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Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 cause pneumonia can spread across the lung and lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in severe cases. Post-exposure prophylaxis has shown great potential to prevent the transmission of some viral infections; however, such results for COVID-19 are still inconclusive. Methods: Therefore, the aim of this study was to systematically review the resources that utilized postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) for COVID-19 and the possible clinical benefits of such drugs. An organized search of relevant literature was done using the keywords and search queries on public databases of Cochrane, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus from December 2019 to August 23, 2021. Original resources that had the inclusion criteria were included after two-phase title/abstract and full-text screenings. This review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalysis (PRISMA) statement. Results: Out of 841 retrieved records 17 resources were appropriate to include in the systematic review. Hydroxychloroquine with a daily dose of 400-800 mg and a duration of 5-14 days was the most frequently used agent for PEP. Chloroquine was recommended to use to control treatment in patients with mild to severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Other agents like Lopinavir-ritonavir (LPV/r), angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), Vitamin D, arbidol, thymosin drugs, and Xin guan no.1 (XG.1, a Chinese formula medicine) have also been applied in some studies. Conclusion: Current evidence demonstrated no established clinical benefits of any drug as PEP in individuals with COVID-19. However, scarce indication occurs for the beneficial effects of some agents, but more studies are needed to explore such effects.

Introduction: Earlier studies demonstrated a decreased level of physical activity (PA) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the relevant studies among various age groups and explore the impact on physical and mental health. Methods: We searched and retrieved all relevant articles using the keywords on the online databases of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane from the start of the pandemic until May 3rd, 2021. A two-phase screening process of identified records was carried out to shortlist the most relevant studies. First, the studies were evaluated based on their title/abstract, and then the full-text of included studies was thoroughly read. The eligible studies based on the eligibility criteria were included in this review. Results: A total of 57 studies were included based on the eligibility criteria. Lockdowns and infection with SARS-CoV-2 have led to a decreased level of PA in the general population compared to the pre-pandemic era. Men had significantly less PA compared to women in some studies, probably due to higher pre-pandemic PA. The level of PA among those with chronic diseases also significantly diminished, putting them at a higher risk of cardiovascular incidents. Sedentary lifestyles have dominated people’s life, including adolescents and university students. The increased levels of mental health issues, such as depression, anxiety, and occupational stress, have been suggested to contribute to the decreased PA. On the other hand, the decreased PA appeared to lead to more mental health issues. Fortunately, the decreasing trend of PA seemed to taper towards the end of the quarantines. Conclusion: Overall, the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent quarantines reduced PA among all age groups and both sexes and had detrimental effects on people's physical and mental health. We suggest countries implement strategies to alleviate restrictions and encourage people to exercise in safe environments and prepare healthy routines for themselves.

Introduction: Mobile-based applications play a leading role in changes in life-style, improve medication adherence, and provide a unique opportunity to aid patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) elevate their healthcare level. Therefore, we aim to design and develop a mobile-based self-care application for patients with T2DM. Methods: The present study was an applied and developmental study to design and develop a mobile-based self-care application for people living with T2DM conducted in 2020. The design and development of the T2DM self-care application were done in 2 main phases of determining the key features and capabilities, and design and development of the T2DM self-care mobile app. Results: We identified the main model and a set of capabilities and features for the T2DM self-care application. By content analysis on 32 different applications and a previous study by the author, 18 features were extracted for the T2DM self-care mobile app. JAVA programming languages were used to design T2DM applications. Moreover, because of the cost-effectiveness, the Android operating system (AOS) was selected as a platform, and because of the widespread use of smartphones; these phones were chosen as the format of T2DM self-care application. Conclusions: In this study, we design and develop a mobile-based self-care application for patients with type 2 diabetes that shows potential in solving the shortcomings of mobile apps for diabetes care. By utilizing the T2DM self-care mobile app we are able to deploy a self-care application with a wide range of functionality such as text messaging, blood glucose monitoring, insulin dose suggestions, educational messaging, metabolic management, pedometer counts, and reporting. Future studies are needed to develop self-care applications for a different type of diabetes with different functions of diabetes care.

Scientists and healthcare workers have expressed their concerns on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on vaccination coverage in children and adolescents. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the studies addressing this issue worldwide.We conducted a systematic search of relevant studies using the keywords on databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane on May 22, 2021. The identified records were imported into EndNote software and underwent a two-phase screening process consisting of title/abstract and full-text screenings against inclusion criteria. The data of the included studies were summarized into a table and the findings were analyzed in a systematic approach.From 26 eligible studies, 21 studies demonstrated decreased vaccination rates in the children during the COVID-19 pandemic, while three studies found increased or no significant changes only in influenza vaccination. The two remaining studies from Brazil and Sweden also showed no significant changes in vaccination rates in the children during the pandemic.Most of the reports worldwide reported a decline or delay in vaccination at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. A sustained catch-up program seems to be necessary, especially in low-income countries, to avoid any vaccine dose missing. Facilitating the vaccination process is recommended, such as decreasing the waiting time for vaccination at the health center, addressing the fear and concerns related to COVID infection for parents, and enhancing vaccine availability, and promoting access in remote areas. Countries should ensure proper vaccination to prevent future pandemics related to vaccine-preventable diseases.

Objective: Numerous comorbidities are involved in the severity of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Hypothyroidism's impact on COVID-19 is yet to be understood properly. Cellular immunity and different cytokines, on the other hand, are thought to play a role in the development and progress of COVID-19 and thyroid disease, according to earlier research. The goal of this study was to find out how common (prevalent) hypothyroidism was among COVID-19 patients and its possible influence on the disease prognosis on hospitalized patients at a Tehran University Hospital.Methods: Demographic information and other data related to our study, mainly comorbidities, were collected from 493 COVID-19 patients’ medical records and analyzed.Results: We identified that hypothyroidism was significantly prevalent in hospitalized COVID-19 patients than in the general population. Overall, in patients with hypothyroidism (n=65), n=21(32.3%) patients expired of whom 14 (66.7%) patients were females and 7 (33.3%) were males. In these patients, no statistically significant difference was observed between the expired and discharged groups (Adjusted Odds Ratio (ORadj): 1.04 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.59-1.83 p-value=0.87). As a result, hypothyroidism was not linked to an increased risk of death.Conclusion: In this current study, we demonstrated that the prevalence of hypothyroidism was higher in hospitalized COVID-19 patients than in the normal population especially in females but without significant adverse effects on the risk of mortality from this disease.

Objective: Understanding the minimum infective dose is significant for risk assessment in the performance of suitable infection control strategies in healthcare centers. However, the literature lacks strong evidence regarding this value for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the minimum infectious dose of coronavirus disease 2019. Methods: We searched the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane and retrieved all the relevant literature by 25 July 2021. The records were downloaded into the EndNote software and underwent title/abstract and full-text screenings. A summary of included studies was organized into tables for further analysis, interpretation, and drafting of the results. Results: Nineteen studies including the laboratory data on human and animal hosts were selected based on the eligibility criteria. All the literature reported on the infective dose, particularly in humans. The main methods for measurement of infection were through tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) and counting plaque-forming units. The range of minimum infective was 1.26–7 × 106.25 PFU. Conclusion: In this study, we have presented a range of minimum infective doses in humans and various animal species. Such numbers can possibly vary between the individuals based on numerous demographic, immunologic, or other factors.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-smo-10.1177_20503121221115053 for Minimum infective dose of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 based on the current evidence: A systematic review by SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Amirali Karimi, Hengameh Mojdeganlou, Zahra Pashaei, Pegah Mirzapour, Ahmadreza Shamsabadi, Alireza Barzegary, Fatemeh Afroughi, Soheil Dehghani, Nazanin Janfaza, Amirata Fakhfouri, Sepideh Khodaei, Esmaeil Mehraeen and Omid Dadras in SAGE Open Medicine

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-smo-10.1177_20503121221115053 for Minimum infective dose of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 based on the current evidence: A systematic review by SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Amirali Karimi, Hengameh Mojdeganlou, Zahra Pashaei, Pegah Mirzapour, Ahmadreza Shamsabadi, Alireza Barzegary, Fatemeh Afroughi, Soheil Dehghani, Nazanin Janfaza, Amirata Fakhfouri, Sepideh Khodaei, Esmaeil Mehraeen and Omid Dadras in SAGE Open Medicine

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-smo-10.1177_20503121221115053 for Minimum infective dose of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 based on the current evidence: A systematic review by SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Amirali Karimi, Hengameh Mojdeganlou, Zahra Pashaei, Pegah Mirzapour, Ahmadreza Shamsabadi, Alireza Barzegary, Fatemeh Afroughi, Soheil Dehghani, Nazanin Janfaza, Amirata Fakhfouri, Sepideh Khodaei, Esmaeil Mehraeen and Omid Dadras in SAGE Open Medicine

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-smo-10.1177_20503121221115053 for Minimum infective dose of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 based on the current evidence: A systematic review by SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Amirali Karimi, Hengameh Mojdeganlou, Zahra Pashaei, Pegah Mirzapour, Ahmadreza Shamsabadi, Alireza Barzegary, Fatemeh Afroughi, Soheil Dehghani, Nazanin Janfaza, Amirata Fakhfouri, Sepideh Khodaei, Esmaeil Mehraeen and Omid Dadras in SAGE Open Medicine

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-smo-10.1177_20503121211051573 for Predictors of hospital mortality among patients with COVID-19 in Tehran, Iran by Fatemeh Esfahanian, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Nazanin Janfaza and Marcarious M. Tantuoyir in SAGE Open Medicine

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-smo-10.1177_20503121211051573 for Predictors of hospital mortality among patients with COVID-19 in Tehran, Iran by Fatemeh Esfahanian, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Nazanin Janfaza and Marcarious M. Tantuoyir in SAGE Open Medicine