1. Defining Major Surgery: A Delphi Consensus Among European Surgical Association (ESA) Members
- Author
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Martin, D., Mantziari, S., Demartines, N., Hubner, M., Bismuth, H., Sarr, M. G., Strasberg, S. M., Wexner, S. D., Adham, M., Altomare, D. F., Andersson, R., Bechstein, W., Biondo, S., Bockhorn, M., Bonavina, L., Rituerto, D. C., Clavien, P. -A., De Manzini, N., Decker, G., Dejong, C. H., Dervenis, C., Farges, O., Figueras, J., Fingerhut, A. L., Friess, H., Glehen, O., Gnant, M., Gutschow, C., Hahnloser, D., Hamberger, B., Hamming, J. F., Holscher, A. H., Izbicki, J. R., Jonas, S., Karamarkovic, A., Kehlet, H., Leppaniemi, A. K., Lerut, J., Line, P. -D., Lodge, J. P. A., Meakins, J. L., Montorsi, M., Nafteux, P., Naredi, P., Olah, A., Panis, Y., Pardo, F., Parks, R. W., Pedrazzoli, S., Pessaux, P., Marques, H. P., Poggioli, G., Popescu, I., Puolakkainen, P. A., Ramia Angel, J. M., Rasanen, J., Reynolds, J. V., Rosati, R., Saeger, H. -D., Schneeberger, S., Schneider, P. M., Soreide, K., Stippel, D., Toso, C., Tuech, J. -J., Tukiainen, E. J., Van Hillegersberg, R., Wijnhoven, B., Winter, D. C., Zaninotto, G., Surgery, Martin, D., Mantziari, S., Demartines, N., Hubner, M., Bismuth, H., Sarr, M. G., Strasberg, S. M., Wexner, S. D., Adham, M., Altomare, D. F., Andersson, R., Bechstein, W., Biondo, S., Bockhorn, M., Bonavina, L., Rituerto, D. C., Clavien, P. -A., De Manzini, N., Decker, G., Dejong, C. H., Dervenis, C., Farges, O., Figueras, J., Fingerhut, A. L., Friess, H., Glehen, O., Gnant, M., Gutschow, C., Hahnloser, D., Hamberger, B., Hamming, J. F., Holscher, A. H., Izbicki, J. R., Jonas, S., Karamarkovic, A., Kehlet, H., Leppaniemi, A. K., Lerut, J., Line, P. -D., Lodge, J. P. A., Meakins, J. L., Montorsi, M., Nafteux, P., Naredi, P., Olah, A., Panis, Y., Pardo, F., Parks, R. W., Pedrazzoli, S., Pessaux, P., Marques, H. P., Poggioli, G., Popescu, I., Puolakkainen, P. A., Ramia Angel, J. M., Rasanen, J., Reynolds, J. V., Rosati, R., Saeger, H. -D., Schneeberger, S., Schneider, P. M., Soreide, K., Stippel, D., Toso, C., Tuech, J. -J., Tukiainen, E. J., Van Hillegersberg, R., Wijnhoven, B., Winter, D. C., Zaninotto, G., Martin D., Mantziari S., Demartines N., Hubner M., Bismuth H., Sarr M.G., Strasberg S.M., Wexner S.D., Adham M., Altomare D.F., Andersson R., Bechstein W., Biondo S., Bockhorn M., Bonavina L., Rituerto D.C., Clavien P.-A., De Manzini N., Decker G., Dejong C.H., Dervenis C., Farges O., Figueras J., Fingerhut A.L., Friess H., Glehen O., Gnant M., Gutschow C., Hahnloser D., Hamberger B., Hamming J.F., Holscher A.H., Izbicki J.R., Jonas S., Karamarkovic A., Kehlet H., Leppaniemi A.K., Lerut J., Line P.-D., Lodge J.P.A., Meakins J.L., Montorsi M., Nafteux P., Naredi P., Olah A., Panis Y., Pardo F., Parks R.W., Pedrazzoli S., Pessaux P., Marques H.P., Poggioli G., Popescu I., Puolakkainen P.A., Ramia Angel J.M., Rasanen J., Reynolds J.V., Rosati R., Saeger H.-D., Schneeberger S., Schneider P.M., Soreide K., Stippel D., Toso C., Tuech J.-J., Tukiainen E.J., Van Hillegersberg R., Wijnhoven B., Winter D.C., Zaninotto G., ESA Study Group, Sarr, M.G., Strasberg, S.M., Wexner, S.D., Altomare, D.F., Rituerto, D.C., Clavien, P.A., Dejong, C.H., Fingerhut, A.L., Hamming, J.F., Hölscher, A.H., Izbicki, J.R., Leppäniemi, A.K., Line, P.D., Lodge, JPA, Meakins, J.L., Oláh, A., Parks, R.W., Marques, H.P., Puolakkainen, P.A., Ramia Angel, J.M., Reynolds, J.V., Saeger, H.D., Schneider, P.M., Søreide, K., Tuech, J.J., Tukiainen, E.J., Winter, D.C., Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques (IVH), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Zurich, Demartines, Nicolas, and Toso, Christian
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Blood transfusion ,Consensus ,Delphi Technique ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Delphi method ,610 Medicine & health ,Consensu ,Likert scale ,03 medical and health sciences ,Surgeon ,0302 clinical medicine ,Aged ,Europe ,Humans ,Middle Aged ,Societies, Medical ,Surgeons ,Surgical Procedures, Operative/methods ,Medical ,major surgery ,Delphi consensus definition ,medicine ,Operative / methods ,10217 Clinic for Visceral and Transplantation Surgery ,Surgical Procedures ,ddc:617 ,business.industry ,Perioperative ,Vascular surgery ,2746 Surgery ,3. Good health ,Cardiac surgery ,Surgery ,Cardiothoracic surgery ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Surgical Procedures, Operative ,030211 gastroenterology & hepatology ,Societies ,business ,[SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology ,Abdominal surgery ,Human - Abstract
Background: Major surgery is a term frequently used but poorly defined. The aim of the present study was to reach a consensus in the definition of major surgery within a panel of expert surgeons from the European Surgical Association (ESA). Methods: A 3-round Delphi process was performed. All ESA members were invited to participate in the expert panel. In round 1, experts were inquired by open- and closed-ended questions on potential criteria to define major surgery. Results were analyzed and presented back anonymously to the panel within next rounds. Closed-ended questions in round 2 and 3 were either binary or statements to be rated on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (strong disagreement) to 5 (strong agreement). Participants were sent 3 reminders at 2-week intervals for each round. 70% of agreement was considered to indicate consensus. Results: Out of 305 ESA members, 67 (22%) answered all the 3 rounds. Significant comorbidities were the only preoperative factor retained to define major surgery (78%). Vascular clampage or organ ischemia (92%), high intraoperative blood loss (90%), high noradrenalin requirements (77%), long operative time (73%) and perioperative blood transfusion (70%) were procedure-related factors that reached consensus. Regarding postoperative factors, systemic inflammatory response (76%) and the need for intensive or intermediate care (88%) reached consensus. Consequences of major surgery were high morbidity (>30% overall) and mortality (>2%). Conclusion: ESA experts defined major surgery according to extent and complexity of the procedure, its pathophysiological consequences and consecutive clinical outcomes.
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- 2020