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Wheat growth, development and yield are severely affected by a wide range of abiotic stresses, and salt stress is a vital and increasing abiotic stress. Salicylic acid (SA) is a phenolic phytohormone involved in plant physiological processes. Hence, we have conducted an experiment to explore the roles of exogenous SA in mitigating salt stress in two wheat genotypes. There were eight treatments comprising (i) control, (ii) 0.5 mM SA, (iii) 1.0 mM SA, (iv) 1.5 mM SA, (v) salinity (12 dS m−1), (vi) salinity + 0.5 mM SA, (vii) salinity + 1.0 mM SA and (viii) salinity + 1.5 mM SA with two wheat genotypes viz G 200-4 and BARI gom-25. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with five replications. During the vegetative stage, salt stress significantly reduced the relative water content (RWC), photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and growth characteristics of both wheat genotypes, while the exogenous application of SA in salt-stressed plants significantly improved the RWC, gas exchange activities and growth performance of both the genotypes. The leaf chlorophyll content was also degraded due to salinity treatment, although it was mitigated by the exogenous application of SA. The imposition of salt significantly reduced the number of days required for maturity, yield-contributing characteristics and the yield of both the wheat genotypes. Salt stress also significantly increased Na+ concentrations and the Na+/K+ ratio, while the K+ concentrations was decreased significantly in both the wheat genotypes. However, the exogenous application of SA in salt-stressed plants significantly reduced the salt stress effects and increased the growth and yield of wheat genotypes by enhancing RWC, gas exchange activities and photosynthetic pigments and maintaining lower Na+ concentrations and a Na+/K+ ratio. Therefore, the findings of this study suggested that the exogenous application of SA improved the salt tolerance of both wheat genotypes.

In less developed country like Bangladesh, perinatal asphyxia remains a major cause of death and disability. Disorders of electrolytes are one of the common derangements encountered in critically ill asphyxiated neonates. It may remain unrecognized leading to morbidity and mortality irrespective of the primary problem. Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH (SIADH) causes hyponatraemia in perinatal asphyxia. Metabolic acidosis may further exaggerate hyponatraemia. Where as in hypernatraemia there is an absolute or relative deficit of water in relation to body sodium. Hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia may aggravate the neurological morbidity in asphyxiated infants. Metabolic acidosis may causes hyperkalamia. On the other hand respiratory acidosis may cause hypochloraemia and renal tubular damage in perinatal asphyxia may further cause loss of potassium leading to hypokalaemia. This study has been conducted to find out the pattern of electrolyte abnormalities in asphyxiated neonates. In the study out of 133 asphyxiated babies 40 (30.1%) were hyponatremic. Hypokalaemia observed in 8 (6.0%) asphyxiated babies. Hyperkalaemia was found in 28 (21.1%) asphyxiated neonates in this study. Immediate measurements of serum electrolyte followed by appropriate fluid and electrolytes therapy can reduce the overall morbidity and mortality in asphyxiated neonates.KYAMC Journal Vol. 7, No.-2, Jan 2017, Page 775-779

Effect of water deficit stress on growth and yield of three wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties, viz. BARI Gom 25, BARI Gom 26 and Sourav was studied. Water deficit lowered the light interception at anthesis in wheat. Under water deficit condition, the highest amount of PAR interception was recorded in BARI Gom 26. The reduction of leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were less in BARI Gom 26. Water deficit conditions lowered the SPAD values in all the three wheat varieties. BARI Gom 26 showed less reduction, while BARI Gom 25 reflected the highest reduction in SPAD value under water deficit condition. Under water deficit condition the maximum number of spikelets/spike, 1000- grain weight and HI were recorded in BARI Gom 26 and the minimum in BARI Gom 25. Under both control and water deficit conditions BARI Gom 26 gave the highest grain yield, while the lowest grain yield was obtained from BARI Gom 25.Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 29(2): 163-172, December-2016

Injudicious use of nitrogen fertilizer is very commonly practice in tropical and subtropical regions. SPAD (Soil-Plant Analysis Development) chlorophyll meter-based nitrogen top-dressing may reduce the risk of under or over application. Considering this, the study was conducted to measure the relative advantage of dynamic methods of nitrogen fertilization over conventional method in wheat field. For this, conventional nitrogen (CN) treatments i.e. CN60, CN90, CN120, CN150 at 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1 were compared with four chlorophyll meter-based dynamic nitrogen (DN) treatments i.e. DN80, DN90, DN120, DN100 at 80, 90, 120 and 100 kg ha-1 nitrogen. Irrespective of treatments, SPAD meter readings remained above 45 (threshold value) beyond 50 days after seeding, but plant performance varied depending on the methods and doses used in nitrogen top-dressing. Treatment CN150 performed better displaying the highest SPAD values, total dry matter production, leaf area index, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate resulting to the highest grain yield (5.10 t/ha) in wheat. The plant performance in DN120, DN100, DN90 and CN120 treatments were statistically similar to that of CN150 in respect of all most all plant characters studied. Comparing with CN treatments, DN treatments resulted in better plant growth and grain yield at the same level of nitrogen fertilizer. This is because of maintaining need-based fertilizer at early stage of wheat and application of appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer in each time in DN treatments compared to CN treatments. The result suggests that chlorophyll meter can be effectively used for real time nitrogen top-dressing to increase productivity of wheat.

Background: Weed control is an important issue for the proper growth of wheat. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to see the effect of selected herbicides on weed infestation behavior in wheat field; to determine the effect of herbicides on growth and development of wheat plants, and to evaluate the effect of herbicides on yield performance of wheat. Methodology: A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh during November to May 2011 -2012. Four herbicides were tested at recommended dose alone and also coupled with supplemental hand weeding in wheat crop. In addition, a weedy check (control) was also imposed for treatment comparison. The herbicides were Pendimethalin, Carfentrazone-ethyl + Isoproturon, Carfentrazone-ethyl and 2,4-D. In this way, nine treatment combinations were arranged in the RCBD experiment with three replications. Result: Carfentrazone-ethyl performed the best in terms of weed control efficiency (79.68%), while Pendimethalin performed the worst (52.74%). Carfentrazone-ethyl + Isoproteuron contributed to the highest tillers per unit area (226.3 m -2 ) and the highest total dry matter (1342 g m -2 ). Finally, Carfentrazone-ethyl + Isoproteuron also contributed to the highest grain yield of 3.56 t ha -1 with the highest harvest index of 0.42. Carfentrazone-ethyl + Isoproteuron accompanied by one hand weeding also contributed to statistically identical grain yield of 3.33 t ha -1 . Single ingredient Carfentrazone-ethyl alone and when accompanied with one hand weeding also contributed to statistically identical grain yields of 3.26 t ha -1 and 3.46 t ha -1 , respectively. Conclusion: The study revealed that, combined ingredient herbicide Carfentrazone-ethyl + Isoproteuron as well as Carfentrazone-ethyl alone might used at field level due to their better weed control efficiency, favourable effect on crop growth and development and higher grain yield. Journal of Science Foundation 2014;12(2):27-33 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v12i2.27734

An experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Salna, Gazipur during November 2011 to May 2012 to determine the effect of pre-emergence herbicide Pretilachlor @ 75%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175% and 200% of the recommended dose under two water management regime i.e. continuous flooding and field capacity on weed suppression and yield performance of Boro rice cv. BRRIdhan28. One weed free and one control (unweeded) treatment were also imposed for treatment comparison. The experiment was laid down in Split Plot design with three replications. Standard management practices for transplanted rice were followed. Continuous flooding was found to contribute better weed control efficiency than field capacity. At 60 DAT, the highest weed control efficiency of 65.75% was found in the treatment receiving Pretilachlor @ 125% of the recommended dose under continuous flooding and the least (54.76%) was found in the treatment receiving 75% of the recommended dose under field capacity. Continuous flooding contributed to more tillers than field capacity, and herbicide up to 125% of the recommended dose enhanced tillering in rice. At 75DAT the highest number of tillers (17.53 hill -1 ) were found in the plots receiving Pretilachlor @ 125% of the recommended dose under good water management (W1T3), while the lowest (11.10 hill -1 ) was recorded in W2T6 treatment receiving Pretilachlor @ 200% of the recommended dose under field capacity. The highest tiller mortality (27.90%) was observed in W1T3 treatment, whereas the least (8.06%) was observed in W2T5 treatment receiving the same herbicide @175% of the recommended dose under field capacity. Application of Pretilachlor at recommended dose under continuous flooding contributed to the highest crop dry matter production (1144.60g m -2 ) thus leading to the highest grain yield of 6.31 t ha -1 being followed by the treatment receiving Pretilachlor @ 125% of the recommended dose under same water management yielding 5.95 t ha -1 along with the highest harvest index of 0.58. Results revealed that Pretilachlor at recommended dose might be considered as viable option for weed management in transplanted Boro rice cultivation for effective weed management and satisfactory grain yield provided that appropriate water management is adopted. Journal of Science Foundation 2014;12(2):39-46 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v12i2.27737

Background: Mortality risk is quite variable among fibrinolytic treated ST elevation myocardial infarction patients. Careful and early risk evaluation of each patient is therefore important. Until now, the most evaluated biomarker has been troponin I on admission, which gives strong prognostic information. NT pro BNP has shown reasonable promise in predicting the adverse outcome of STEMI. This research will provide the information regarding its efficacy as a predictor of adverse outcome following STEMI. Objective: To assess the prognostic value of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in fibrinolytic treated ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. Method: This short term prospective study was done in Cardiology dept. of BSMMU. We valuated 115 patients of STEMI admitted within 12 hours and receiving thrombolytic therapy. Venous blood sample was collected for NT pro BNP before starting fibrinolytic therapy. Additional clinical data was recorded including detailed complications of STEMI. Results: Out of 115 patients of STEMI 32.2% patient had adverse outcome among them 9.6% patients died, heart failure 13.0%, cardiogenic shock 7.8%, VT & VF 5.2%, acute MR 2.6%, VSR 0.9%, CHB 2.6% and 67.8% patient had no adverse outcome. According to association between hospital outcomes with N-terminal pro BNP level, it was observed that the mean Nterminal pro BNP level was higher in adverse outcome group. Based on the receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves N-Terminal Pro BNP level gave a cut off value ?480.0 pg/ml, with 88.5% sensitivity and 100.0% specificity for prediction of complications and similarly N-terminal pro BNP level gave a cut off value ?725.5 pg/ml, with 72.7% sensitivity and 93.3% specificity for prediction of mortality. Conclusion: N-Terminal Pro BNP level was highly sensitive and very much effective in the evaluation of adverse outcome of fibrinolytic treated ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).University Heart Journal Vol. 11, No. 1, January 2015; 13-17

Background: Distorted terminal portion of QRS complex on initial electrocardiogram ( ECG) in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction ( STEMI) is a strong predictor of adverse outcome. Objectives: Our purpose of this study was to assess the relationship of distortion of QRS on initial ECG in STEMI with chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Methods: We evaluated 60 patients of STEMI admitted within 12 hours and receiving thrombolytic therapy. Patients having serum creatinine < 1.5 mg/dl were group-I and ?1.5 mg/dl were group-II. We defined two ECG groups according to absence of distortion of terminal QRS and presence of distorted terminal QRS in two or more adjacent leads. Distorted QRS group further divided into pattern-A – J point originating at ?50% of height of R wave in leads with qR configuration and pattern B- S wave is absent in leads with RS configuration. Additionally study population was divided into two groups on the basis of serum creatinine level. Results: CKD patients had more QRS distortion (43.2% vs 68.8%, p=0.008) and worse inhospital outcome. Out of 60 patients 7(11.6%) death, 16(26.7%) heart failure and 37(61.7%) uneventful recovery. Hospital mortality and heart failure were significantly higher in STEMI with CKD group (4.5% vs 31%, p=0.004; 16% vs 56%, p=0.001; respectively), uneventful recovery was significantly higher in STEMI without CKD group(12.5% vs 80%, p=

Background: A history of ischemic-type discomfort & the initial 12- lead ECG are the primary tools for screening patients with acute myocardial infarction in the emergency department. ST elevation in inferior leads indicates an evolving myocardial infarction of the inferoposterior wall. The outcome of patients with inferoposterior myocardial infarction due to occlusion of right coronary artery depends mainly on the location of occlusion (distal versus proximal). Hypothesis: Value of ST-segment depression in lateral leads (I and aVL) and ST-segment changes in lead V1 to predict the site of right coronary artery occlusion in the case of an inferoposterior myocardial infarction. Objective: To predict the site of right coronary artery (RCA) occlusion ( proximal or distal) in acute inferoposterior myocardial infarction by ST segment depression in leads 1 & aVL and ST-segment changes( is electric/ elevated or depressed) in V1.Methods and Results: A total of fifty four patients of ST-segment elevation inferoposterior wall AMI due to suspected RCA occlusion, admitted within 12 hours of onset of chest pain, and subsequently underwent coronary angiography during hospitalization, were selected for the study. Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of angiographic findings: proximal RCA occlusion (group I) and distal RCA occlusion (group II). A 12 lead ECG was taken on admission. ST segment deviation in lateral leads (I & aVL) as well as in precordial lead (V1) was calculated. Isoelectric or elevated ST-segment in V1 predicted proximal RCA occlusion whereas depressed ST-segment predicted distal RCA occlusion. It was demonstrated that, STsegment changes in precordial lead (V1) was a sensitive & specific marker to discriminate proximal & distal RCA occlusion in inferoposterior wall AMI with high positive & negative predictive value, but ST-segment changes in lateral leads (I & aVL) although more specific for proximal RCA occlusion did not seem to be of clinical value due to its low sensitivity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/uhj.v7i2.10844 University Heart. Journal Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2011

The initial ECG in patients with acute inferior MI may have a great value to identify the subgroup of patients who are at high risk by predicting multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD). These patients, therefore, may benefit from a more invasive approach. ST segment depression in leads V4 to V6 but not V1 to V3 confers a greater likelihood of multivessel CAD. The aim of the study to correlate between ST-depression in ECG on admission & severity of coronary lesion in angiogram in acute inferior MI. This study was undertaken in the department of cardiology of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University and in Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital & Research Institute from March 2009 to October 2010. Patients (total 93) of acute inferior MI, who were presented within 12hrs of onset of symptoms and got intravenous thrombolytics were divided into three groups after initial ECG, group A-without precordial ST-segment depression, group B- maximal precordial STsegment depression in leads V1–V3 and group C- maximal precordial ST-segment depression in leads V4– V6.CAG was done within six weeks of MI and findings of CAG were compared among the groups. Age, sex, distribution of risk factors were identical among the groups. Significant number (53.8%) of patients in group C had a lower ejection fraction (LVEF< 50%) than group B (30%) and group A (10.8%) (p=0.001). Patients of group C more often had double vessel disease (38.5% p=0.007) and triple vessel disease (30.8%) (p=0.014). In contrast, single vessel disease was more common in group B (80%) (p=0.001). Involvement of LAD was also significantly higher in group-C (73.1% p= 0.001). Left precordial ST depression (lead V4-V6) correlates with multivessel CAD, a trend toward a higher rate of LAD artery disease and is associate with LV dysfunction. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/uhj.v7i2.10839 University Heart. Journal Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2011

A study was conducted in four selected upazilas under four coastal districts through participatory rural appraisal (PRA), household survey and monitoring, sampling, focal group discussions, personal interview, onfarm field visits, institutional consultations, and secondary information. The investigation revealed that the valuable natural resources of the whole region are at the verge of serious degradation. Various causes have been identified, which are responsible for degradation of both resources and production environments. These causes include human population growth, coastal embankment, upstream withdrawal of Ganges water, brackish water shrimp farming, salt production, use of agro-chemicals, industrial activities, commercial activities, over-exploitation, etc. The study also showed that the degradation of natural resources is the reason behind the squeezing of historically dominant livelihood opportunities of the coastal communities. The current scenarios of the coastal ecosystem urge necessary steps to be taken for sustainable management of valuable resources and to create alternative livelihood opportunities for the coastal communities.

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of sunflower plant extract on weed control and productivity of wheat. Dried and fresh sunflower plant extracts (SPE) were applied @ 5 t ha-1 and 10 t ha-1 at pre- and post-emergence of weeds in wheat plots. In addition, weed free, manual weeding and unweeded control treatments were also imposed in the experiment. A pplication of fresh SPE @ 10 t ha-1 at post-emergence contributed to the highest weed control efficiency, next to manual weed control treatment throughout the crop growing period. This treatment showed the highest weed control efficiency of 49.71% and 53.41% at 45 and 60 days after sowing, respectively. Application of fresh SPE @ 5 t ha-1 at post-emergence was found to be beneficial on the growth and development of wheat compared to other treatments. Apart from weed free and unweeded situations, the highest grain yield of 3.91 t ha-1 was recorded in the treatment receiving fresh SPE @ 5 t ha-1 applied at post-emergence. The study further suggested that the application of fresh sunflower plant extract @ 5 ha-1 during post-emergence might be considered as a viable alternative to traditional weed management practices under subtropical environment.

Doi: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v31i1-2.3032 J. Natn. Sci. Foundation Sri Lanka 2003 31(1&2): 175-199 Proceedings of the South and Central Asian MAB Meeting of Experts on Environmental Conservation, Management and Research, Hikkaduwa, Sri Lanka 15-18 October 2002

A study was conducted from June to December 2003 to assess weed dynamics and yield performance of transplanted aman rice (cv. BRRI Dhan39) in different weed control treatments e.g. two hand weedings at 15 and 40 DAT; Weeding by BRRI Weeder at 20 and 40 DAT; Rifit 500EC @ 1L/ha at 7 DAT; Rifit 500EC @ 1 L/ha at 7 DAT and one hand weeding at 40 DAT; Butachlor 5G @ 2 kg/ha at 7 DAT; Butachlor 5G @ 2 kg/ha at 7 DAT and one hand weeding at 40 DAT along with weed free and unweeded check under both good and poor water management practices. Weed density, weed biomass and weed control efficiency were significantly influenced by different weed control treatments under both water management practices. Other than weed free treatment, Butachlor 5G @ 2 kg/ha applied at 7 DAT along with one hand weeding at 40 DAT showed the best performance under good water management with minimum weed density (16 g/m2) as well as weed biomass (9.27 g/m2) and the highest weed control efficiency (82.57%). Yield and yield components were also significantly influenced by different weed control treatments and water management. The highest grain yield (5.22 t/ha) was obtained under good water management in weed free treatment followed by Butachlor 5G @ 2 kg/ ha and one hand weeding (4.96 t/ha) under same water management. Results revealed that integration of approaches, particularly Butachlor application along with one manual weeding accompanied by proper water management might be the best option to combat weed problems as well as to obtain satisfactory grain yield in transplanted aman rice. Key Words: Transplanted aman rice, water management, weed control treatment and yield. doi:10.3329/bjar.v33i3.1599 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 33(3) : 399-408, September 2008