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Aim:The aim of the study is to describe the mandible of children with protein energy malnutrition. Methods:This study was conducted by rapid review using online databases such as Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar reffered to PRISMA diagram which was carried out within the month February to May 2021. The inclusion criteria for this study were articles in English published between 2010-2021, and discussing the effects of protein energy malnutrition to the growth of the mandible. Results:Five articles with cross sectional study design were screened in this study from a total of 97 articles identified. Mandibular size in individuals with protein energy malnutrition is smaller than in individuals with adequate nutrition. Conclusions:Mandible of children with protein energy malnutrition is smaller than mandible of children with normal nutrition status. &nbsp

Palatal rugae are irregular protrusions that are anatomically located on the anterior maxillary mucous membrane, on each side of the median palatal raphe next to the posterior incisor papilla. The aim of this research was to determine the differences of palatal rugae pattern between Chinese and Indian females. This study was descriptive by using the observation method to a total of 50 female samples consisted of 30 Chinese and 20 Indian using purposive sampling. Impressions of the upper jaws were taken and cast with dental stone. The palatal rugae pattern was identified according to Martin dos Santos classification. The most frequent palatal rugae pattern in Chinese females is curve form (41.00%), followed by line form (23.85%) and sinuous form (15.90%). On the other hand, Indian females mostly have sinuous form (28.83%), followed by line form (23.93%) and curve form (20.25%). Thus, there is a difference between palatal rugae pattern between Chinese and Indian females which is the curve forms is more common in Chinese females while the sinuous forms is more common in Indian females.

Cephalic index is an important parameter in evaluating racial and sexual differences, is measured by establishing a ratio between the breadth and the length of the head calculated as 100 times the maximum breadth of the head measured at the greatest diameter of the cranial vault above the supramastoid crest divided by the maximum length of the head measured from the most prominent point on the glabella to the opisthocranion. The aim of the research was to differentiate the cephalic index between female Indian and Chinese Malaysian studying in Padjadjaran University. This research was a descriptive study with total samples are 35 comprise of 13 females Indian and 22 females Chinese. The sampling technique used was stratified random sampling. The subjects were measured for head length and head breadth by using a spreading caliper. The result of the research shows that 22 female Chinese surveyed has an average cephalic index of 85.861(hyperbrachycephalic) with a standard deviation of 3.717. Meanwhile, the 13 female Indian surveyed has an average of 81.768 (brachycephalic), with a standard deviation of 3.205. The conclusion of this research is that there is a significant difference of cephalic index between females Indian and Chinese Malaysian.

Introduction: Ameloglyphics is the study of enamel print patterns on the tooth surface. Enamel print patterns are unique to each individual as they differ on each tooth. The similarity of tooth prints on buccal and lingual surfaces remains questionable as no research has been conducted thus far. The premolar was chosen in this experiment due to its low risk of damage because it is protected by cheek and rarely used compared to other teeth. Thus, the results obtained will be more precise and have higher accuracy than using other teeth. This research was aimed to investigate the differences between enamel print patterns on buccal and lingual surfaces of maxillary right first premolar. Methods: An analytic study was conducted by observing and analysing a total of 34 teeth samples using the purposive sampling method. The middle third of the buccal and lingual tooth surfaces was captured directly after magnified with a stereomicroscope. Photomicrographs of samples were then analysed using SourceAFIS biometric software. This software will process the image and shows patterns of enamel print. Afterwards, the enamel print patterns were observed and classified according to Manjunath Classification. Results: The results suggested that all 34 samples show a similarity of enamel print patterns on both the buccal and lingual surfaces. The interpretations of photomicrographs were statistically analysed using the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) software. The similarity may be due to the same placement of developing tooth bud, temperature, environmental factor, genetics, pressure and nutrition to the ameloblasts cells in a tooth. Conclusion: Both buccal and lingual in the samples show high similarity due to the very high frequencies of similar sub-patterns occur on both surfaces. Tooth print can be used as a valuable tool in forensic science for personal identification with good prospects in the field of forensic dentistry.

Introduction. Human identification is vital not only in legal medicine but also in criminal inquiries and identification. Cheiloscopy is the study of lip prints which are unique, individual, and heritable that is used for personal identification purposes in forensic odontology. Objective. The aim of this study is to identify the possibility of the child to inherit the lip print patterns from their parents and also to describe the lip print patterns in children and their parents among the Deutero-Malay population. Method. The descriptive research used lip samples of 90 individuals including father, mother, and a child who are biologically related and their age ranges from 12 to 60 years old. The samples chosen are from the Deutero-Malay ethnic in Indonesia at least for the past two generation who obeys all the exclusion criteria of this research. Purposive nonrandom sampling method was used to collect samples by photography technique using a digital camera, and the data obtained were then analysed using Adobe Photoshop CS3 software. Grooves and wrinkles of primary quadrants one, three, six, and seven of lips were studied according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi’s classification in 1971. Result. In the present study, it is found that Type I′ (30.28%) is the most dominant lip print pattern and Type I (1.39%) is the least dominant among the Deutero-Malay population. Besides, this study has shown that the similarity of lip print pattern between mother and the child (57.89%) is greater compared to the father and the child (42.22%). Conclusion. Based on this, we can conclude that lip print can be inherited and dissimilar for every population of race; likewise, the Deutero-Malay population has the Type I′ as the most dominant lip print pattern.

Background : Femur fracture is one of the most common orthopedic cases which may occur in all age groups. Its incidence can be characterized by several aspects, such as patient’s age, sex, causes, location and many more. The aim of this study was to understand the characteristics of femur fracture patients in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung Indonesia during the period of January to December 2011. Methods : A descriptive study was conducted using 89 medical records of femur fracture patients in the Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung from January to December 2011. The inclusion criteria of the study were medical records containing patient aged 20-59 years data who were diagnosed with femur fracture, sex, cause of fracture, type of fracture, location of fracture, type of treatments given, and the length of hospitalization. Data were analyzed using frequency distribution. Results : Of 60 cases of motor vehicle accidents, there were more male (77.53%) than female who suffered from fracture. Closed fracture was more common with 52 cases of closed fracture compared to 29 cases of proximal fracture. Of 35 patients accepted treatment, 30 patients were treated by surgery and hospitalized for 21–30 days. Conclusion : Young male adults are the most common group suffering from femur fracture. A continuous epidemiology study must be carried out on annual basis so that a better view of the incidence and the location of femur fracture as well as the type of treatment given to patients can be observed. Keywords : Adults, characteristics, femur fracture DOI : 10.15850/amj.v2n1.428

Pendahuluan: Rugae palatina merupakan suatu lipatan anatomis yang terletak di sepertiga anterior palatum belakang papilla insisivum. Pertumbuhan rugae palatina dipengaruhi faktor genetik sehingga tiap individu memiliki keunikan pola rugae palatina masing-masing, termasuk antara suku Minangkabau dan suku Batak. Rugae palatina digunakan sebagai alternatif teknik identifikasi ras di kedokteran gigi forensik karena keunikannya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat gambaran pola rugae palatina pada suku Minangkabau dan suku Batak. Metode: Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah deskriptif sederhana kuantitatif dan teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah consecutive sampling. Penelitian dilakukan di UKSU ITB dan UPBM Unpad, total sampel yang diperoleh sebanyak 42 mahasiswa UKSU UPBM angkatan 2010-2012. Data diperoleh melalui pencetakan rahang atas kemudian dibuat model untuk diinterpretasikan pola rugae palatina masing-masing suku. Data disajikan dengan tabel distribusi frekuensi sederhana. Hasil: Hasil perhitungan pola rugae palatina yang ditampilkan tabel distribusi frekuensi sederhana menunjukkan 54,48% berbentuk gelombang pada suku Minangkabau dan 73,68% berbentuk divergen, sedangkan pada suku Batak ditemukan 55,63% berbentuk gelombang dan 83,33% berbentuk divergen. Simpulan: Gambaran pola rugae palatina berbentuk gelombang dan divergen merupakan jumlah terbanyak pada suku Minangkabau dan suku Batak. ABSTRACT Introduction: Palatal rugae is anatomical folds located on the anterior third of the palate, behind the incisive papilla. Growth of palatal rugae is affected by genetic factor, thus it was proven that the rugae patterns are highly individualistic, including Minangkabau and Batak tribes. It is used as an alternative method for identification because of its unique anatomical structure. The aim of the study was to describe palatal rugae patterns in Minangkabau and Batak tribes. Methods: This was a simple descriptive quantitative study, using consecutive sampling technique. Participants were recruited from UKSU ITB and UPBM Unpad, in total 42 undergraduate students from batch 2010-2012 signed informed consents. The maxillary impression of the subject was taken using alginate then transferred to casts to interpret the palatal rugae pattern. The data were presented with simple frequency distribution table. Result: The palatal rugae pattern distribution showed 54,48% wavy pattern and 73,68% divergent pattern for Minangkabau, whereas Batak tribes had 55,63% and 83,33%, respectively. Conclusion: In this study, the dominant shape of palatal rugae among the two tribes was wavy and divergent form. Keywords: Odontology forensic , palatal rugae pattern, Minangkabaunese, Bataknese.

Panas asap rokok dan kandungan berbahaya dalam rokok dapat berdampak pada kesehatan rongga mulut dan sistemik. Pada saat ini jumlah wanita perokok semakin meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan sekresi saliva, ambang kecap, tekanan darah dan glukosa darah pada wanita perokok dan non-perokok. Penelitian ini termasuk jenis analitik komparatif dengan rancangan komparatif cross-sectional, yaitu membandingkan beberapa outcome kedua kelompok wanita. Data penelitian dianalisis dengan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil penelitian menunjukan lama merokok rata-rata 4,4 tahun, jumlah rokok yang dihisap 14,8 batang per hari. Usia rata-rata wanita perokok 21,2 tahun. Ambang kecap manis dan asin rata-rata pada wanita perokok lebih tinggi dari wanita non-perokok. Volume dan pH saliva rata-rata perokok lebih rendah dari wanita non-perokok. Nilai tekanan darah diastolik dan kadar glukosa darah rata-rata pada wanita perokok lebih tinggi dari wanita non-perokok. Ambang kecap manis, tekanan darah sistolik dan kadar glukosa darah antara wanita perokok dan non-perokok berbeda signifikan (p

Estetik gigi adalah hal yang penting bagi seseorang. Salah satu hal yang memengaruhi estetik gigi adalah warna gigi. Perubahan warna gigi dapat diperbaiki dengan pemutihan gigi hidrogen peroksida 40% dan strawberry ( Fragaria x ananassa ). Penelitian eksperimental laboratoris membandingkan gigi kelompok kontrol dengan dua kelompok perlakuan gigi yang diolesi bahan pemutih gigi hidrogen peroksida 40% atau direndam dalam strawberry . Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Histologi Fakultas Kedokteran dan Laboratorium Kimia Universitas Padjadjaran, serta Laboratorium ITMKG Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran periode Agustus 2012–Mei 2013. Kelompok masing-masing memakai sembilan buah gigi premolar permanen yang diukur ketebalan email secara mikroskopis, kadar kalsium memakai spektrofotometer, dan kekuatan tekan memakai universal testing machine . Uji statistik pengukuran ketebalan email adalah uji-t, pengukuran kadar kalsium memakai Wilcoxon dan Mann Whitney, sedangkan hasil pengukuran kekuatan gigi diuji dengan Kruskal Wallis dan Post Hoc Mann Whitney. Hasil uji penurunan ketebalan email kedua kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan dengan kontrol (uji dependent t, p=0,002 dan p=0,0001) dan perbedaan penurunan ketebalan email antara kedua kelompok (uji independent p=0,0375) adalah signifikan. Penurunan kadar kalsium kedua kelompok dibandingkan dengan kontrol (uji Wilcoxon p=0,173 dan p=0,441) dan perbedaan kadar kalsium antara kedua kelompok tersebut (uji Mann Whitney p=0,480) tidak signifikan. Uji kekuatan tekan gigi signifikan antara kontrol dan dua kelompok perlakuan (uji Kruskall Wallis p=0,014), namun bila memakai uji Post Hoc Mann Whitney hanya penurunan kekuatan tekan gigi antara kontrol dan hidrogen peroksida yang berbeda signifikan (p=0,02). Simpulan, hidrogen peroksida 40% menurunkan ketebalan email dan kekuatan tekan gigi lebih besar dibanding dengan strawberry , tetapi tidak menurunkan kadar kalsium lebih besar dibanding dengan strawberry . TEETH BLEACHING HYDROGEN PEROXIDE 40% COMPARED WITH STRAWBERRY ( FRAGARIA X ANANASSA ) TO ENAMEL THICKNESS, CALCIUM LEVEL AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF TEETH Teeth esthetics is important for someone. One thing influence teeth estheticsis is colour. Dental bleaching using hydrogen peroxide 40% and strawberry ( Fragaria x ananassa ) is conservative alternative to restore the esthetics of either stained teeth. This study was an experimental laboratory by comparing control group with two treatment groups were teeth smeared hydrogen peroxide 40% or soaked in strawberry. This study was done in Histology Laboratory Faculty of Medicine and Chemical Laboratory Universitas Padjadjaran, and ITMKG Laboratory Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Padjadjaran period August 2012–May 2013. Each group used nine permanent premolars, which will be measured email thickness microscopically, calcium levels using spectrophotometer, and compressive stregth using universal testing machine. The statistical test used for thickness measurement results email was the t-test, for measurement of calcium levels using Wilcoxon test and Mann Whitney while for tooth strength measurements were tested using Kruskal Wallis and Post Hoc Mann Whitney. The results obtained for the test email thickness reduction of both treatment groups compared with the control (test dependent t, p=0.002 and p=0.0001) and a decrease in the thickness difference between the two treatment groups email (independent test, p=0.0375) were significant. The results of the impairment test calcium levels both treatment groups compared with controls (Wilcoxon p=0.173 and p=0.441), and the difference in calcium levels between the two groups (Mann Whitney test, p=0480) was not significant. The results of compressive strength test teeth showed significant gains between the control group and two treatment groups (Kruskall Wallis test, p=0.014), However when using Post Hoc Mann Whitney test only decrease the compressive strength of the teeth between the control group and the treatment group were significant hydrogen peroxide (p=0.02). In conclusions, 40% hydrogen peroxide causes a decrease in the thickness of the email and the compressive strength is greater than strawberry but do not cause a decrease in blood calcium level greater than strawberry.