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This project is a scoping review that explores the literature on integrated care models for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and infectious diseases (IDs) in low-resource settings of Sub-Saharan Africa. It aims to provide an overview of the types, components, effects, and challenges of such models and identify gaps and opportunities for future research and practice. Therefore, the finding from this review will be used as input to guide the future review and research on the development and implementation of the integrated care models for NCDs and IDs in Ethiopia.

The research was carried out in the conditions of a large industrial complex ‟Agro-Soyuz” of the Dnipropetrovsk region for the production of the milk from Holstein cows. It has been established that due to ineffective management decisions in the industrial complex, animals leave the herd annually because of metabolic disorders and operational risks with certain dynamics depending on age. It was found that the stimulation of lactogenic function in cows with an increased rate of concentrated feed causes some metabolic disorders, which account for 30.4% of the total number of non-infectious diseases and animals retirement from the herd. It is characteristic that metabolic disorders are observed almost to the same extent in first-calf heifers and in older lactation cows. At the same time, the displacement of the abomasum in animals of the third and fourth lactations under the conditions of an industrial complex was not observed, and depletion of the body (cachexia) was characteristic of first-calf heifers, which among metabolic disorders occupied 33.3%. Cows of the fourth lactation did not suffer from enteritis. Because of adipose tissue purulent inflammation (phlegmon), an average of 5.92% of cows were eliminated from the herd. As the animals age, there was an increase in extremities disease and a decrease in the incidence of hypogalactia. It has been proven that first-calf heifers were more sensitive to mastitis of the udder than older animals. Young cows left the herd due to mastitis at the level of 17.16%, while for hypogalactia - only 7.5%. Through exploitation risks, an average of 27.04% of animals are leaving the herd annually, and this indicator grows with age: if the first-heifers are leaving at the level of 23.13%, then the cows of the second lactation were culled at the level of 28.57%, the third and fourth – respectively 30.56 and 29.41%.

Chalcones are a class of privileged scaffolds with high medicinal significance due to the presence of an α,β-unsaturated ketone functionality. Numerous functional modifications of chalcones have been reported, along with their pharmacological behavior. The present review aims to summarize the structures from natural sources, synthesis methods, biological characteristics against infectious and non-infectious diseases, and uses of chalcones over the past decade, and their structure–activity relationship studies are detailed in depth. This critical review provides guidelines for the future design and synthesis of various chalcones. In addition, this could be highly supportive for medicinal chemists to develop more promising candidates for various infectious and non-infectious diseases.

Other than clean drinking water, vaccines have been the most effective public health intervention in human history, yet their full potential is still untapped. To date, vaccine development has been largely limited to empirical approaches focused on infectious diseases and has targeted entire populations, potentially disregarding distinct immunity in vulnerable populations such as infants, elders, and the immunocompromised. Over the past few decades innovations in genetic engineering, adjuvant discovery, formulation science, and systems biology have fueled rapid advances in vaccine research poised to consider demographic factors (e.g., age, sex, genetics, and epigenetics) in vaccine discovery and development. Current efforts are focused on leveraging novel approaches to vaccine discovery and development to optimize vaccinal antigen and, as needed, adjuvant systems to enhance vaccine immunogenicity while maintaining safety. These approaches are ushering in an era of precision vaccinology aimed at tailoring immunization for vulnerable populations with distinct immunity. To foster collaboration among leading vaccinologists, government, policy makers, industry partners, and funders from around the world, the Precision Vaccines Program at Boston Children’s Hospital hosted the 2nd International Precision Vaccines Conference (IPVC) at Harvard Medical School on the 17th–18th October 2019. The conference convened experts in vaccinology, including vaccine formulation and adjuvantation, immunology, cell signaling, systems biology, biostatistics, bioinformatics, as well as vaccines for non-infectious indications such as cancer and opioid use disorder. Herein we review highlights from the 2nd IPVC and discuss key concepts in the field of precision vaccines.

Inflammatory lesions of the sclera have a recurring course with a wide range of clinical manifestations and are hard to treat by medications. Purpose: to develop a combined therapy pattern with the use of medications Broxinac® (bromfenac) and Visallergol (olopatadine 0.2 %) in patients with sclerites of rheumatoid genesis. Materials and methods. 26 patients diagnosed with scleritis were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 included 12 patients (18 eyes) who received instillations of diclofenac 4 times a day. Group 2 consisted of 14 patients (19 eyes) who received instillations of bromfenac once a day and olopatadin 0.2 % once a day. All patients had a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, positive HLA-B27. Results. A decline in activity of sclerites on the McCluskey scale in the course of treatment was recorded in both study groups. By the concluding 40th day of treatment, a more significant clinical effect was noted in the group receiving bromfenac andolopatadin : 0.6 points as compared to 1.4 points in group 1. After anti inflammatory treatment cessation in group 1, exacerbation of scleritis was noted in 5 cases during the 3rd to 5th week of the cessation. In contrast, group 2 showed only 1 case of exacerbation four weeks after the cessation. Conclusion. Sclerites therapy requires a long time and is associated with the development of complications in the treatment process. To increase the effectiveness of therapy of these diseases and reduce the risk of complications, modern NSAIDs with a minimum number of instillations are needed. For citation: Yani Е.V., Vakhova Е.S., Seliverstova К.Е. The tactics of treatment of sclerites of rheumatoid genesis. Russian ophthalmological journal. 2018; 11 (1): 93-7. doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2018-11-1-93-97 (In Russian).

Antibiotics are widely used medicines in the treatment of infectious diseases. However, some of them show also non-antibiotic properties, which are increasingly used in the treatment of non-infectious diseases. The authors of this publication believe that this is one of the reasons behind antibiotic dissemination in the environment and, ipso facto, behind the increasing risk of bacterial resistance. It is worth remembering that, along with the progress in science and better knowledge of the new properties of antibiotics, every extension of indications for antimicrobial agents may restrict their primary indications. Progress in science does not always mean progress in therapy. In fact, it may sometimes have an opposite effect and we should be able to assess the benefit/risk ratio. The aim of this study was to present other than antibacterial properties of antibiotics which currently are or may be used in the future in the treatment of non-infectious diseases, as well as to assess the long-term effects of extending the indications for medicines commonly used in the treatment of infectious diseases. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, such attempt has not been made so far, therefore authors decided to review the most important, useful or promising reports on non-antibiotic use of antibiotics. The article summarizes the latest data on prokinetic action of erythromycin, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory action of azithromycine, potential use of doxycycline as an anticancer and anti-inflammatory agent, and also anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties of minocycline. Futhermore, the basics of demeclocycline application in the treatment of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone hypesecretion syndrome and rifaximin use as an anti-inflammatory and eubiotic agent are presented. Neuroprotective action of ceftriaxone and anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory action of fusafungine were also described. 1. Introduction – antibiotics as potentially effective agents in the therapy of non-infectious diseases. 2. Erythromycine – prokinetic action. 3. Azithromycine – anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory action. 4. Doxycycline – anticancer and anti-inflammatory action. 5. Minocycline – anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antioxidant and antiapoptotic action. 6. Demeclocycline – inhibition of the antiantidiuretic hormone action. 7. Rifaximin – anti-inflammatory action / eubiotic. 8. Ceftriaxone – neuroprotective action. 9. Fusafungine – anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory action. 10. Summary

The pandemic of noncommunicable diseases, which is currently one of the main threats to health and well-being of mankind, makes us look for ways to prevent their development early. Low cardiorespiratory endurance due to a sedentary lifestyle is associated with high cardiovascular risk, all-cause and cancer mortality. Skeletal muscles are the most important secretory organ and is characterized by outstanding metabolic performance and endurance. Exercise-induced low-dose stress contributes to mitochondrial biogenesis and remodeling of not only the muscular system, but also other systems involved in maintaining muscle activity, including regulating glucose and fat metabolism, maintaining immunity, and stimulating angiogenesis. These and other effects of physical activity are implements through the myokine system discovered in recent years. Shutting off the paracrine, exocrine and endocrine functions of muscles cannot be replenished in any other way and leads to disruption of vital adaptive processes. This review describes currently available evidence of unique role of aerobic physical activity in maintaining the human health, as well as to define the chain of pathological reactions during physical inactivity. The search was carried out in the Medline and PubMed Central databases for the keywords: cardiorespiratory endurance, non-communicable diseases, maximum oxygen consumption, myokines, interleukin-6, aerobic exercise.

Background: Several studies have suggested that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC), while others have not confirmed this hypothesis. This work aimed to assess the relation of CRC with H. pylori seropositivity and with seropositivity to 16 H. pylori proteins, in the MultiCase-Control study, MCC-Spain. Methods: MCC-Spain is a multicase-control study carried out in Spain from 2008 to 2013. In total, 2,140 histologically-confirmed incident CRC cases and 4,098 population-based controls were recruited. Controls were frequency-matched by sex, age, and province. Epidemiological data were collected through a questionnaire fulfilled by face-to-face interviews and a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire. Seroreactivities against 16 H. pylori proteins were determined in 1,488 cases and 2,495 controls using H. pylori multiplex serology. H. pylori seropositivity was defined as positivity to >= 4 proteins. Multivariable logistic regression mixed models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: H. pylori seropositivity was not associated with increased CRC risk (OR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.71-1.16). Among H. pylori seropositive subjects, seropositivity to Cag delta showed a lower CRC risk, and risk decreased with increasing number of proteins seropositive. Seropositivity to the most recognized virulence factors, CagA and VacA, was not associated with a higher CRC risk. No statistically significant heterogeneity was identified among tumor sites, although inverse relations were stronger for left colon cancer. An interaction with age and sex was found: H. pylori seropositivity was associated with a lower CRC risk in men younger than 65 and with a higher risk in older women. Conclusions: Our results suggest that neither H. pylori seropositivity, nor seropositivity to the virulence factor CagA are associated with a higher CRC risk. A possible effect modification by age and sex was identified., The study was supported by the "Accion Transversal del Cancer," approved on the Spanish Ministry Council on the 11th October 2007, by the Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III grants, co-funded by FEDER funds-a way to build Europe-(grants PI08/1770, PI09/0773, PI09/1286, PI09/1903, PI09/2078, PI09/1662, PI11/01403, PI14/00613, PI14/01219, and PI15/00069), by the Fundacion Marques de Valdecilla (grant API 10/09), by Catalan Government DURSI (grants 2014SGR647 and 2014SGR756), by the Junta de Castilla y Leon (grant LE22A10-2), by the Consejeria de Salud of the Junta de Andalucia (grant 2009-S0143), by the Regional Government of the Basque Country, and by the Conselleria de Sanitat of the Generalitat Valenciana (grant AP061/10). The funders had no role in the study design, data analysis, data interpretation or writing the manuscript.

Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance has gained increased attention due to the possibility that exposure to environmental contaminants induce diseases that propagate across generations through epigenomic alterations in gametes. In laboratory animals,exposure to environmental toxicants such as fungicides, pesticides, or plastic compounds has been shown to produce abnormal reproductive or metabolic phenotypes that are transgenerationally transmitted. Human exposures to environmental toxicants have increased due to industrialization and globalization, as well as the incidence of diseases shown to be transgenerationally transmitted in animal models. This new knowledge poses an urgent call to study transgenerational consequences of current human exposures to environmental toxicants.

Background Smoking of tobacco is estimated to have caused approximately six million deaths worldwide in 2014. Responding effectively to this epidemic requires a thorough understanding of how smoking behaviour is transmitted and modified. Methods We present a new mathematical model of the social dynamics that cause cigarette smoking to spread in a population, incorporating aspects of individual and social utility. Model predictions are tested against two independent data sets spanning 25 countries: a newly compiled century-long composite data set on smoking prevalence, and Hofstede’s individualism/collectivism measure (IDV). Results The general model prediction that more individualistic societies will show faster adoption and cessation of smoking is supported by the full 25 country smoking prevalence data set. Calibration of the model to the available smoking prevalence data is possible in a subset of 7 countries. Consistency of fitted model parameters with an additional, independent, data set further supports our model: the fitted value of the country-specific model parameter that determines the relative importance of social and individual factors in the decision of whether or not to smoke, is found to be significantly correlated with Hofstede’s IDV for the 25 countries in our data set. Conclusions Our model in conjunction with extensive data on smoking prevalence provides evidence for the hypothesis that individualism/collectivism may have an important influence on the dynamics of smoking prevalence at the aggregate, population level. Significant implications for public health interventions are discussed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2576-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

44 p. In recent years there has been considerable scientific and public debate on climate change and its direct and indirect effects on human health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2006), some 2.5 million people die every year from non-infectious diseases directly attributable to environmental factors such as air pollution, stressful conditions in the workplace, exposure to chemicals such as lead, and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Changes in climatic conditions and climate variability can also affect human health both directly and indirectly, via changes in biological and ecological processes that influence the transmission of several infectious diseases (WHO, 2003). In the past fifteen years a large amount of research on the effects of climate changes on human health has addressed two fundamental questions (WHO, 2003). First, can historical data be of any help in revealing how short-run or long-run climate variations affect the occurrence of infectious diseases? Second, is it possible to build more accurate statistical models which are capable of predicting the future effects of different climate conditions on the transmissibility of particularly dangerous infectious diseases? The primary goal of this paper is to review the most relevant contributions which have directly tackled those questions, both with respect to the effects of climate changes on the diffusion of non-infectious and infectious diseases. Specific attention will be drawn on the methodological aspects of each study, which will be classified according to the type of statistical model considered. Additional aspects such as characteristics of the dependent and independent variables, number and type of countries investigated, data frequency, time period spanned by the analysis, and robustness of the empirical findings are examined.

Viral and bacterial vaccines, especially for childhood use, are one of the most successful public health measures of the last two centuries and have a good safety record. However, there are still many diseases that are caused by infectious agents for which vaccines are not available. Our increasing ability to manipulate the immune system offers hope that, in the future, at least some of these infections may be prevented by vaccin­ation. A surprising recent development is the use of vaccine technology to test whether a range of other ­generally non‐communicable diseases can be prevented (or at least controlled) in this way. Investigation of these diseases is still mainly at the experimental level, however the list includes different types of cancers, allergies, drug addiction and neurodegenerative diseases. (Intern Med J 2003; 33: 297−304)