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The purpose of the study was a more thorough assessment of the nutrition state of patients admitted to hospitals in Poland. The study was carried out in four hospitals at teaching centre level, in four hospitals at province level, and in four county hospitals. The patients for the study were selected randomly from 3310 adult patients (every 10th patient admitted to these hospitals). For the study 210 patients (122 women and 88 men) were qualified. Their mean age was 54 +/- 16 years (range 15-82 years). The patients were subjected to various biochemical tests including determination of antioxidant vitamins (vitamins A, E and C), vitamin B12, folic acid, ferritin, and homocysteine and blood lipids. Vitamin deficiency accepted as vitamin malnutrition was found in the case of vitamin C in 51.8% of the patients, folic acid in 32%, vitamin E in 10%, vitamin B12 in 6.8%, vitamin A in 1.4%. Vitamin deficiency was equally frequent in patients with malnutrition, overweight or with obesity. Lipid profile disturbances were found in 51% and high homocysteine level in 63% of the studied patients.

The aim of the study was a screening assessment of the nutritional status of patients admitted to hospitals and discharged from hospitals. The study was carried out in 4 university hospitals, 4 woivodeship hospitals and 4 district hospitals. In randomly selected 3310 patients (every 10th patient admitted to hospital) anthropometric parameters were assessed: body height, body mass, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), arm circumference, blood morphological and biochemical parameters were determined (erythrocyte, white blood cell and lymphocyte count in blood, albumin and haemoglobin concentration in serum). The mean values of the assessed parameters in the whole studied population of patients admitted to various types of hospitals were not different from the normative values for adults, however, a gradual decrease of the values of certain parameters in the over 70 years age group was observed. Although, the mean values of the studied parameters of the nutritional status were within the accepted normal range, 10.43% of the studied patients had BMI below 20 kg/m2, and 20.7% of the patients the serum albumin level was below 3.5 g/dl on admission, which could suggest protein-energy malnutrition. In a yet higher proportion of patients (21%) lymphocyte count was below 1500/mm3. During hospital stay tendency became even more pronounced. On discharge from hospital the proportion of patients with BMI below 20 kg/m2 rose to 11.21%, and with serum albumin level below 3.5 g/dl rose to 28.6%. Only the proportion of patients with low lymphocyte count remained unchanged during hospital stay and was 21.1% on discharge. In the studied population 42.29% of the patients reported receiving of additional food beyond hospital diet.

In etiopathogenesis of Leśniowski-Crohn disease we consider environmental genetical, immunological and physical factors. Among the bacteria that are of importance in a disease process there are: Jarsinia, tubercle bacillus and para- tubercle bacillus. We are to state that the pro.... of the bacteria per se doesn't influence the initiation of a disease. The initiation is caused by a change of the immune response. The introduced case shows the occurrence of Leśniowski-Crohn disease proceeded by Jarsinia pseudotuberculosis. Thai sequence of occurrence doesn't prove the dependence of an effect upon the cause. What is more-there are many controversial opinions in literature considering Leśniowski-Crohn disease. That is why we would like the introduced case to be a contribution to a discussion on the subject of: Possibility of a distant initiation of a disease by some bacterial infection types.

Publisher Summary This chapter analyzes perfectionism and the threat to self-esteem in clinical anxiety. In the study discussed in the chapter, subjects of the investigation were 22 patients. This sample was drawn from 86 caseload records on the basis of the presence of a clearly identifiable primary anxiety disorder. So that the group would be relatively homogenous, patients with complicating factors such as concurrent depression, alcoholism, personality disorder, or psychosomatic illness were not included in the sample. Nine of the 22 cases obtained had previously been identified as perfectionists, during the course of treatment. These were compared with the remaining thirteen “non-perfectionists” on the information that was available in caseload records. The results showed that the patients classed as perfectionists did appear to link their valuations of themselves to events and behaviors. Their anxiety problems could be understood to result from this, whereas those of the other anxious patients could not. Brief therapy emphasizing modifications of perfectionism seemed to be effective.

It has been proposed that suicidal wishes in depressed patients can be reduced by modifying hopelessness (Beck et al., 1979). Hopelessness, as measured by Beck's Hopelessness Scale, has been shown to correlate strongly with suicidal indices in clinical groups. However, normative data from depressed patients are lacking. Moreover, it has yet to be shown that hopeless individuals manifest the specific cognitive distortions on which cognitive therapy focuses. Eighty-six newly referred patients with primary depression completed the Hopelessness Scale. Results indicate that pessimism is common among depressed patients, although there can be considerable individual differences. Factor analysis revealed five cognitive factors which need replication from larger studies. In a second study, 20 depressed patients were interviewed to assess the significance of different levels of hopelessness. Greater hopelessness was associated both with an increase in suicidal wishes and with more negative expectations about real-life problems. These findings emphasize the importance of hopelessness in depressed suicidal patients, and provide indirect support for the intervention proposals advanced by cognitive theorists.