar sternite anteriorly and venter of gaster. Eye without standing hairs. Head including clypeus, mesosoma, forecoxa and petiole black; mandible, antenna, legs except for forecoxa and gaster yellowish brown to dark reddish brown; antennal scape, mid- and hindcoxae, hindtibia and gaster generally darker than other brownish portions; labial and maxillary palpi yellowish. Description of queen (Fig. 5 D–F) General habitus similar to the worker except for caste-specific structures. Body slightly larger with head width 1.15–1.20 mm (0.95–1.00 mm in the worker). Eye larger and more prominent; ocelli arranged in low triangle. Pronotal humerus round, without any projection. Mesoscutum in dorsal view widest at midlength, with convex lateral margins, with distinct longitudinal median shallow furrow in anterior 1/4 length of scutum, notauli absent, parapsidal line in posterior half of scutum; prescutal carina absent; mesoscutellum narrower than mesoscutum, narrowed posteriorly, with ill-defined posterior face; mesopleuron divided into upper and lower sections by groove, anterior margin of lower section with high acute keel (inconspicuous in the worker). Metanotum in dorsal view short (‘narrow’), indented, sharply demarcated from propodeum by deep furrow; metapleuron barely differentiated from mesopleuron, completely fused with propodeal side; propodeal spines short, blunt. Petiolar spines much thicker and relatively shorter than in the worker; subpetiolar process developed with ventral margin straight. Body slightly hairier than in the worker; in addition to standing hairs mentioned for the worker, queen bears standing hairs as follows: one or two around ocelli, several on mesoscutum, some on mesoscutellum, some on second to fifth gastral tergites. Body color almost identical to the worker. Description of male (Fig. 6) With general characteristics of Polyrhachis males (Wong and Guénard, 2020). Body with weak cuticle, often deformed in dry-mounted specimens. Head in full-face longer than broad, but if including eyes, then distinctly broader than long. Clypeus transverse, posteriorly clearly demarcated from frons with posteromedian margin shallowly emarginate medially, anteriorly broadly convex, with anterior margin entire. Mandible weakly sclerotized, spatulate, twice as long as broad with outer margin curved; masticatory margin short and edentate with apex bluntly pointed. Eye large, positioned at mid-length of lateral face of head; distance between mandibular base and anterior margin of eye (malar space) half as long as maximum diameter of eye; ocelli large, arranged in very low triangle; distance between median ocellus and lateral ocelli equal to diameter of median ocellus; distance between lateral ocelli twice as long as diameter of median ocellus. Antennal scape moderately long, as long as head width including eyes. Mesosoma in dorsal view much broader than head including eyes. Pronotum short (‘narrow’), almost entirely concealed by inflated mesoscutum; prescutal furrow complete. Mesoscutum with faint longitudinal median line, without notauli; parapsidal line present in posterior half of scutum; scuto-scutellar sulcus prominent; mesoscutellum much narrower than mesoscutum, distinctly narrowed posteriad. Metanotum short (‘narrow’), deeply indented, clearly defined from propodeum with deep furrow. Propodeum without distinct separation of dorsum from declivity; spines absent. Petiole low and globular, in dorsal view as broad as long. Gaster rather weakly sclerotized, easily deformed after drying. Entire body superficially and finely sculptured, weakly shiny. Short appressed hairs present over body surface but often indistinct; standing hairs confined to following parts: clypeus with pair of standing hairs along posterior margin and two to three long hairs anteriorly; mandible with some long hairs of varying length on outer surface; standing hairs on maxillary and labial palpi numerous; mesoscutum with few or no standing hairs; mesoscutellum with several standing hairs and sparse appressed hairs that are longer than standing hairs; a few standing hairs present in posterolateral area of propodeum and around propodeal spiracle; petiole with ca. 20 fine standing hairs dorsally, pair of standing hairs on its sternite ventroposteriorly, and thick golden hairs on anterior face of petiolar node. Gastral tergites generally lacking standing hairs except on apical tergites; gastral sternites with more standing hairs; coxae of all legs with sparse standing hairs. Eye bearing microscopic hairs that can be recognized under high magnification (>100x). Body brown to dark brown; mandible, legs and genitalia yellowish or light brown; maxillary and labial palpi yellowish. Habitat. Carton nests of P. flavicornis were found on the underside of plant leaves or between leaves in lowland evergreen forest and dry evergreen forest. Distribution. Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia (Fig. 10 B). Remarks. Polyrhachis flavicornis is most similar to P. varicolor. For the worker caste, the head and mesosoma are clearly black in P. flavicornis, but reddish brown in P. varicolor. For body size, P. flavicornis (HW 0.95–1.00 mm in worker, 1.15–1.20 mm in queen, 0.60 mm in male) is on average smaller than P. varicolor (HW 1.00– 1.25 mm in worker, 1.25 mm in queen, 0.65 mm in male)., Published as part of Jaitrong, Weeyawat, Yamane, Seiki & Noon-Anant, Nawee, 2023, The Thai species of the Polyrhachis (Myrmatopa) flavicornis Smith, 1857 species group, with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae Formicinae), pp. 446-464 in Zootaxa 5249 (4) on pages 453-458, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5249.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7694534, {"references":["Smith, F. (1857) Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo; Mount Ophir, Malacca; and at Singapore, by A. R. Wallace. [part]. Journal of the Proceeding of the Linnean Society of London Zoology, 2, 42 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1857. tb 01759. x","Donisthorpe, H. (1932) On the identity of Smith's types of Formicidae (Hymenoptera) collected by Alfred Russell Wallace in the Malay Archipelago, with descriptions of two new species. Annal and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10, 10 (59), 441 - 476. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933208673595","Pfeiffer, M., Mezger, D., Hosoishi, S., Yahya, B. E. & Kohout, R. J. (2011) The Formicidae of Borneo (Insecta: Hymenoptera): a preliminary species list. Asian Myrmecology, 4, 9 - 58.","Khachonpisitsak, S., Yamane, S., Siriwichai, P. & Jaitrong, W. (2020) An updated checklist of the ants of Thailand (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys, 998, 1 - 182. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 998.54902","Yamane, S., Tanaka, H. O., Hasimoto, Y., Ohashi, M., Meleng, P. & Itioka, T. (2021) A list of ants from Lambir Hills National Park and its vicinity, with their biological information: Part II. Subfamilies Leptanillinae, Proceratiinae, Amblyoponinae, Ponerinae, Dorylinae, Dolichoderinae, Ectatomminae and Formicinae. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University, 31, 87 - 157.","Wang, W. Y., Soh, E. J. Y., Yong, G. W. J., Wong, M. K. L., Guenard, B., Economo, E. P. & Yamane, S. (2022) Remarkable diversity in a little red dot: a comprehensive checklist of known ant species in Singapore (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with notes on ecology and taxonomy. Asian Myrmecology, 15, e 015006. https: // doi. org / 10.20362 / am. 015006","Wong, T. L. & Guenard, B. (2020) Review of ants from the genus Polyrhachis Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) in Hong Kong and Macau, with notes on their natural history. Asian Myrmecology, 13, e 013001. https: // doi. org / 10.20362 / am. 013001"]}

Polyrhachis longipilosa sp. nov. (Fig. 7) Holotype. Worker (THNHM-I-26206, THNHM), W Thailand, Kanchanaburi Prov., Thong Pha Phum Dist., Ban Sahakorn Nikhon, dry evergreen forest, canopy, 25 m from ground, 8.XI.2021, W. Jaitrong leg., TH21-WJT-789. Paratypes: eleven workers (THNHM-I-26207 to THNHM-I-26217, THNHM) same data as holotype. Measurements and indices (holotype and 11 paratypes). TL 6.05–6.50, HL 1.65–1.68, HW 1.22–1.32, SL 1.91–1.98, PW 0.92–0.99, MTL 1.91–1.98, CI 77–78, SI 150–157. Description of worker (Fig. 7) Head in full-face view distinctly longer than broad with posterior margin roundly convex. Clypeus in dorsal view broad and weakly convex, its anterior and posterior margins distinctly convex; median portion of anterior clypeal margin with a pair of short teeth, diastema between teeth weakly concave. Mandible subtriangular, masticatory margin with 5 distinct teeth (including basal and apical teeth); basal margin straight, unarmed besides basal tooth. Frontal carinae in full-face view weakly sinuate, and reaching level of mid-length of eye, in profile well elevated. Antennal scape long, clavate, and extending beyond posterior margin of head by at least half of its length. Eye convex, slightly protruding from lateral outline of head and located just posterior to midlength of head laterally. Mesosoma box-like, its dorsum distinctly marginate laterally along entire length. Pronotum in dorsal view, slightly shorter than broad, slightly narrowed posteriorly, and armed with anterolateral teeth, in profile view pronotum weakly convex dorsal outline; margin between the anterolateral teeth convex; lateral face of pronotum subtriangular. Mesonotum in dorsal view shorter than pronotum, almost as long as broad; mesopleuron in profile rectangular, shorter than high, and almost flat. Propodeal dorsum subrectangular and almost as long as broad; propodeal junction produced as pair of short, blunt, and upward-pointed spines. Petiolar node (excluding spine) in profile view round and almost as long as high; petiolar spines in dorsal view divergent apical, in lateral view slightly curved backwards, as long as height of petiole; subpetiolar process weakly developed, with convex ventral outline. Mandible entirely with very fine superficial microsculpture and dull. Vertex and frons of head areolate-rugose, area between frontal carinae areolate-rugose posteriorly and punctate anteriorly; areas between eyes and frontal carinae reticulate-striate. Clypeus, antenna, and legs reticulate. Lateral faces of mesosoma and petiole densely areolaterugose; petiolar spine macropunctate in basal half, while its apical half more weakly sculptured and shiny; pronotum longitudinally finely striate; mesonotum and dorsum of propodeum irregularly striate rather than punctate. Antennal scape with dense brown standing hairs (most of them longer than maximum width of antennal scape); antennal segments II–XII with short standing hairs; dorsa of head and mesosoma densely with long brown standing hairs; petiolar spine densely with long brown standing hairs; gaster with dense pubescence mixed with dense long brown standing hairs; median point of anterior clypeal margin with a long standing hairs; legs with dense standing hairs. Body entirely black; legs entirely black, except trochanters which are paler than elsewhere. Etymology. The specific epithet “ longipilosa ” is a Latin word meaning “with long hairs” and refers to the hairs on body compared with the very short or missing standing hairs in other species of the Polyrhachis flavicornis species group. Habitat. The new species was collected from the canopy at about 25 m above the ground, while P. constructor, P. varicolor, and P. flaviconis were found on shrub trees at 1.59–5 m above the ground and nested on the underside of plant leaves or between leaves (Noon-anant et al. 2008, Noon-anant et al. 2009). Distribution. Thailand (Kanchanaburi province, Fig. 10 A). Remarks. Polyrhachis longipilosa sp. nov. is similar to P. constructor. However, P. longipilosa is easily distinguished from the latter by the following worker characteristics: 1) hairs on antennal scape longer than maximum width of antennal scape (shorter or almost as long as maximum width of antennal scape in P. constructor); 2) petiolar spine with long standing hairs (without standing hairs in P. constructor); 3) hairs on first gastral tergite almost as long as maximum diameter of eye (distinctly short than maximum diameter of eye in P. constructor); 4) head and mesosoma with stronger sculpturing (weaker sculpturing in P. constructor; see figs 1A–C and 6 for comparison); 5) striation on pronotum well-defined (ill-defined in P. constructor; see figs 1B and 7C for comparison).

Polyrhachis constructor Smith, 1857 (Figs 1–3) Polyrhachis constructor Smith, 1857, queen, Borneo: 60; Donisthorpe 1932: 445; Bolton 1995: 43; Pfeiffer et al. 2011: 41. Polyrhachis piliventris Smith, 1858: 60, pl. 4, fig. 24, queen, Singapore; Bolton, 1995: 354; Dorow, 1995: 44; Khachonpisitsak et al. 2020: 72; Wang et al. 2022: 10. Syn. nov. Polyrhachis elii Emery, 1900: 711, worker, Mentawai Is.; Emery, 1925: 180 (combination in P. (Myrmatopa)); Kohout and Mohamed 2008: 67; Pfeiffer et al. 2011: 41. Syn. nov. Types examined. The syntype alate queen of Polyrhachis constructor from East Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak (A.R. Wallace), deposited in OXUM. The syntype alate queen of Polyrhachis piliventris from Singapore (A.R. Wallace), deposited in BMNH. Two syntype workers of Polyrhachis elii from Indonesia, Mentawai Island, Sipora, Sereinu, V–VI.1894 (E. Modigliani), deposited in MCSN. Non-type material examined. S Thailand: Songkhla Prov., Ton Nga Chang W.S. 100– 300 m a.s.l., nesting on lower vegetation, 2.40 m above ground, 22.V.2004, N. Noon-anant leg., Colony B (workers, PSUSC, THNHM); Phangnga Prov., Lampi Waterfall, 0– 100 m, nesting on lower vegetation, 2.20 m above ground, 19.IV.2005, N. Noon-anant leg., Colony C (workers, queen, PSUSC); Trang Prov., Pak Jam Waterfall 130– 190 m a.s.l., nesting on lower vegetation, 1.83 m above ground, 28.II.2006, N. Noon-anant leg., Colony D (workers, PSUSC, THNHM); Prachuab Khiri Khan Prov., Pala U Waterfall, 220– 350 m a.s.l., nesting on lower vegetation, 2.00 m above ground, 29.I.2007, N. Noon-anant leg., Colony E (workers, queens, PSUSC, THNHM); Prajuab Khiri Khan Prov., Pala U Waterfall 220– 350 m a.s.l., nesting on lower vegetation, 2.80 m above ground, 30.I.2007, N. Noon-anant leg., Colony F (workers, queen). W Thailand: Petchaburi Prov., Kaeng Krachan National Park, 350 m alt., 26.VI.2014, Sk. Yamane, N. Noon-anant & M. Maruyama leg., KK14-Pol-06 (workers and foundress queen). E Malaysia: Borneo, Sabah, Tawu Hills N.P., 12.VII.1996, Sk. Yamane leg., TH14-SKY-Colony A (worker, queen, SKYC); Sabah, Danum Valley, 14–19.XII.2006, Ant-mimic sample, 18-e9 (worker, SKYC). Measurements and indices. Worker (17 non-types). TL 7.25–7.55, HL 1.33–1.87, HW 1.03–1.57, SL 1.83– 2.77, PW 0.83–1.33, MTL 1.90–2.67, CI 74–86, SI 171–184. Syntype worker (Polyrhachis elii). TL 7.25–7.30, HL 1.77–1.90, HW 1.47–1.50, SL 2.57–2.60, PW 1.03–1.27, MTL 2.47–2.67 CI 78–83, SI 173–175. Queen (2 syntypes, 6 non-types). TL 8.85–9.15, HL 1.90–2.20, HW 1.53–1.70, SL 2.80–3.07, PW 1.73–1.87, MTL 2.67–3.13, CI 75–77, SI 175–191. Description of worker (Figs. 1 A–C, 3 A–C) Head in full-face view distinctly longer than broad with posterior margin roundly convex. Clypeus in dorsal view, broad and weakly convex median portion, its anterior margin broadly convex; median portion of anterior margin produced with a pair of short lateral teeth, and margin between teeth almost straight. Frontal carinae in lateral view well elevated, in full-face view weakly sinuate, and reaching level of mid-length of eye. Mandible subtriangular, its masticatory margin with five distinct teeth (including basal and apical teeth). Antennal scape long, clavate, ca. 1.6 times as long as head width including eyes. Eye in full-face view convex, distinctly protruding from the lateral outline of head and located just posterior to mid-length of head laterally. Pronotum in dorsal view broader than long, with convex lateral margins, humerus armed with short but sharp tooth; anterior margin of pronotal disc weakly convex and posterior margin concave; lateral face of pronotum subtriangular. Mesonotum in dorsal view subtrapezoidal, slightly broader than long, distinctly narrowed posteriad, shorter and narrower than pronotum; mesopleuron rectangular in profile shorter than high, with posteroventral corner roundly lobate. Propodeum in dorsal view rectangular, broader than long, not demarcated from posterior declivity by transverse carina; propodeal spines blunt, short, and pointed upward. Petiolar node (excluding spines) in dorsal view without distinct dorsum; in profile view almost as long as high, tapered apically with posterior slope much longer than anterior slope; petiolar spines in dorsal view divergent, in lateral view slightly curved backwards, as long as the height of petiole; subpetiolar process weakly developed, posteriorly angulate or with small denticle. Mandible densely and very minutely puncto-striate but weakly shiny. Vertex and frons of head densely macropunctate; clypeus, antenna, and legs micropunctate; lateral faces of mesosoma and petiole densely macropunctate; petiolar spines micropunctate; pronotum longitudinally weakly striate; mesonotum and dorsum of propodeum macropunctate. Gastral tergites densely superficially punctate and shiny. Dorsa of head and mesosoma with dense, short standing hairs. Median point of anterior clypeal margin with a long hair. Antennal scape with dense standing hairs (most of them shorter than the maximum width of antennal scape); antennal segments II–XII with short standing hairs. Petiole with sparse appressed hairs; petiolar spines without hairs; sternite with sparse standing hairs. Gaster with dense pubescence mixed with sparse short hairs that are shorter than those on head. Legs with sparse short hairs. Body entirely black; legs reddish brown. Gaster in some specimens from colonies WJT04-S31 and KK14-Pol-06 reddish brown. Description of queen (Figs 1 D–F, 2 A–F) Similar to the worker in structure, sculpture, pilosity, and coloration, with the following conditions that should be noted: body slightly larger; head in full-face view oval, clearly longer than broad with posterior margin roundly convex; eye large, located close to posterolateral corner of head; median ocellus located at level of posterior margin of eye and slightly larger than lateral ocellus; in dorsal view, pronotum short, its anterior margin distinctly convex and posterior margin distinctly concave; mesoscutum trapezoidal; parapsidal line distinct and long; scutellum trapezoidal, almost as long as broad; metanotum short; metanotopropodeal sulcus deep; propodeum in profile view with almost straight dorsal outline; propodeal junction bluntly angular; petiolar spine short comparing with petiolar node; body hairs relatively denser and longer than in the worker. Habitat. Carton nests of P. constructor were found on the underside of plant leaves or between leaves. They were located c.a. 1.59–2.80 m above ground on shrubs. The nest was around 1.74–10.53 cm long, 1.51–5.66 cm wide, and 0.22–0.95 cm deep, with only one nest entrance. Polyrhachis constructor is distinctly allopatric with P. longipilosa in distribution, occurring in Sundaland (southern Thailand and Borneo) and southernmost part of Indochina subregions (Prachuap Khirikhan Province). On the other hand, P. longipilosa is recorded from western part of Thailand (Kanchanaburi Province). Distribution. Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia (Fig. 10 A). Remarks. Polyrhachis constructor is most similar to P. longipilosa sp. nov. in having hairs on dorsa of head, mesosoma and gaster and on antennal scape. However, P. constructor has the shorter hairs and weaker sculpturing than in the latter (see figures 1 A–C and 6 for comparison). See ‘Remarks’ under P. longipilosa. The syntype alate queen of P. constructor quite similar to the syntype alate queen of P. piliventris. Only minor differential characteristics or just variation have been seen: 1) head is slightly longer (CI 73 in P. constructor; CI 85 in P. piliventris); 2) posterior margin of head stronger convex than in P. piliventris; 3) anterior margin of mesoscutum weaker convex than in P. piliventris. The syntype workers of P. elii are most similar to workers of P. constructor in most aspects but the body size is slightly larger and slightly denser hairs. However, we did not find any major characteristics to distinguish P. constructor (Figs. 1 A–C, 2 A–C) from the syntypes of P. piliventris (Fig. 2 D–F) and P. elii (Fig. 3 A–C). Thus, we here synonymize P. piliventris and P. elii with P. constructor., Published as part of Jaitrong, Weeyawat, Yamane, Seiki & Noon-Anant, Nawee, 2023, The Thai species of the Polyrhachis (Myrmatopa) flavicornis Smith, 1857 species group, with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae Formicinae), pp. 446-464 in Zootaxa 5249 (4) on pages 448-451, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5249.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7694534, {"references":["Smith, F. (1857) Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo; Mount Ophir, Malacca; and at Singapore, by A. R. Wallace. [part]. Journal of the Proceeding of the Linnean Society of London Zoology, 2, 42 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1857. tb 01759. x","Donisthorpe, H. (1932) On the identity of Smith's types of Formicidae (Hymenoptera) collected by Alfred Russell Wallace in the Malay Archipelago, with descriptions of two new species. Annal and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10, 10 (59), 441 - 476. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933208673595","Pfeiffer, M., Mezger, D., Hosoishi, S., Yahya, B. E. & Kohout, R. J. (2011) The Formicidae of Borneo (Insecta: Hymenoptera): a preliminary species list. Asian Myrmecology, 4, 9 - 58.","Dorow, W. H. O. (1995) Revision of the ant genus Polyrhachis Smith, 1857 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) on subgenus level with keys, checklist of species and bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 185, 1 - 113.","Khachonpisitsak, S., Yamane, S., Siriwichai, P. & Jaitrong, W. (2020) An updated checklist of the ants of Thailand (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys, 998, 1 - 182. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 998.54902","Wang, W. Y., Soh, E. J. Y., Yong, G. W. J., Wong, M. K. L., Guenard, B., Economo, E. P. & Yamane, S. (2022) Remarkable diversity in a little red dot: a comprehensive checklist of known ant species in Singapore (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with notes on ecology and taxonomy. Asian Myrmecology, 15, e 015006. https: // doi. org / 10.20362 / am. 015006","Kohout, R. J. & Mohamed, M. (2008) A preliminary list of the Polyrhachis ants of the Maliau Basin Conservation area in Sabah, Borneo (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae). Asian Myrmecology, 2, 63 - 70."]}

Polyrhachis longipilosa sp. nov. (Fig. 7) Holotype. Worker (THNHM-I-26206, THNHM), W Thailand, Kanchanaburi Prov., Thong Pha Phum Dist., Ban Sahakorn Nikhon, dry evergreen forest, canopy, 25 m from ground, 8.XI.2021, W. Jaitrong leg., TH21-WJT-789. Paratypes: eleven workers (THNHM-I-26207 to THNHM-I-26217, THNHM) same data as holotype. Measurements and indices (holotype and 11 paratypes). TL 6.05–6.50, HL 1.65–1.68, HW 1.22–1.32, SL 1.91–1.98, PW 0.92–0.99, MTL 1.91–1.98, CI 77–78, SI 150–157. Description of worker (Fig. 7) Head in full-face view distinctly longer than broad with posterior margin roundly convex. Clypeus in dorsal view broad and weakly convex, its anterior and posterior margins distinctly convex; median portion of anterior clypeal margin with a pair of short teeth, diastema between teeth weakly concave. Mandible subtriangular, masticatory margin with 5 distinct teeth (including basal and apical teeth); basal margin straight, unarmed besides basal tooth. Frontal carinae in full-face view weakly sinuate, and reaching level of mid-length of eye, in profile well elevated. Antennal scape long, clavate, and extending beyond posterior margin of head by at least half of its length. Eye convex, slightly protruding from lateral outline of head and located just posterior to midlength of head laterally. Mesosoma box-like, its dorsum distinctly marginate laterally along entire length. Pronotum in dorsal view, slightly shorter than broad, slightly narrowed posteriorly, and armed with anterolateral teeth, in profile view pronotum weakly convex dorsal outline; margin between the anterolateral teeth convex; lateral face of pronotum subtriangular. Mesonotum in dorsal view shorter than pronotum, almost as long as broad; mesopleuron in profile rectangular, shorter than high, and almost flat. Propodeal dorsum subrectangular and almost as long as broad; propodeal junction produced as pair of short, blunt, and upward-pointed spines. Petiolar node (excluding spine) in profile view round and almost as long as high; petiolar spines in dorsal view divergent apical, in lateral view slightly curved backwards, as long as height of petiole; subpetiolar process weakly developed, with convex ventral outline. Mandible entirely with very fine superficial microsculpture and dull. Vertex and frons of head areolate-rugose, area between frontal carinae areolate-rugose posteriorly and punctate anteriorly; areas between eyes and frontal carinae reticulate-striate. Clypeus, antenna, and legs reticulate. Lateral faces of mesosoma and petiole densely areolaterugose; petiolar spine macropunctate in basal half, while its apical half more weakly sculptured and shiny; pronotum longitudinally finely striate; mesonotum and dorsum of propodeum irregularly striate rather than punctate. Antennal scape with dense brown standing hairs (most of them longer than maximum width of antennal scape); antennal segments II–XII with short standing hairs; dorsa of head and mesosoma densely with long brown standing hairs; petiolar spine densely with long brown standing hairs; gaster with dense pubescence mixed with dense long brown standing hairs; median point of anterior clypeal margin with a long standing hairs; legs with dense standing hairs. Body entirely black; legs entirely black, except trochanters which are paler than elsewhere. Etymology. The specific epithet “ longipilosa ” is a Latin word meaning “with long hairs” and refers to the hairs on body compared with the very short or missing standing hairs in other species of the Polyrhachis flavicornis species group. Habitat. The new species was collected from the canopy at about 25 m above the ground, while P. constructor, P. varicolor, and P. flaviconis were found on shrub trees at 1.59–5 m above the ground and nested on the underside of plant leaves or between leaves (Noon-anant et al. 2008, Noon-anant et al. 2009). Distribution. Thailand (Kanchanaburi province, Fig. 10 A). Remarks. Polyrhachis longipilosa sp. nov. is similar to P. constructor. However, P. longipilosa is easily distinguished from the latter by the following worker characteristics: 1) hairs on antennal scape longer than maximum width of antennal scape (shorter or almost as long as maximum width of antennal scape in P. constructor); 2) petiolar spine with long standing hairs (without standing hairs in P. constructor); 3) hairs on first gastral tergite almost as long as maximum diameter of eye (distinctly short than maximum diameter of eye in P. constructor); 4) head and mesosoma with stronger sculpturing (weaker sculpturing in P. constructor; see figs 1A–C and 6 for comparison); 5) striation on pronotum well-defined (ill-defined in P. constructor; see figs 1B and 7C for comparison)., Published as part of Jaitrong, Weeyawat, Yamane, Seiki & Noon-Anant, Nawee, 2023, The Thai species of the Polyrhachis (Myrmatopa) flavicornis Smith, 1857 species group, with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae Formicinae), pp. 446-464 in Zootaxa 5249 (4) on pages 458-459, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5249.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7694534

As of 2021, it has been reported that around 90% of data breaches occur on ac- count of phishing, while about 83% of organizations experienced phishing attacks [1]. Phishing can be defined as the cybercrime in which a target is contacted through e-mail, telephone or text message by someone impersonating a legitimate institution [2]. Through psychological manipulation, the threat actor attempts to deceive users into providing sensitive information, thereby causing financial and intellectual property losses, reputational damages, and operational activity disruption. In this light, this paper presents a comprehensive review of eyetracking in association with phishing cyberattacks. To determine their impact on phishing detection accuracy, this work reviews 20 empirical studies which measure eye-tracking metrics with respect to different Areas of Interest (AOIs). The described experiments aim to produce simple cognitive user reactions, examine concentration, perception and trust in the system; all in which determine the level of susceptibility to deception and manipulation. Results suggest that longer gaze durations on AOIs, characterized by higher attention control, are strongly correlated with detection accuracy. Eye-tracking behavior also shows that technical background, domain knowledge, experience, training, and risk perception con- tribute to mitigating these attacks. Meanwhile, Time to First Fixation (TTFF), entry time and entry sequence data yielded inconclusive results regarding the impact on susceptibility to phishing attacks. The results aid in designing user-friendly URLs, visual browsing aids, and embedded and automated authentication systems. Most importantly, these findings can be used to establish user awareness through the development of training programs. be used to establish user awareness through the development of training programs.

Social media fulfil emerging adults’ self-presentation needs, and young people often selectively present positive self-portrayals on social media (i.e., exciting social life, successful professional life, and being happy). Yet, being exposed to the positive self-portrays of others can sometimes relate to mental health pressures. In exceptional times of social deprivation (e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic), such relations may differ. This cross-sectional study among 415 emerging adults (Mage = 24.27, SD = 3.19; Women = 64.10%) examined the interrelations between exposure to the positive self-portrayals of others on social media and mental health during an intense COVID-19 lockdown period. The study revealed that exposure to such content related to lower levels of mental health. No support emerged for the moderating role of experiencing negative life events, specifically the experience with COVID-19 illnesses in one’s environment, or a three-way interaction with such experience and gender. These results provide evidence to suggest that specific social circumstances may lead exposure to positive self-portrayals on social media to relate to lower mental health. Specifying such circumstances can help the field to move away from the current inconsistent findings concerning social media/mental health relations.