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Non-insulin-based insulin resistance (IR) indices serve as the indicators of metabolic syndrome (MetS) but have limited value for predicting clinical outcomes. Whether the obesity paradox affects the predictive value of these indicators in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unknown. We investigated whether MetS and non-insulin-based IR indices can predict all-cause mortality and renal outcomes in a prospective observational study with stage 1–4 CKD Asians (N = 2,457). These IR indices were associated with MetS. A Cox regression model including body mass index (BMI) revealed an association between MetS and renal outcomes. Among the IR indices, only high triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index was associated with adverse renal outcomes: the hazard ratio of Q4 quartile of the TyG index was 1.38 (1.12–1.70). All-cause mortality was marginally associated with MetS but not high IR indices. Low TyG and TyG–BMI indices as well as low BMI and triglyceride were paradoxically associated with increased risks of clinical outcomes. The triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and metabolic score for IR indices were not associated with clinical outcomes. In conclusion, MetS and TyG index predict renal outcome and obesity paradox affects the prediction of IR indices in patients with stage 1–4 CKD.

BackgroundThe management of the coexistence of heart disease and kidney disease is increasingly challenging for clinicians. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not only a prevalent comorbidity of patients with heart failure but has also been identified as a noteworthy risk factor for all-cause mortality and poor clinical outcomes. Digoxin is one of the commonest treatments for heart disease. There are few trials investigating the role of digoxin in patients with cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). This study aims to examine the association between digoxin usage and clinical outcomes in patients with CRS in a nationwide cohort.MethodWe conducted a population-based study that included 705 digoxin users with CRS; each patient was age, sex, comorbidities, and medications matched with three non-users who were randomly selected from the CRS population. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was conducted to estimate the effects of digoxin on the incidence of all-cause mortality, congestive heart failure (CHF) hospitalization, coronary artery disease (CAD) hospitalization, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD).ResultsThe all-cause mortality rate was significantly higher in digoxin users than in non-users (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09–1.46, p = 0.002). In a subgroup analysis, there was significantly high mortality in the 0.26–0.75 defined daily dose (DDD) subgroup of digoxin users (aHR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.23–1.82, p<0.001). Thus, the p for trend was 0.013. With digoxin prescription, the CHF hospitalization was significantly higher [subdistribution HR (sHR) = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.05–1.30, p = 0.004], especially in the >0.75 DDD subgroup (sHR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.01–1.41, p = 0.046; p for trend = 0.006). The digoxin usage lowered the coronary artery disease (CAD) hospitalization in the > 0.75 DDD subgroup (sHR = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.63–0.99, p = 0.048). In renal function progression, more patients with CRS entered ESRD with digoxin usage (sHR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.16–1.54, p<0.001). There was a significantly greater incidence of ESRD in the < 0.26 DDD and 0.26–0.75 DDD subgroups of digoxin users (sHR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.06–1.66, p = 0.015; sHR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.18–1.75; p for trend<0.001).ConclusionDigoxin should be prescribed with caution to patients with CRS.

Additional file 4: Figure S1. Vascularization and calcification. The histopathological observation of tibial growth plate (GP). Calcification and normal blood vessels in the control groups and damaged blood vessels in the treatment groups can clearly be seen in this figure. The relative blood vessels area and erythrocytes were determined with ImageJ software (Bar = 200 μm). Figure S2. Quantification of H&E and IHC. A The relative area of blood vessels determined in percentage by dividing area of blood vessels with total area (Pixels 4080 × 3072). B The density of blood vessels was measured using ImageJ 1.42q software to find denser erythrocytes ratio in control and thiram groups. C IHC profile of ImageJ software was used to determine the ITGAV and CLU expression score in control and thiram treated groups. BV = blood vessels; DV = destruction of blood vessels. (Bar-100 μm). 2 DC = 2 days control, 2DT = 2 days treatment, 6 DC = 6 days control, 6DT = 6 days treatment, 15 DC = 15 days control, 15DT = 15 days treatment, C = control, T = treatment, % = percentage. The quantification data of H&E staining and IHC was obtained by ImageJ software. ∗ P

Table S1a. Factors associated with pre-existing CKD by logistic regression in UTUC group. Table S1b. Logistic regression for Abnormal GGS rate in UTUC group. Table S2a. Factors associated with preexisting CKD by linear regression in RCC group. Table S2b. Factors associated with TI score by logistic regression in RCC group. (DOCX 55 kb)

An intracellular metabolomics method based on gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was established to explore the toxicity mechanism of aconitine and benzoylaconine. BeWo, a continuous cell lines originated from human placenta, was selected to establish in vitro placenta model. The intracellular metabolites were extracted after exposed to 5 μg mL −1 aconitine and benzoylaconine for 0, 6, 12, 24 and 36 h, respectively. The intracellular metabolic profiles were acquired by GC-MS. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) score plot showed the time-dependent change of the metabolomic profiles between the control and intervention groups. After screening by variable influence on projection (VIP) value and one-way analysis of variance, and searching with NIST 2014 database, 11 metabolites were identified, including proline, glycine, threonine, glutamic acid, N -acetylglutamine, glutamine, lysine, histidine, succinic acid, glucose and galactose, which were mainly involved in the following pathways: (1) glutamine and glutamate metabolism; (2) glycine, serine and threonine metabolism; (3) alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; (4) lysine degradation; (5) arginine and proline metabolism and (6) histidine metabolism. The results demonstrated that amino acid metabolism was the main metabolic pathway and responsible for the placental and fetal toxicity of aconitine and benzoylaconine.

The non-covalent complexes of duplexes DNA and 9 ginsenosides (1 aglycone and 8 glycosides) were investigated using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in the gas phase. The results of relative binding affinities in negative ion mode revealed that several factors impact on the duplex-binding properties of ginsenosides. Glycosylations of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol ginsenosides at the position C-20 and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol classification at the position C-6 enhanced the fraction of bound DNA sharply. A rhamnose moiety shows little lower binding intensities than glucose at the same position. Ginsenosides of 20(S)-protopanaxatriol result in subtle higher binding affinities toward the duplex DNA than 20(S)-protopanaxadiol family. However, glycosylation with two sugar moieties does not show a higher binding affinity than with only one moiety. The collision-induced dissociation experimental data demonstrate the gas-phase stability and fragmentation patterns of the ginsenoside/DNA complexes are related to the glycoside number. Positive ion ESI mass spectra of the complexes were also recorded. The result of ESI-MS suggests that hydrogen bonds are the dominate interaction between ginsenosides and DNA. Similar results were obtained in solution-phase by UV spectroscopy, which exhibit a hyperchromism and blue-shift effect when DNA solution was titrated by individual ginsenoside.

With the growing problem of automobile exhaust pollution, the study of automotive oxygen sensor is very meaningful, nitrogen oxides accounts for a large proportion of automobile exhaust. AC impedance spectroscopy of the NOx sensor in different temperature(500°C，600°C，700°C) and NO2 of different concentrations （100ppm，500ppm，1000ppm）in this paper, the influence of temperature and gas concentration on NOx sensors is explored.

Currently, Yttria-stabilized zirconia solid state electrolyte are widely used in various fields . The basic performance of Yttria-stabilized zirconia (5YSZ) prepared by different synthesis methods and sintering temperatures are studied in this paper ,their phase compositions and microstructure are studied with XRD and SEM. The ionic conductivity of 5YSZ sintered at different temperature are studied with A.C. impedance spectroscopy measurement.

Through Mechanical grounding method, CaZrO3 – 8YSZ(8% in mol yttria stabilized zirconia) electrolyte samples with different amounts of CaZrO3 at 10wt%, 20wt%, 30wt% were sintered at different temperatures in Muffle furnace. The decomposition temperature of CaZrO3 is 825°C-900°C under one atmosphere. At high temperature, CaZrO3 decomposes into CaO and ZrO2. So Y2O3-CaO-ZrO2 complex is composed. The effects of the sintering temperature and the contents of the CaZrO3 on the conductivity, porosity, flexure strength, hardness were investigated. XRD and SEM were used to analyse the compositions and microcosmic morphology.

Electrode slurry made of Pt powder was brushed on both surfaces of the sintered ZrO2 substrate. And then the Pt electrodes were sintered under various temperatures. The microstructure of the surface of the electrodes was characterized by scanning electronic microscope. The electrochemical properties of the electrodes were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that the sintered temperature of the electrode has a remarkable effect on the microstructure of the electrode and the Pt electrode show favorable electrochemical catalysis performance.

In some applications such as automotive oxygen sensor, 5mol% Y2O3stabilized zirconia (5YSZ) is generally used because it has both excellent ionic conductivity and mechanical properties. the automotive oxygen sensor would experience a cyclic change from high temperature (engine running) environment to the lowtemperature damp environment (in the tail pipe when vehicle stops). The microstructures change with coupled conditions of thermal cycle and dump environment in the 5mol%Y2O3–ZrO2 (5YSZ) system was examined by XRD，Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in this paper.

The paper drew a comparison between the Fowler-Nordheim (FN) field emission current density which is applicable at low temperature and the general integral expression for field emission current density. A slender cylindrical microprotrusion model was adopted, two main factors－joule heating and heat conduction were both taken into account, and the temperature distribution in microprotrusion and the time-dependence of temperature at different points on microprotrusion were obtained using the code developed by ourselves. The results show that it is necessary to consider the influence of temperature effect of field emission on explosive electron emission. The temperature in microprotrusion increases nonlinearly with time when the temperature effect is included, and the increasing rate of the temperature grows more and more quickly. At low microwave electric field, the time delay of explosive electron emission will be shortened if the FN current density of electron emission is used instead of the general integral expression which can include the temperature effect of field emission; the temperature effect has little influence on time delay of explosive electron emission at high microwave electric field.

The period-one oscillation produced by an external optical pulse injection driven semiconductor laser is applied to clock recovery and frequency division. By adjusting the repetition rate or injection power of the external injection optical pulses to lock the different harmonic frequencies of the period-one state, the clock recovery and the frequency division (the second and third frequency divisions) are achieved experimentally. In addition, in frequency locking ranges of 2 GHz and 1.9 GHz, the second and third frequency divisions are obtained with the phase noise lower than -100 dBc/Hz, respectively. Our experimental results are consistent well with the numerical simulations.

A trivalent vector containing genes of Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) coat protein (CP), and replicase genes of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), was constructed for transformation of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) plants, mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The integrated foreign genes were identified in the regenerated progenies by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blots. The transformation efficiency was about 1.7‰. Resistance to virus infection was determined by mechanical inoculation in the greenhouse and by field trials. The transgenic watermelon lines showed different phenotypes of susceptible, resistant, immune or recovery from virus infections in the late growth stage. A relatively high level of resistance was shown by T3 plants of the line BH1-7. This result indicates the possibility of creating, by transgenic protocols, new varieties of watermelon resistant to viral infection.

The cleavage action of Ser-His on a series of single-stranded oligonucleotides was investigated by Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. It was found that polyadenine was selectively hydrolyzed at the terminal phosphodiester bond.

The deficiency of individual safety behavior ability is an important cause of accidents but related researches are not enough to prove it. This paper carried out experiments in a certain coal mine, sampling 134 miners, completing the scale evaluation, semi-structure interview, spatial perception evaluation, sound and light response ability evaluation and motion stability evaluation, and finally analyzed the data by spss17.0. Through the experiments, the basic data on miners' above behavior ability is established. The data shows there is a correlation between individual spatial perception, sound and light response and behavior, injur & risk; the higher the individual safety behavior ability is, the more the safety behavior and the better the safety situation. Enterprises should pay attention to the evaluation of individual safety behavior ability, scientifically select and equip staff to realize “pre-control before the accident”. Abased on this, a primary norm of individual safety behavior ability is established and realizes selecting parts of employees weaker in individual safety behavior ability.

to solve the dust pollution problems for fixed points producing dust which were belt transport lane point and fully-mechanized face in the underground mine, this paper studied and designed a set of system based on image of coal dust pollution evaluation and spray dust removal linkage. This device are composed of visual pollution sensor(including light source, optical imaging module, image capture module, image digital module, intelligent judgment decision module) control box and spray dust removal device. This device obtained the evaluation of dust pollution condition in underground coal through the image contrast, and intelligently controlled spray dust removal device in producing dust point according to the evaluation results. The prominent characteristics of this system was that it comprehensively evaluated the whole operation space through the image contrast, thus it avoided the individual site dust pollution overrun and initiated wrong operation of spray dust removal system. Through preliminary application verification of mainly producing dust point in underground coal mine, the spray device's error action rate was significantly lower, and dust pollution condition improved obviously and miners working environment had significantly improved. The invention belonged to mine removal technology field, which was to improve the dust concentration online monitoring and intelligent spray dust removal system.

Radiation belt energetic electrons can interact with very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic wave due to wave-particle resonance; then the particles are imposed to enter into the loss cone and sink to dense atmosphere resulting from changing of its pitch angle. To investigate the diffusion mechanism of interaction of VLF electromagnetic wave with radiation belt energetic electrons, according to quasi-linear diffusion theory, in this paper we use a physical model to calculate diffusion coefficients of Coulomb scatting and wave-particle resonance interaction. Bounce-averaged pitch angle diffusion coefficients of energetic electrons due to the interaction of wave-particle resonance with two groups of VLF electromagnetic waves are obtained. The influence of interaction caused by VLF electromagnetic wave and Coulomb scatting on diffusion of radiation belt energetic electrons for different L shells and various energies are analyzed. Take the case for example, where L equals 2.2 and electron energy E equals 0.5 MeV, the diffusion equation of energetic electrons are solved by using the finite difference method. The time evolutions of precipitation of directional particle flux and omnidirectional particle flux are analyzed. The results show that the resonance interaction caused by VLF electromagnetic wave plays a dominant role when E>0.5 MeV and L>1.6; the higher the L shell or electron energy value, the more significant the high order resonance interaction caused by the oblique propagation VLF electromagnetic wave will be; approximately, the omnidirectional particle flux of radiation belt energetic electrons decreases exponentially with time.

Shielding for X-ray multi-layer single/composite material has been studied. The transmitted energy fluence and the corresponding total ionizing dose (TID) in Silicon were computed using a Monte-Carlo code (MCNP 4B) and an analytical model applying the “modified beam attenuation law”. With optimum shielding solution, the total shield weight to achieve a given TID or the TID for a given total shield weight can be greatly reduced.

The turbulent momentum and sensible heat transfer over land surface have a notable influence on the change of global climate and atmospheric circulation, and Monin-Obukhov similarity function is a most important method to calculate the turbulent momentum and sensible heat flux near the surface, and ascertaining the right bulk transfer coefficient is a most effective way of improving the atmospheric model simulation capabilities. The characteristic of Monin-Obukhov similarity function is analyzed and the empirical formula is fitted, and the changes of bulk transfer coefficients of momentum and sensible heat over grassland with mean wind speed at 10 m high are discussed by using the data of the flux observations over Xilin Gol grassland in Spring 2008. Comparison with the observation values by eddy correlation method shows that the revised Monin-Obukhov similarity function underestimates the momentum flux by 10.8% and over estimates the sensible heat flux by 6.5%, but the typical Businger-Dyer similarity function underestimates the momentum flux by 37.0% and over estimates the sensible heat flux by 16.1%. Under unstable stratification, the bulk transfer coefficients of momentum (CD) and sensible heat (CH) vary with mean wind speed at 10 m high (U) according to the power law, which take the forms CD=0.009U-0.322 and CH=0.184U-1.978 respectively. Under stable stratification, the bulk transfer coefficients are found to increase in the manner of the logarithm law over grassland surface and tend to neutral or nearly neutral values with wind speed increasing. The revised Monin-Obukhov similarity function can significantly improve the accuracy of turbulent momentum and sensible heat flux computed by average gradient data, and the relations between bulk transfer coefficients and wind speed at 10 m high provide the useful parameterization schemes for accurately expressing the transportation characteristics of near surface turbulence.

To investigate a complex physical phenomenon and its evolution law at the cathode surface at the initial stage of the explosive electron emission process in a high-power diode, in this paper we present a model of a planar vacuum diode with a field emission cathode. The model is one-dimensional and nonstationary. To study the space charge effect of the emitted electrons on the electric field at the cathode surface, Poisson's equation is solved numerically by using our developed code, and the time-dependences of the electric field at the cathode surface for different cases are obtained. The results show that the electric field at the cathode surface first oscillates and finally yields a steady state. The absolute value of the steady electric field at the cathode surface is higher for the higher field enhancement factor at a given applied electric field, and the applied electric field has the same effects on the steady value at a certain field enhancement factor. The electric field at the cathode surface completely determines the extracted field emission current density from the cathode, and at the same time, the electric field at the cathode surface is influenced by the emitting current density.

Based on magnetohydrodynamic theory a shell model is developed to describe debris motion of high-altitude nuclear explosion. The debris motion parameter of Starfish is simulated. The model is verified by comparison with the results available from the literature. For the comparison between typical high-yield and low-yield nuclear explosion, the debris motions of kiloton and megaton at 100 km, 400 km and 1500 km are especially simulated. The difference in expansion law, caused by explosion yield, is analyzed. The results show that explosion condition and atmospheric environment have a significant influence on the expansion of the law of the debris cloud, and the debris environmental parameters in different directions are significantly different from each other.

In this paper, the Monte Carlo method is used to simulate atmospheric ionization effects of the prompt radiation from high altitude nuclear explosion (HANE). Simulation gives the instantaneous spatial distributions of the electron density in atmosphere. The atmosphere is a kind of non-uniform media, whose density drops rapidly with the increase of height. Therefore, a method, which samples the mass distance to replace the step length of the particle, is used to considerably increase the computing speed. The simulation results show that there is an obvious difference between additional ionization regions of different height of nuclear explosion. As the explosion-height increases, influence range of the prompt nuclear radiation will be wider, but the electron density will be lower.

Optically injected semiconductor laser is applied to photonic microwave generation. The microwave is generated by the beat between the oscillation frequency of the slave laser and that of the external injection light. We find that the microwave frequency can be tuned from 61 GHz to 129 GHz by varying the injection optical power in experiment. The tunable ability in our scheme can also be achieved through adjustment of the frequency detuning. Numerical simulations indicate that the frequency of the optically generated microwave can be higher than 40 GHz by using the optical injection semiconductor laser technique.

All-optical time division was obtained in the frequency range from 9.0GHz to 19.8GHz. Nonlinear dynamics of a Fabry-Perot laser diode subjected to external optical injection is applied for all-optical clock division. The research results indicate that semiconductor laser subjected to external light injection performs period-one oscillation. We obtain the clock division of the signal pulses when the second harmonic frequency of the period-one oscillation approaches the repetition rate of the signal pulse, and the second harmonic and the fundamental frequency of the period-one oscillation were locked by the signal pulses simultaneously. Numerical simulation was performed on the all-optical time division with signal pulse injection using the rate equation of the semiconductor laser. The simulation result is in good agreement with the experiment. Phase noise level of the divided clock is observed to be smaller than -90 dBc/Hz over a frequency detuning range of 1.5GHz by changing the repetition rate of signal pulses under the fixed wavelength detuning value and input signal pulse power.

Based on the cross-gain modulation effect in Fabry-Perot laser diode (FP-LD), the 2.7GHz optical pulsed signal at 1552.30nm is converted to a continuous-wave light at 1548.22nm in experiment. The variation of wavelength conversion efficiency with injection optical power and wavelength are examined in detail. Our research results indicate that there always exists a fixed longitudinal mode for a given FP-LD under certain working conditions to maximize the extinction ratio of conversion signal and conversion efficiency when the longitudinal mode is locked by the probe light. Our theoretical analysis accords with the experiment results. Moreover, there always exist an optimum signal power and a detuning range between the probe light and the longitudinal mode to improve the conversion signal further under the same longitudinal mode locked by the probe light. The optimum longitudinal mode can be determined by the FP-LD characteristics and its working conditions.

The vacancy_dioxygen complex(VO2) is one of the main defects formed i n fast neutron irradiated CZ_Si during annealing in the temperature range 400—500℃. In this defect,two oxygen atoms share a vacancy,each of which is bonded to two s ilicon neighbors.With the increase of the 889cm-1(VO2),two infrared absorption bands at 919.6 and 1006cm-1 will arise in neutron irradia ted CZ _Si after annealed in the temperature range 300—500℃.IR vibrational bands at 9 19.6 and 1006cm-1 can be assigned to the metastable defect (O-V-O)th at is composed of a VO(A center) and a neighboring interstitial oxygen(Oi)atom.By prolonging the annealing time from 2h up to 10h or increasing the annealing temperature,the metastable defect(O-V-O)will be converted into V O2.During annealing in the temperature range 400—500℃,the main defe cts for med in the high dose(1019) neutron irradiated CZ_Si is the multi_vac ancy type of defects and the formation of the VO2 will be depressed.