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Tsui and Weymark (Econ Theory 10:241–256, 1997, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001990050156) have shown that the only continuous social welfare orderings on the whole Euclidean space which satisfy the weak Pareto principle and are invariant to individual-specific similarity transformations of utilities are strongly dictatorial. Their proof relies on functional equation arguments which are quite complex. This note provides a simpler proof of their theorem.

Este trabajo propone el estudio de sistemas de emergencias pre-hospitalarias empleando las herramientas brindadas por los sistemas de información geográfica. Se analiza la situación actual del sistema y se proponen diversos escenarios de relocalización de las bases de ambulancias existentes y de inclusión de una nueva unidad. En todos los casos el criterio de desempeño adoptado es la cobertura territorial para un cierto tiempo de respuesta al primer llamado. Como caso de estudio se empleó el sistema de emergencias de la ciudad de Bahía Blanca, una ciudad mediana en la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Se emplearon los datos registrados en la base de datos del servicio, correspondientes a un año de operación. Los estudios muestran que la relocalización de las bases/ambulancias permiten mejorar el criterio de desempeño a costa de reducir la robustez frente a un segundo y tercer llamado de emergencia en las zonas de alta demanda.

Two maiden bulldogs with cervical duplication were presented for breeding management. Dogs were successfully impregnated via endoscope-assisted transcervical insemination (TCI) and had their litters via cesarean surgery. A common uterine body between 2 cervical openings and 2 uterine horns was noticed (with no other reproductive abnormalities) at surgery. Duplication of the cervix has apparently not been previously described in dogs. With TCI becoming a more frequently used method of breeding, it is probable that defects involving failed or incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric duct during embryological development will be more frequently observed by clinicians.

Continental arcs are key sites of granitic magmatism, yet details of the origins of these magmas, including the role and contribution of mafic magma, the timing and location of initial zircon formation and how zircon isotopic signatures relate to granite formation, remain as challenges. Here we use U–Pb dating, trace elements and Hf isotopic systematics of zircon in mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs), from the convergent plate margin Satkatbong diorite (SKD) in Korea to understand lower arc magmatism and zircon production. The host granitic body and MMEs display similar major element evolutionary trends and similar ranges of Sr, Nd and Hf isotopes, implying a cognatic relationship. Zircons show a large variability in ε Hf ( t ) ( c. 6 units) and age (>30 Ma). We propose that the SKD and MMEs originated from the same, long-lasting, lower crustal mush reservoir, enabling long and variable residence times for zircons. Prolonged zircon ages, combined with the Hf isotope variability within a single pluton (SKD and its MME), indicate that not all zircons were instantaneously crystallized in a rapidly cooling shallow magma chamber but were continuously formed in a long-lasting hot source. A low-melt-fraction mush type reservoir in a deep crustal hot zone provides a viable model for the source setting. Continuous replenishment of mafic magmas acts as the main re-activator of the reservoir, and provide a critical role in spawning zircons that record a long age span, because (1) the magma adds Zr into the reservoir, enabling it to reach zircon saturation and (2) the generated zircon grains are transported upward as antecrysts by flow inside of the reservoir. This means that antecrysts with different ages may mix with each other in the ascending magma body. The significance of this model is that a conclusive time of intrusion cannot be constrained by such zircon ages, as these antecrysts constitute inherited grains.

L’article cherche à comprendre comment Augustin a radicalement reformulé, depuis une perspective théologique, la notion politique de bien commun de l’antiquité classique. L’argument principal est que cette réinterprétation découle naturellement de la théologie néotestamentaire de la koinonia qui unit l’Eglise, comme le montre la lettre a Volusianus et les homélies sur l’Epitre aux Parthes. A partir de cette lecture, il devient alors plus aisé de comprendre la fameuse reformulation de la définition de société aux livres II et XIX de la Cité de Dieu. Nous concluons en identifiant les trois thèmes qui, à partir d’Augustin, seront étroitement associé à la notion de bien commun en occident : 1) Le bien commun n’est plus un concept, mais une Personne et un Espace. Christ, en son humanité, est le seul et unique Bien Commun du genre humain. 2) Le Bien Commun universel est d’ordre eschatologique ; dans l’histoire on ne peut parler au mieux que de biens communs partiel et imparfait. 3) La charité est le moteur de la dynamique d’accomplissement du Bien Commun universel dans l’histoire. The article seeks to understand how Augustine radically reformulated the political notion of the common good of classical antiquity, from a theological perspective. The main argument is that this reinterpretation follows naturally from the New Testament theology of the koinonia uniting the Church, as shown in the letter to Volusianus and Augustine's homilies on the Epistle to the Parthians. From this reading, it then becomes easier to understand the famous reformulation of the definition of society in books II and XIX of the City of God. We conclude by identifying the three themes that, from Augustine onwards, will be closely associated with the notion of the common good in the western political theology: 1) The common good is no longer a concept, but a Person and a Space: Christ in his humanity is the one and only Common Good of the human race. 2) The universal Common Good is eschatological; in history we can only speak of partial and imperfect common goods. 3) Charity is the driving force behind the dynamic fulfilling the universal Common Good in history.

Reference material results (S1) and scanning electron microscope images (S2)

The alkalinity of ocean island basalts (OIB), which form by upwelling thermo-chemical instabilities in the mantle, is often associated with the degree of melting. Yet it remains to be tested if alkalinity and the degree of melting are systematically associated with enriched mantle components. The Tasmantid Seamounts, which are fossil remnants of the Tasmantid mantle plume, comprise a north-south age-progressive submarine volcanic chain in the Coral and Tasman Seas East of Australia. Dredged seafloor lavas from nine seamounts along the seamount chain, ranging in age from 50 to 6.5 Ma, show a dichotomy in alkalinity, similar to those observed in other hotspot areas such as Hawai’i or Pitcairn. In radiogenic Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb isotope systematics, Tasmantid Seamount lavas form a continuum between EM1 and PREMA and are thus part of the prevalent EM1-PREMA association in the Pacific. However, their radiogenic Pb isotope systematics mark the Tasmantid plume as an individuum with no resemblance to any other plume. In stable Fe isotopes (expressed as δ57FePrim, which is the Fe isotopic composition calculated to primitive lavas along a liquid line of descent) alkali basalts are, on average, isotopically heavier than tholeiitic lavas, ranging in δ57FePrim from +0.10 to +0.21‰, unrelated to radiogenic isotope systematics, but with co-variations of δ57FePrim and Ti* (which is the primitive melt Ti content). These systematics point towards residual garnet as a key factor and thus indicate a solely petrologic relation between degrees of melting and Fe isotopes. Tholeiitic lavas exhibit a near-depleted mantle like isotopic composition (ranging in δ57FePrim from −0.01 to +0.22‰, median at δ57FePrim + 0.04‰), yet with values of up to δ57FePrim + 0.22‰ that require an isotopically heavy source of unknown origin. The lack of systematics between alkalinity and radiogenic isotope signatures indicates that temperature is the likely driving force for variable melting degrees in some samples over others. Based on these observations, we surmise that tholeiitic lavas form in the plume centre whereas alkaline lavas form at the cooler rim of the conduit. Mixing between melts and associated enriched components in the Tasmantid mantle plume may occur but, at least for alkaline lavas, only on a small scale.

Soil erosion continues to be one of the most serious environmental problems of our time and is exacerbated by progressive climate change. Until now, forests have been considered an ideal erosion control. However, even minor disturbances of the forest floor, for example, from heavy vehicles used for timber harvesting, can cause substantial sediment transport. An important countermeasure is the quick restoration of the uncovered soil surface by vegetation. To date, very little attention has been paid to the development of nonvascular plants, such as bryophytes, in disturbed areas of temperate forests and their impact on soil erosion. This study examined the natural succession of pioneer vegetation in skid trails on four soil substrates in a central European temperate forest and investigated their influence on soil erosion. For this purpose, rainfall simulations were conducted on small-scale runoff plots, and vegetation was continuously surveyed during the same period, primarily to map the development of bryophytes and the occurrence of biological soil crusts (biocrusts). Biocrusts appeared immediately after disturbance, consisting primarily of bryophyte protonemata and cyanobacteria as well as coccoid and filamentous algae that lost their biocrust characteristics as succession progressed. They were present from April to July 2019, with a particular expression in the skid trail that was on shale clay (Psilonotenton Formation) and silty clay loam substrate. In general, skid trails on clayey substrates showed considerably higher bryophyte cover and species richness. Although bryophytes were subsequently overtopped by vascular plants, they managed to coexist until their growth was restricted due to leaf litter fall. Brachythecium rutabulum and Oxyrrhynchium hians were the most important and persistent pioneer bryophyte species, while Dicranella schreberiana and Pohlia lutescens were volatile and quickly disappeared after spreading in the summer. Sediment discharge was 22 times higher on disturbed bare soil compared with undisturbed forest soil and showed the largest sediment removal in the wheel tracks. Counteracting this, soil erosion decreased with the recovery of surface vegetation and was particularly reduced with growing pioneer biocrusts in summer, but it again increased in winter, when vascular vegetation became dominant. This leads to the conclusion that the role of bryophyte-dominated biocrusts in forests has been underestimated so far, and they can contribute more to soil conservation at specific times of succession than vascular plants.

State constraints in AI Planning globally restrict the legal environment states. Standard planning languages make closed-domain and closed-world assumptions. Here we address open-world state constraints formalized by planning over a description logic (DL) ontology. Previously, this combination of DL and planning has been investigated for the light-weight DL DL-Lite. Here we propose a novel compilation scheme into standard PDDL with derived predicates, which applies to more expressive DLs and is based on the rewritability of DL queries into Datalog with stratified negation. We also provide a new rewritability result for the DL Horn-ALCHOIQ, which allows us to apply our compilation scheme to quite expressive ontologies. In contrast, we show that in the slight extension Horn-SROIQ no such compilation is possible unless the weak exponential hierarchy collapses. Finally, we show that our approach can outperform previous work on existing benchmarks for planning with DL ontologies, and is feasible on new benchmarks taking advantage of more expressive ontologies.

The Earth has evolved into a habitable planet through ongoing and complex cycling. Decades of field studies, geochemical analyses and computational approaches to integrate data into feasible geodynamic models reveal that Earth’s evolution was not linear but evolved in discrete phases. The timing of changes between these phases, their loci within Earth’s crust or between discrete cratonic terranes, and most importantly the drivers or tipping point for these changes, remain elusive.Integrating the record from the continental archive with knowledge of the ongoing cooling of the mantle and lithospheric rheology (parametrized for its evolving thermal state) allows us to determine that a number of different tectonic modes operated through the early history of the Earth. The temporal boundaries between these proposed different phases in tectonic mode are approximate, transitional, and correspond with the first recording of a key feature of that phase.Initial accretion and the moon forming impact resulted in a proto-Earth phase (ca. 4.57-4.45 Ga) likely characterized by a magma ocean. Its solidification produced the primitive Earth lithosphere that extended from ca. 4.45-3.80 Ga, which based on the very minor fragments preserved in younger cratons provides evidence for intra-lithospheric reworking, but which also likely involved intermittent and partial recycling of the lid through mantle overturn and meteoritic impacts. Evidence for craton formation and stabilization during the primitive (ca. 3.8 Ga to 3.2 Ga), and juvenile (ca. 3.2 Ga to 2.5 Ga) phases of Earth evolution likely reflects some degree of coupling between the convecting mantle and a lithosphere initially weak enough to favour an internally deformable, squishy-lid behaviour. These regions of deformable lithosphere likely oscillated spatially and temporally with regions of more rigid, plate like, behaviour leading to a transition to global plate tectonics by the end of the Archean (ca. 2.5 Ga). Evidence for assembly of rigid cratonic blocks in the late Archean along with their subsequent rifting and breakup followed by their reassembly along major linear orogenic belts in the Paleoproterozoic marks the clear inception of the supercontinent cycle in response to a plate tectonic framework of oceans opening and closing.Since solidification of the magma ocean early in Earth history, the available record suggests some degree of mantle-lithosphere coupling. The development and stabilization of cratons from 3.8-2.5 Ga provides evidence for the progressive development of rigid lithosphere and represents the inexorable precursor to the development of plate tectonics.

Despite being small in size, mosses fulfill vital roles in ecosystem functioning, especially in temperate ecosystems. Due to their unique ecology and physiology, they affect water and nutrient cycles, even at larger scales. This study investigated water-related interactions between soil and moss from the site scale of skid trails in temperate forests to the microscopic scale of individual structural moss traits. First, the natural succession of mosses in skid trails was surveyed, together with their effect on soil erosion using a rainfall simulator. Second, different soil-moss combinations and their impact on runoff formation, percolation, and sediment discharge were investigated. In addition, the temporal dynamics of soil water content were recorded during erosion measurements as well as during watering and subsequent desiccation. Third, a detailed study on how structural traits affect maximum water storage capacity (WSCmax) and its interactions with soil water content was conducted on the species level.Mosses appeared in our temperate forests as biocrusts during the first few weeks after disturbance and developed for four months until they formed a mature moss cover and biocrust characteristics steadily disappeared. Soil erosion was most reduced when moss-dominated biocrusts were abundant. In general, mosses made a major contribution to erosion control in skid trails after disturbance, showing stronger impacts than vascular plants. The different soil-moss combinations showed clear variations among bare & dry, bare & wet, moss & dry and moss & wet treatments in terms of surface runoff, percolated water volume and sediment discharge. Surface runoff and soil erosion were significantly decreased in the moss treatments, while the amount of percolated water was increased; however, these processes were superimposed by desiccation cracks and water repellency. Moss treatments exhibited lower water contents over time compared to bare treatments, highlighting the strong influence of moss covers and desiccation cracks on the soil water balance. During watering of soil-moss combinations, no clear relationships between water absorption and moss structural traits could be found, which suggests capillary spaces as important influencing factor. In general, mosses were no barrier for infiltration in case of high precipitation rates and they did not store much of the applied water themselves, but passed it on to the soil. During desiccation, mosses with high leaf area index had lower evaporation rates and they prevented desiccation of the substrate, although even dense moss covers did not completely seal the surface. WSCmax of the studied moss species varied widely, which could not be explained by their total surface area or leaf area index, and higher WSCmax values were correlated with low leaf area and high leaf frequency.Our results underlined the importance of mosses for the soil water balance and protection of soil against erosion in disturbed forest ecosystems. However, it became simultaneously apparent that the role of mosses in forest ecosystems is not yet fully understood and that there is still great potential for further research on soil-water relations and erosion control.

Epigenetic modifications, like DNA methylation, generate phenotypic diversity in fish and ultimately lead to adaptive evolutionary processes. Euryhaline marine species that migrate between salinity contrasted habitats have received little attention regarding the role of salinity on whole-genome DNA methylation. Investigation of salinity-induced DNA methylation in fish will help to better understand the potential role of this process in salinity acclimation. Using whole genome bisulfite sequencing, we compared DNA methylation patterns in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles in seawater and after freshwater transfer. We targeted the gill as a crucial organ involved in plastic responses to environmental changes. To investigate the function of DNA methylation in gills, we performed RNAseq and assessed DNA methylome-transcriptome correlations. We showed a negative correlation between gene expression levels and DNA methylation levels in promoters, first introns and exons. A significant effect of salinity on DNA methylation dynamics with an overall DNA hypomethylation in freshwater-transferred fish compared to seawater controls was demonstrated. This suggests a role of DNA methylation changes in salinity acclimation. Genes involved in key functions as metabolism, ion transport and transepithelial permeability (junctional complexes) were differentially methylated and expressed between salinity conditions. Expression of genes involved in mitochondrial metabolism was increased as well as the expression of DNA methyltransferases 3a. This study reveals novel aspects on the link of DNA methylation and gene expression patterns.

Cognitive function is an indicator for global physical and mental health, and cognitive impairment has been associated with poorer life outcomes and earlier mortality. A standard cognition test, adapted to a rural-dwelling African community, and the Oxford Cognition Screen-Plus were used to capture cognitive performance as five continuous traits (total cognition score, verbal episodic memory, executive function, language, and visuospatial ability) for 2,246 adults in this population of South Africans. A novel common variant, rs73485231, reached genome-wide significance for association with episodic memory using data for ~14 million markers imputed from the H3Africa genotyping array data. Window-based replication of previously implicated variants and regions of interest support the discovery of African-specific associated variants despite the small population size and low allele frequency. This African genome-wide association study identifies suggestive associations with general cognition and domain-specific cognitive pathways and lays the groundwork for further genomic studies on cognition in Africa.

The purpose of the present study was to develop a novel active in-vitro shoulder simulator to emulate all forms of planar and non-planar glenohumeral motions with active muscle simulation on cadaver specimens or shoulder models and to critically evaluate its performance. A physiologic shoulder simulator, driven using simulated muscle force, was developed to dynamically realize accurate kinematic control in all three rotational degrees of freedom (DOF) under physiological kinetic boundaries. The control algorithm of the simulator was implemented using three parallel running independent control loops, which regulate the forces of individual muscles in the respect DOF and work asynchronously in disparate sequences adapted to specific motions (abduction, flexion/extension and rotation). Three cadaveric specimens were used to evaluate the kinematic and kinetic performance of the simulator during simulated motions. High kinematic accuracy (maximum mean deviation ≤ 2.35° and RMSE 1.13°) and repeatability (maximum and average SD of ≤ 1.21° and 0.67°) were observed in all three rotational DOF investigated. The reliabilities of all individual muscle forces actuated in the simulator during planar and non-planar motions were generally excellent, with the 95% CIs of ICC estimates of > 0.90 for most instances (30/36). A novel shoulder simulator with active muscle simulation was developed and evaluated. Its capability to reproduce kinematics and kinetics in a physiological range for all DOF was systematically evaluated for multiple kinetic and kinematic outcome variables. The presented simulator is a powerful tool for investigating the biomechanics of physiological and pathological shoulder joints and to evaluate various surgical interventions. Acquisition of reliable data in joint kinetics and translational kinematics during active motions is critical to assess shoulder pathologies and appropriate treatments. We provide a unique muscle activated physiologic shoulder simulator, which allows the comprehensive acquisition of joint kinematic and kinetic data during repeated realistic planar and non-planar motions.

ATM and DNA-PKcs coordinate the DNA damage response at multiple levels following the exposure to chemotherapy. The Topoisomerase II poison etoposide (ETO) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent that induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), but it is responsible from the chromosomal rearrangements frequently found in therapy-related secondary tumors. Targeted inhibition of DNA-PKcs in ATM-defective tumors combined with radio- or chemotherapy has been proposed as relevant therapies. Here, we explored the DNA repair mechanisms and the genetic consequences of targeting the non-oncogenic addiction to DNA-PKcs of ATM-defective tumor cells after exposure to ETO. We demonstrated that chemical inhibition of DNA-PKcs followed by treatment with ETO resulted in the accumulation of chromatid breaks and decreased mitotic index in both A-T cells and ATM-knocked-down (ATM

This paper presents a new kind of problem in the ethics of distribution. The problem takes the form of several ‘calibration dilemmas’, in which intuitively reasonable aversion to small-stakes inequalities requires leading theories of distribution to recommend intuitively unreasonable aversion to large-stakes inequalities. We first lay out a series of such dilemmas for prioritarian theories. We then consider a widely endorsed family of egalitarian views and show that they are subject to even more forceful calibration dilemmas than prioritarian theories. Finally, we show that our results challenge common utilitarian accounts of the badness of inequalities in resources.

The main challenge for acidic water electrolysis is the lack of active and stable oxygen evolution catalysts based on abundant materials, which are globally scalable. Iridium oxide is the only material which is active and stable. However, Ir is extremely rare. While both active materials and stable materials exist, those that are active are usually not stable and vice versa. In this work, we present a new design strategy for activating stable materials originally deemed unsuitable due to a semiconducting nature and wide band gap energy. These stable semiconductors cannot change oxidation state under the relevant reaction conditions. Based on DFT calculations, we find that adding an n-type dopant facilitates oxygen binding on semiconductor surfaces. The binding is, however, strong and prevents further binding or desorption of oxygen. By combining both n-type and p-type dopants, the reactivity can be tuned so that oxygen can be adsorbed and desorbed under reaction conditions. The tuning results from the electrostatic interactions between the dopants as well as between the dopants and the binding site. This concept is experimentally verified on TiO2 by co-substituting with different pairs of n- and p-type dopants. Our findings suggest that the co-substitution approach can be used to activate stable materials, with no intrinsic oxygen evolution activity, to design new catalysts for acid water electrolysis.

Background Studies of brain functional connectivity (FC) typically involve massive univariate tests, performing statistical analysis on each individual connection. In this study, we apply a novel whole-matrix regression approach referred to as covariate assisted principal regression to identify resting-state FC brain networks associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and response control. Methods Participants included 8- to 12-year-old children with ADHD (n = 115; 29 girls) and typically developing control children (n = 102; 35 girls) who completed a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan and a Go/NoGo task. We modeled three sets of covariates to identify resting-state networks associated with an ADHD diagnosis, sex, and response inhibition (commission errors) and variability (ex-Gaussian parameter tau). Results The first network includes FC between striatal-cognitive control (CC) network subregions and thalamic-default mode network (DMN) subregions and is positively related to age. The second consists of FC between CC-visual-somatomotor regions and between CC-DMN subregions and is positively associated with response variability in boys with ADHD. The third consists of FC within the DMN and between DMN-CC-visual regions and differs between boys with and without ADHD. The fourth consists of FC between visual-somatomotor regions and between visual-DMN regions and differs between girls and boys with ADHD and is associated with response inhibition and variability in boys with ADHD. Unique networks were also identified in each of the three models, suggesting some specificity to the covariates of interest. Conclusions These findings demonstrate the utility of our novel covariance regression approach to studying functional brain networks relevant for development, behavior, and psychopathology.

Geochemical and isotopic data are presented for ~ 32 Ma-old high-K andesites and dacites from the Alpine Chain. The samples consist of plagioclase, amphibole, titanomagnetite and rare biotite and quartz. Geochemical and isotope data indicate that slab-derived fluids, sediment melts and presumably AFC processes involving continental crust played a key role in the petrogenesis of the high-K rocks. A contribution of fluids is suggested based on the overall enrichment of large-ion lithophile elements and related high Ba/La, Ba/Zr, Ba/Th, Ba/Nb and Pb/Nd, sometimes distinctively higher than average continental crust. Positively correlated Ba/Nb–Th/Nb relationships, low Ce/Pb, low Nb/U and a negative correlation of Pb isotopes with Ce/Pb and Nb/U and positive ∆ 7/4 and ∆ 8/4 values similar to GLOSS imply the additional involvement of a sediment-derived melt. Negatively correlated Nb/Ta–Zr/Hf ratios at overall low Nb/Ta (13–7.5) are best explained by parental magma differentiation involving amphibole and biotite in a continental arc system. The samples have moderately unradiogenic Nd (εNd: – 2.0 to – 6.7) and radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr isotope compositions (0.7085–0.7113), moderately radiogenic Pb isotope compositions (206Pb/204Pb: 18.50–18.72; 207Pb/204Pb: 15.59–15.65; 208Pb/204Pb: 38.30–38.67), and elevated δ18O values (+ 6.5 to + 9.1 ‰). Epsilon Hf isotope values range from + 2.5 to – 4.0. Negative εHf(t) and εNd(t) values and 206Pb/204Pb ratios are correlated with elevated K2O abundances that indicate enrichment in K2O is related to AFC processes. The offset of εHf at a given εNd points to involvement of aged garnet-bearing crustal lithologies. The latter feature is qualitatively consistent with modification of unexposed primary basaltic andesites by AFC processes involving deep crustal material. In conclusion, in an Alpine context, inferred unexposed primitive high-K basaltic to andesitic melts are generated in the mantle wedge through fluid infiltration from the descending slab where fluids may have caused also partial melting of sedimentary rocks that mixed with evolving andesite–dacite compositions towards shallow-level intrusive and extrusive rocks. High-K and related trace element and isotope features thus result from a combination of already elevated values with participation of fluids and melts and probably AFC processes.

Fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) are finding more and more applications in many industrial sectors. The growth in material use simultaneously leads to larger volumes of end-of-life materials and FRP are generally difficult to recycle. This also applies to FRP with a thermoplastic matrix. One possibility is the approach of structural reuse by reshaping continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (organosheets). In this process, end-of-life (EOL) components are remelted and formed back into semi-finished products. However, the multiple thermal processes can damage the matrix. In addition, the frequent forming processes lead to fiber breaks and displacements of the reinforcement architecture. In order to assess the level and impact of matrix and fiber damage, various forming and reforming processes were performed on selected materials, which were then investigated using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy and tensile tests. The results of the ATR spectroscopy show no evidence of damage to the matrix. In contrast, slight to moderate decreases in the characteristic values as a result of multiple deformations can be observed in the results of the tensile tests. However, the experiments and material tests show the potential that this approach can produce high quality secondary materials. A comparison is made here with mechanically recycled and compounded injection molding materials.