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The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) is an instrument for personality assessment that was developed by C. Robert Cloninger to provide a comprehensive biopsychosocial model of personality as it develops within individuals (Cloninger, Svrakic & Przybeck, 1993). It deconstructs personality into seven dimensions that vary widely in the general population, rather than focusing only on pathology or abnormal traits (Cloninger, 2004). Nevertheless, it was designed to be equally applicable to clinical populations without being stigmatizing or pathologizing. The TCI is based on a biopsychosocial model of complex interactions among genetic, psychological, social, cultural, and spiritual constructs, rather than assuming that personality can be decomposed into independent dimensions (Cloninger & Cloninger, 2011; Cloninger & Garcia, 2015).

Human personality has been defined as the dynamic organization, within an individual, of psychobiological systems that modulate adaptation to a changing environment (Cloninger, Svrakic, & Przybeck, 1993). In this chapter, we briefly outline the ancestral lineage of human beings as five major transitions and then describe how human personality has evolved through three major systems of learning and memory in a long series of steps through evolution. The first one is the procedural system, which regulates different emotional responses such as anger, fear, disgust, and ambition, that is, the temperament dimensions of personality. The second system, the propositional system, is present in primates and helps the individual to be self-directed and cooperative in a social environment. The third system, the episodic system, exists only among humans and stands for humans’ capacity for self-awareness, which allows introspection and recollection of autobiographical memories. The second and third systems are responsible for the presence of the character dimensions of personality, which can be defined as individual differences in values, goals, and self-conscious emotions (e.g., hope, love, and faith). Importantly, character regulates the expression of temperament predispositions, so character is the regulator of well-being regardless of underlying temperament. But the person needs to learn to know and understand her whole being (i.e., temperament and character) to integrate them in order to promote resilience and well-being. Thus, we also present the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and also discuss how interactions between traits within the individual serve as a good description, measurement, and base for dialogue in person-centered approaches.

Human personality, although highly complex, is crucial to understand because it is the strongest predictor of our physical, mental, and social health as well as the actual cause of most mortality and chronic disease. However, despite the fact that earlier twin studies have found that the differences between people in personality are about 50% heritable, until recently only about 1% of this heritability has been explained by specific genes. Here we briefly outline current notions about the genetics of personality and also describe recent research that used novel and innovative person-centered methods to identify nearly all the genes for human personality. This international collaboration among 27 investigators at multiple sites comprised data from the Young Finns Study in Finland with independent replications in Germany and Korea (Zwir et al., Mol Psychiatry, 2018a, 2018b). In short, these results now make it possible to understand the basic mechanisms that influence our emotions as well as the way we can self-regulate our feelings, goals, and values in order to live healthy and satisfying lives. What is even more, these results provide a foundation for a thorough understanding of the complex molecular and brain processes that regulate human health and well-being. In this line, we also present preliminary results of a recent pilot study, in which interventions targeting character development among Swedish young adults suggest improvements in well-being after 6 months of well-being coaching. Importantly, it is argued that character regulates the expression of temperament predispositions, so character is the regulator of well-being regardless of underlying temperament. That is, since we are body, mind, and psyche at once (i.e., biopsychosocial in nature), the person needs to learn to both know and understand her temperament and her character to integrate them in order to adapt intelligently to who she is and the changing circumstances in the world around her.

There is interest in using Reed-Muller forms (exclusive-OR sums of products) as a representation in logic synthesis. There are algorithms available for two-level and multilevel minimization, but there is a lack of techniques for sum of products technology mapping. Two methods are presented: a simple rule-based method which decomposes the representations until they match a gate in the library; and a more sophisticated directed acyclic graph (DAG) mapping method which covers a directed acyclic graph representation of the network with DAG representations of gates from the gate library. Both methods have been implemented, and full sets of results are given. A number of suggestions are made for improving both methods. >

Synthesis systems generally represent functions using inclusive-OR sums, although it has often been claimed that using exclusive-OR sums can give significant benefits in some cases. A mixed factored form has been developed which uses both inclusive- and exclusive-OR sums in an attempt to benefit from the properties of both representations. This factored form can be technology dependent, so more exclusive-OR factors will be used if a library with an efficient exclusive-OR implementation is targeted. Techniques for technology mapping AND/EXOR expressions and networks containing both inclusive- and exclusive-OR sums are described. Results show that, for fine-grain FPGAs, the mixed approach generates smaller implementations than either of the forms separately.

The Teaching and Learning Technology Project (TLTP) Electronic Design Education Consortium is a group of 8 Universities whose aim is to develop computer based learning (CBL) material (courseware) to support the education of Electronic Engineers and Computer Scientists in the design of electronic circuits and systems. The use of CBL allows use of colour graphics and animation to enhance the material. It allows the demonstration of principles which would otherwise be difficult to teach. There are three important aims regarding the production of this material: it should enhance the learning experience of the student, increase the number of students that a lecturer can support, and improve the use of the industry standard CAD software that is available under the ECAD and EUROCHIP initiatives. The work was divided into 4 themes, namely, Electronic Circuit Design, Digital Design, System and High Level Design and Testing and Design for Test. The System and High Level Design theme is known as Theme C which is divided into topics relating to high-level design, specification, synthesis, logic optimization and FSM synthesis. This paper will mainly concentrate on the production of logic optimization and technology mapping CBL material. This paper will discuss the environment, how courseware is developed and how CAD tools are integrated into the system.

Jeremy Laurance Routledge, £9.99, pp 224 ISBN 0 415 36980 0 Rating: ![Graphic][1] ![Graphic][2] ![Graphic][3] In a world in which every other media personality speaks like a psychologist, you could be forgiven for believing that the science of the mind can not only explain behaviour, but also predict it, control it, and change it. What a surprise, then, to find that the professionals are running scared. There are a few psychological terms that you might not have picked up from the talking heads on reality TV. These include projection (when something goes wrong we look for someone else to blame); rationalisation (when things are not right we come up with a new system); intellectualisation (we think we can … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif

Ed Arthur Crisp Sir Robert Mond Memorial Trust, Royal Society of Medicine, Royal College of Psychiatrists ISBN 0 9541314 0 1 Electronic book (pp 464) available free on www.stigma.org/everyfamily Also available on CD Rom, £11.75 For details, telephone +44(0)20 7881 9000 or +44(0)20 7235 2351 Rating:![Graphic][1] ![Graphic][2] It was seven years into the HIV epidemic and several thousand deaths before the then president of the United States, Ronald Reagan, could bring himself to use the word AIDS in a speech. Contrast this with the legionnaires' disease outbreak of the early 1970s. This generated several front page headlines, public debate, and a photograph in the New York Times showing President Ford holding an emergency cabinet meeting to address the … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif