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Chromadorina communissp. nov. is described from Changdao Island at the confluence of the Yellow and the Bohai seas. The new species is characterized by its medium-sized body; finely striated cuticle with homogeneous punctations; absence of ocelli; buccal cavity with three equal-sized, solid teeth; four cephalic setae; oval amphidial fovea which is positioned between cephalic setae; curved spicules with tapered distal ends; simple, boat-shaped gubernaculums; five or six cup-shaped precloacal supplements; and conical tail with a very short spinneret. A phylogenetic analysis of small subunit rRNA gene sequences using maximum-likelihood and Bayesin inference confirmed the taxonomic position of Chromadorina communissp. nov. within Chromadorinae. Tree topology in Chromadorida shows six morphological families clustered into a monophyletic clade and verifies the taxonomic position of the family Neotonchidae based on morphological and molecular analysis.

A species of Trichotylenchus nematode was isolated from the rhizosphere of banana root in Leizhou City, Guangdong Province, China. The species assumes the following characteristics: open C-shaped body; head offset from body; lateral field with three incisures, pharyngeal and tail regions irregularly areolated; stylet 18.6–20.7 µm long; pharyngeal gland not extending over intestine; fibrous tissue present in the intestine; post-anal intestinal sac present; elongate-subcylindroid tail, bluntly conoid terminus, lack of striations, and containing 34–44 annuli. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was used to elucidate some morphological details, but only some juveniles were observed. Partial 18S rRNA, ITS, and 28S D2–D3 expansion sequences were amplified with universal primers and deposited in GenBank under accession numbers ON622716, ON622717, and ON622714, respectively. Here, this species was identified as T. dispersus [(Siddiqi & Sharma, 1995) Geraert, 2011].

Relatively little is known about the taxonomy and ecology of deep-sea nematode species inhabiting cold seep habitats. The available data show that cold seep nematode communities are typically characterized by low diversity and are often dominated by a single species, although no nematode taxon appears to have a strong association with methane seepage. In July 2019, a research voyage to New Zealand’s Hikurangi Margin provided an opportunity to characterize the nematode species communities of New Zealand cold seeps, which had not been investigated until now. Here, six new species and two new nematode genera of the class Chromadorea are described from macrofauna cores obtained at three seep sites (Mungaroa, Glendhu, and Uruti South) on Hikurangi Margin from 1227 to 2077 m depth. The species described here represent a wide range of feeding groups, ranging from deposit feeders (Linhomoeus pycnocricus sp. nov., Deraionema barbatum gen. et sp. nov.) to microvores (Aulostomonema abyssum gen. et sp. nov., Aegialoalaimus magnus sp. nov.) and epigrowth feeders (Desmodora parapilosa sp. nov.). The diet of Siphonolaimus curtisensillus sp. nov., which is characterized by an unusual stylet-like feeding apparatus, remains to be determined, however the presence of several different feeding modes in the species described here indicates that a range of food sources are exploited by macrofaunal nematodes at the study sites. Desmodora, Linhomoeus, and Aegialoalaimus have been reported from cold seep habitats previously, however no records of Siphonolaimus from cold seeps could be found in the literature. Aulostomonema gen. nov. does not appear to have a close association with seeps, whilst Deraionema gen. nov. appears to be restricted to the centre of the seep sites where methane seepage is likely strongest. Ongoing work on the ecology and distribution of nematode communities at the Hikurangi Margin seep sites will help determine spatial patterns in abundance and species distributions in more detail, including the identification of any species/taxa with affinities with methane seepage.

Oxygen is essential for aerobic organisms, but generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause cellular dysfunction by damaging cellular molecules. Many genes are involved in the regulation of ROS; however, much attention has not focused on them. To identify these genes, we screened for mutants with an altered sensitivity to oxidative stress in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We isolated a novel mutant, oxy-7(qa5004) which showed an increased sensitivity to ROS in C. elegans. oxy-7 showed increased production of ROS and decreased longevity due to its increased oxidative stress. Genetic analysis revealed that oxy-7 has a causative mutation in Y71H2AM.9, a homologue of SLC30A9 which encodes a zinc transporter in mitochondria. We further showed that knockdown of human SLC30A9 caused increased ROS production in human cells as well. These results suggested an important role of mitochondrial zinc homeostasis in the regulation of ROS.

Two new species of the genus Acantholaimus (Nematoda, Chromadoridae) are described from the South Atlantic, in the Santos Basin off the slope of southeastern Brazil. Acantholaimus pugious sp. n. is characterized by a narrow and elongated anterior end; teeth that are thin and long stylet-like (two in number), amphidial fovea located far from the anterior end and occupying most of the corresponding body diameter. Acantholaimus bidentatus sp. n. is characterized by a narrow anterior end, cuticle with more evident dots on both body extremities (up to amphidial fovea and tail); two long, protractible thin teeth (similar to stylet), with curved proximal part. The two species are similar in the shape of the teeth. The teeth morphology may be correlated to the process of adaptive convergence of these species. An emended diagnosis of the genus is provided.

A new species of thelastomatid Leidynema bestium sp. n. is described from the hind gut lumen of the cockroaches Diploptera punctata (Eschscholtz, 1922) and Elliptorhina chopardi (Lefeuvre, 1966). The new species is characterized by a combination of morphological features: presence of lateral alae in both sexes with posterior margin of alae in females not ending in the shape of a spike; longitudinal striation of the anteriormost annuli in males; four male genital papillae, equatorial position of vulva. In the cladogram inferred from analysis of D2–D3 segment of LSU rDNA L. bestium sp. n. demonstrates a position independent of the Leidynema species with known sequences of this taxonomic marker near the basal node for this genus.

Nematodes constitute one of the most speciose metazoan groups on earth, and a significant proportion of them have parasitic life styles. Zooparasitic nematodes have zoonotic, commercial and ecological significance within natural systems. Due to their generally small size and hidden nature within their hosts, and the fact that species discrimination using traditional morphological characteristics is often challenging, their biodiversity is not well known, especially within marine ecosystems. For instance, the majority of New Zealand's marine animals have never been the subject of nematode studies, and many currently known nematodes in New Zealand await confirmation of their species identity with modern taxonomic techniques. In this study, we present the results of an extensive biodiversity survey and phylogenetic analyses of parasitic nematodes infecting New Zealand's marine animals. We used genetic data to differentiate nematodes to the lowest taxonomic level possible and present phylogenies of the dominant clades to illustrate their genetic diversity in New Zealand. Our findings reveal a high diversity of parasitic nematodes (23 taxa) infecting New Zealand's marine animals (62 of 94 free-living animal species investigated). The novel data collected here provide a solid baseline for future assessments of change in diversity and distribution of parasitic nematodes.

Migrations performed by helminths are impressive and diverse, and accumulating evidence shows that many are controlled by sophisticated sensory programs. The migrations of vector-borne helminths are particularly complex, requiring precise, stage-specific regulation. We review the contrasting states of knowledge on snail-borne schistosomes and mosquito-borne filarial nematodes. Rich observational data exist for the chemosensory behaviors of schistosomes, while the molecular sensory pathways in nematodes are well described. Recent investigations on the molecular mechanisms of sensation in schistosomes and filarial nematodes have revealed some features conserved within their respective phyla, but adaptations correlated with parasitism are pronounced. Technological developments are likely to extend these advances, and we forecast how these technologies may be applied.

In South America, the family Philometridae is represented by several genera and species. In particular, Philometra and Philometroides are the most speciose genera. In Argentina, only Philometroides tahieli has been reported so far. The main objective of this study was to analyze the phylogenetic relationship between Ps. tahieli and other South American philometrids using molecular data. The molecular analysis was performed using a female specimen of Ps. tahieli found on the opercular muscle of a juvenile Micropogonias furnieri from brackish waters in Argentina. Phylogenetic relationships were studied based on partial sequences of the 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA genes. In the 18S rDNA tree, Ps. tahieli was mainly grouped with other Philometroides from freshwater hosts from China, sharing the site of infection (head tissues or muscles). In the 28S rDNA tree, obtained with fewer sequences, Ps. tahieli is related species from subcutaneous tissues of head. This study contributes with information on philometrids and confirms the presence of different lineages among South American species, with Ps. tahieli representing a new one. Further studies on South American species using more molecular markers and new morphological characters will improve our knowledge of philometrid biodiversity and phylogeny.

Cucullanus tunisiensis sp. nov., (Nematoda: Cucullanidae), collected from the intestine of the white grouper Epinephelus aeneus from waters off the coast of Tunisia is described based on light and scanning electron microscopic observations. The new species is characterized by the presence of lateral alae, ventral sucker, long unequal spicules (left spicule 2474-2789 μm long, right spicule 2357-2518 μm long). This is the sixth nominal species of the genus Cucullanus Müller, 1777 and the first representative of this genus infecting fishes of Serranidae family reported from Tunisian waters.

Morffe, Jans, García, Nayla, Hasegawa, Koichi (2023): Morphological and molecular characterization of Travassosinema viatorum n. sp. (Nematoda: Oxyuridomorpha: Travassosinematidae) from the invasive millipede Chamberlinius hualienensis Wang, 1956 (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae) in Okinawa, Japan. Zootaxa 5318 (4): 504-514, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5318.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5318.4.4

Travassosinema viatorum n. sp. Fig. 1 A–F, Fig. 2 A–E Type material. Holotype: ♀, Japan, Ryukyu Archipelago, Okinawa Island, Kunigami District, path to Mt. Yonaha; in Chamberlinius hualienensis; 13/XI/2021; J. Morffe coll.; CZACC 11.7472. Paratypes: 13♀♀, same data as the holotype; CZACC 11.7473 –11.7485.

A total of 193 fishes from the Lesser Zab River in Altun-Kupri/ Kirkuk Province, Iraq were investigated, belonging to two families namely Cyprinidae (Luciobarbus xanthopterus Heckel, 1843) and Siluridae (93 Silurus triostegus Heckle, 1843) for the impact of parasites helminths on length-weight relationships and condition factor. Three species of helminth parasites were recovered from host fish, namely: Cestoda, Nematode and Acanthocephala. The association between helminthic parasitic infection with length-weight relationship (LWR) and condition factor in two fish species were studied. The results showed that the growth of both fish species exhibited negative allometry because the regression coefficient “b” obtained was L. xanthopterus and 2.8666 in S. triostegus) was recorded in uninfected fish. Condition factor (K) for the infected and uninfected fishes of both fish species were also determined in the current study. The result showed that the condition factor of both fish species was low, but the K factor of uninfected L. xanthopterus was higher (KS. triostegus (KL. xanthopterus performed better than S. triostegus in the study areas. The statistical analyses showed that the K factor in both uninfected L. xanthopterus and S. triostegus fishes was significantly (p

Nguyen, Thi Anh Duong, Hoang, Ha, Chu, Hoang Ha, Peña-Santiago, Reyes (2023): Description of Aporcella daklakensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Aporcelaimidae), associated with coffee plantations in Central Highland of Vietnam. Zootaxa 5297 (3): 427-434, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5297.3.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5297.3.7

Aporcella daklakensis sp. n. Figures 1–3; Table 1. Material examined. Eleven females from two locations; in general, in good state of preservation.

Vitamin deficiencies are known to cause disorders in human beings. Siddique et al. discovered that vitamin B5 biosynthesis in cyst nematodes requires steps in their host plants. Disruption of an Arabidopsis thaliana 'susceptibility gene', which is involved in the production of vitamin B5 precursors, results in reduced parasitism.

Resistance to the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is a topic incorporating multiple mechanisms and multiple types of science. It is also a topic of substantial agricultural importance, as SCN is estimated to cause more yield damage than any other pathogen of soybean, one of the world's main food crops. Both soybean and SCN have experienced jumps in experimental tractability in the past decade, and significant advances have been made. The rhg1-b locus, deployed on millions of farm acres, has been durable and will remain important, but local SCN populations are gradually evolving to overcome rhg1-b. Multiple other SCN resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) of proven value are now in play with soybean breeders. QTL causal gene discovery and mechanistic insights into SCN resistance are contributing to both basic and applied disciplines. Additional understanding of SCN and other cyst nematodes will also grow in importance and lead to novel disease control strategies.

Peptide signaling is an emerging paradigm in molecular plant–microbe interactions with vast implications for our understanding of plant–nematode interactions and beyond. Plant-like peptide hormones, first discovered in cyst nematodes, are now recognized as an important class of peptide effectors mediating several different types of pathogenic and symbiotic interactions. Here, we summarize what has been learned about nematode-secreted CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED (CLE) peptide effectors since the last comprehensive review on this topic a decade ago. We also highlight new discoveries of a diverse array of peptide effectors that go beyond the CLE peptide effector family in not only phytonematodes but in organisms beyond the phylum Nematoda.

Although parasite community studies are growing in numbers, our understanding of which macro-ecological and evolutionary processes have shaped parasite communities is still based on a narrow range of host–parasite systems. The present study assessed the diversity and endoparasite species composition in New Zealand deep-sea fish (grenadiers, family Macrouridae), and tested the effects of host phylogeny and geography on the structure of endoparasite communities using a distance decay framework. We found that grenadiers from the Chatham Rise harboured a surprisingly high diversity of digeneans, cestodes and nematodes, with different species of grenadiers having different parasite assemblages. Our results demonstrate that community similarity based on the presence/absence of parasites was only affected by the phylogenetic relatedness among grenadier species. In contrast, both phylogenetic distance among grenadiers (measured as the number of base-pair differences of DNA sequences) and geographic distance between sample locations influenced the similarity of parasite communities based on the parasites' prevalence and mean abundance. Our key findings highlight the significant effect of deep-sea host phylogeny in shaping their parasite assemblages, a factor previously neglected in studies of parasite communities in deep-sea systems.

A new species of free-living marine nematode Chromaspirina aliapapillata sp. nov. from the Donuzlav Bay (Black Sea) is described. Chromaspirina aliapapillata sp. nov. is characterized by a slender body, buccal cavity with two dorsal teeth, spiral amphids, tail conico-cylindrical and presence of precloacal supplements. The new species differs from other known species of the genus by having two dorsal teeth and presence of 17 to 21 precloacal supplements of which one or two are cup-shaped and rest curved tubes.

To investigate relationships within the subfamily Telotylenchinae, more than 500 soil samples were collected from various natural and agricultural habitats in several localities of Iran. Individuals of seven known species, including Bitylenchus dubius, B. parvus, B. serranus, Sauertylenchus maximus, Tylenchorhynchus clarus, T. microconus and Trophurus ussuriensis, were recovered and characterized based on morphological and morphometric characters. Furthermore, phylogenetic relationships within representatives of the subfamily Telotylenchinae were explored using 13 sequences from the D2-D3 expansion regions of 28S ribosomal (r) DNA and 13 sequences for the partial 18S rDNA genes obtained in the present study. Analyses based on the relatively conserved 18S rDNA gene underlined the polyphyletic status of Tylenchorhynchus sensu lato, as three clusters representing Tylenchorhynchus, Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus were well separated, and interspersed by, e.g., representatives of the Macrotrophurinae. Analysis of the more variable D2-D3 28S rDNA sequences suggested at least four clades within the subfamily Telotylenchinae: two clades dominated by Tylenchorhynchus species; a third clade harbouring representatives of Sauertylenchus, Bitylenchus, and Paratrophurus in distinct but unresolved branches;and a fourth clade dominated by Trophurus species. Although no molecular information was available from a number of genera that were originally gathered under Tylenchorhynchus sensu lato, we concluded that both Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus should be seen as valid Telotylenchinae genera related to, but distinct from Tylenchorhynchus.

Albendazole (ABZ) is an anthelmintic frequently used to treat haemonchosis, a common parasitosis of ruminants caused by the gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus. This parasite is able to protect itself against ABZ via the formation of inactive ABZ-glycosides. The present study was designed to deepen the knowledge about the role of UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) in ABZ glycosylation in H. contortus. The induction effect of phenobarbital, a classical inducer of UGTs, as well as ABZ and ABZ-sulphoxide (ABZSO, the main active metabolite of ABZ) on UGTs expression and UGT activity toward ABZ was studied ex vivo in isolated adult nematodes. The effect of three potential UGT inhibitors (5-nitrouracil, 4,6-dihydroxy-5-nitropyrimidine and sulfinpyrazone) on ABZ glycosylation was tested. Pre-incubation of nematodes with ABZ and ABZSO led to increased expression of several UGTs as well as ABZ-glycosides formation in subsequent treatment. Phenobarbital also induced UGTs expression, but did not affect ABZ biotransformation. In the nematode's subcellular fraction, sulfinpyrazone inhibited UGT activity toward ABZ, although no effect of other inhibitors was observed. The inhibitory potential of sulfinpyrazone on the formation of ABZ-glycosides was also proved ex vivo in living nematodes. The obtained results confirmed the role of UGTs in ABZ biotransformation in H. contortus adults and revealed sulfinpyrazone as a potent inhibitor of ABZ glycosylation in this parasite. The possible use of sulfinpyrazone with ABZ in combination therapy merits further research.

Morocco has a great diversity of reptiles; more than 26% of the herpetofauna species are considered to be endemic. Nevertheless, there is little information available on helminth parasites of Moroccan lizards. The purpose of this article is to establish a helminth list using non-invasive methods for natural populations of seven lizard species: Acanthodactylus maculatus, Chalcides mionecton, Chalcides montanus, Chalcides polylepis, Quedenfeldtia moerens, Quedenfeldtia trachyblepharus, and Tarentola mauritanica. For each species, prevalence and intensity of infection were given as well as their relationship to some determinant parameters (sex, age class, size, altitude, and seasons). Four species of nematodes, Parapharyngodon micipsae, Pharyngodon mamillatus, Spauligodon auziensis, Thelandros alatus, and unassigned Spauligodon were found. Mean helminth intensity for the seven lizard species was 7.3 ± 16.2 SD (range = 1-92 in infected lizards), with total infection prevalence of 5.6%. Mixed infections were observed in Chalcides montanus and Chalcides polylepis co-infected by Pharyngodon mamillatus and Spauligodon sp. Furthermore, the intensity of infection by nematodes were significantly different among the seven studied species. The nematode infection in Chalcides mionecton were related to sex, host size, and altitude; in Chalcides polylepis to the host age; in Quedenfeldtia trachyblepharus to elevation, age, and host size; and in Tarentola Mauritanica to age, body size, seasons, and altitude. In conclusion, our study provides data about nine new host and locality records and the effect of some determinant factors on host parasitism.

Because of ongoing climate change, populations of organisms are being subjected to stressful temperatures more often. This is especially problematic for ectothermic organisms, which are likely to be more sensitive to changes in temperature. Therefore, we need to know if ectotherms have adapted to environmental temperature and, if so, what are the evolutionary mechanisms behind such adaptation. Here, we use the nematode Pristionchus pacificus as a case study to investigate thermal adaptation on the Indian Ocean island of La Réunion, which experiences a range of temperatures from coast to summit. We study the evolution of high-temperature tolerance by constructing a phylogenetic tree of strains collected from many different thermal niches. We show that populations of P. pacificus at low altitudes have higher fertility at warmer temperatures. Most likely, this phenotype has arisen recently and at least twice independently, consistent with parallel evolution. We also studied low-temperature tolerance and showed that populations from high altitudes have increased their fertility at cooler temperatures. Together, these data indicate that P. pacificus strains on La Réunion are subject to divergent selection, adapting to hot and cold niches at the coast and summit of the volcano. Precisely defining these thermal niches provides essential information for models that predict the impact of future climate change on these populations.

Host and parasites interact across spatial scales, but parasite-mediated fitness effects are typically measured only at local scales. Recent work suggests that parasites can reduce host fitness during dispersal between patches, highlighting the potential for both within- and between-patch effects to contribute to the net fitness consequences of parasitism. Building on this work, we measured the contribution of the dispersal phase to parasite-mediated reductions in host fitness. We used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and its natural microsporidian parasite Nematocida parisii to quantify the fitness consequences of parasitism at the individual, population, and metapopulation level. Nematocida parisii reduced individual fecundity and population growth but had its greatest fitness impact at the dispersal stage: parasitism reduced the fitness of dispersing larvae by 62%-100%. These results indicate that the cost of parasitism in this system is greatly underestimated if the metapopulation level is not taken into account. We also found that the effects of N. parisii vary with host genotype, and the relative advantage of the most resistant genotype increases with inclusion of the dispersal stage. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that host-parasite interactions at the dispersal stage can magnify selection for parasite resistance.

One new and three known species of the genus Xiphinema from the rhizosphere of fruit trees and rose shrubs in East Azarbaijan province, Iran, are presented based on the morphological, morphometric and molecular characters. The new species is distinguished by its 2.0-2.1 mm long body, relatively flattened lip region with 8.7-10.0 µm width, set off from body contour by a deep constriction, odontostyle 82.5-88.0 µm long, V = 52-54, reproductive system didelphic-amphidelphic with symbiotic bacteria in the reflexed ovaries, tail conoid, dorsally convex with rounded to slightly subdigitate tip (42.0-43.5 µm long, c = 61-65, c' = 1.6-1.8), and males unknown. The new species, X. babaii sp. n., looks very close to X. californicum, and is regarded as its cryptic species, being separated from it using some morphological differences. Their separation was further corroborated using molecular data. Three known species belonging to the Xiphinema americanum group namely X. primum, X. pachtaicum and X. simile were also collected during present study, and new data were provided for them. Xiphinema simile is a new record for the Iran's nematode fauna. Molecular phylogenetic studies using partial sequences of 28S rRNA gene D2-D3 fragments were performed, and the phylogenetic relationships of the new species were discussed.

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is a destructive threat to soybean production. It is economically important to develop a new SCN-resistant soybean cultivar with high yield and other good agronomic traits. In this study, a yellow-seed-coated and yellow-hilum-pigmented cultivar Heinong 531 belonging to maturity group I was developed by a pedigree breeding method through a test-cross between a female parental SCN-resistant soybean cultivar Pengdou 158 and a male parental line F1 (high-yield but SCN-susceptible Hefeng 55 × SCN-resistant Kangxian 12). Heinong 531 was evaluated for SCN resistance in both SCN-infested field and autoclaved soil inoculated with hatched second-stage juveniles of SCN HG Type 0. The results indicated that SCN development at all stages in Heinong 531 was suppressed and the female index was only 1.6 to 5.6%. Heinong 531 as well as Pengdou 158 and Kangxian 12 were identified as carrying the Peking-type resistance with both rhg1-a GmSNAP18 and Rhg4 GmSHMT08 genes. In the 2-year regional trials, the average yield of Heinong 531 reached 2805.0 kg/ha, and the 1-year production trial demonstrated an average yield of 2,751.5 kg/ha with yield increase of >12.0% when compared with the local cultivars. The average seed-fat (oil) contents of Heinong 531 reached up to 22.3%. The Peking-type SCN-resistant Heilong 531 with enhanced yield and high seed-oil contents was released in China in June 2021 with the certified number of ‘Heishendou 20210004’. These agronomic traits make Heinong 531 a good prospect in a wide attempt to control SCN in the main soybean-producing areas of Northeast China.

Insects and fungal pathogens pose constant problems to public health and agriculture, especially in resource-limited parts of the world; and the use of chemical pesticides continues to be the main methods for the control of these organisms. Photorhabdus spp. and Xenorhabdus spp., (Fam; Morganellaceae), enteric symbionts of Steinernema, and Heterorhabditis nematodes are naturally found in soil on all continents, except Antarctic, and on many islands throughout the world. These bacteria produce diverse secondary metabolites that have important biological and ecological functions. Secondary metabolites include non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, and/or hybrid natural products that are synthesized using polyketide synthetase (PRS), non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), or similar enzymes and are sources of new pesticide/drug compounds and/or can serve as lead molecules for the design and synthesize of new alternatives that could replace current ones. This review addresses the effects of these bacterial symbionts on insect pests, fungal phytopathogens, and animal pathogens and discusses the substances, mechanisms, and impacts on agriculture and public health. KEY POINTS: • Insects and fungi are a constant menace to agricultural and public health. • Chemical-based control results in resistance development. • Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus are compelling sources of biopesticides.

Euchromadora de Man, 1886 (emended after Inglis 1969, Pastor de Ward 1985 and Tchesunov 2014) Complex heterogeneous cuticle, structured with hexagonal or ovoid punctations anteriorly and posteriorly with slimmer markings (transverse striation) restricted to the lateral surface over the middle of the body; lateral plates generally well developed; no prominent lateral differentiation. Cuticle with alternating hooking within rings. Transversally elliptical amphideal fovea without surrounding cuticular fringe. Six outer labial sensilla papilliform and four cephalic sensilla setiform. Buccal cavity with large dorsal tooth, subventral teeth and rows of denticles. No distinct posterior pharyngeal bulb. Gubernaculum with prominent hammer- or L-shaped lateral pieces. Type species: E. vulgaris (Bastian, 1865) de Man, 1886 List of valid species: E. atypica Blome, 1985 E. eileenae Inglis, 1969 E. ezoensis Kito, 1977 E. gaulica Inglis, 1962 E. meadi Wieser & Hopper, 1967 E. permutabilis Wieser, 1954 E. robusta Kulikov, Dashchenko, Koloss & Yushin, 1998 E. striata (Eberth, 1863) de Man, 1886 E. tokiokai Wieser, 1955 E. vulgaris (Bastian, 1865) de Man, 1886, Published as part of Datta, Tridip Kumar & Al-Helal, Md. Abdullah, 2023, Review of Euchromadorinae (Nematoda: Chromadorida) with description of a new species of Trochamus Boucher & De Bovée, 1971 from the Sundarban, India, pp. 493-510 in Zootaxa 5278 (3) on pages 495-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7906615, {"references":["de Man, J. G. (1886) Anatomische Untersuchungen ¸ ber freilebende Nordsee-Nematoden. Leipzig (Verlag von Paul Frohberg), 1886, 1 - 82.","Inglis, W. G. (1969) Convergence in the structure of the head and cuticle of Euchromadora species and apparently similar nematodes. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Zoology Series, 17 (5), 149 - 204.","Pastor de Ward, C. T. (1985) Free-living marine nematodes of the Deseado river estuary (Chromadoroidea: Chromadoridae, Ethmolaimidae, Cyatholaimidae and Choniolaimidae) Santa Cruz, Argentina. 5. Centro Nacional Patagonico Publcaciones Especiales, 6, 1 - 83.","Tchesunov, A. V. (2014) Order Chromadorida Chitwood, 1933 In: Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology: Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia, Gnathifera: Nematoda. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 373 - 398.","Bastian, H. C. (1865) Monograph of the Anguillulidae, or Free Nematoids, Marine, Land, and Freshwater, with Descriptions of 100 New Species. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 25 (2), 73 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1865. tb 00179. x","Blome, D. (1985) Interstitielle Fauna von Galapagos. XXXV: Chromadoridae (Nematoda). Microfauna Marina, 2, 271 - 329.","Kito, K. (1977) Studies on the free-living marine nematodes from Hokkaido, II. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 13, 18 - 23.","Inglis, W. G. (1962) Marine nematode from a Banyulus-sur-mer: with a review of the genus Eurystomina. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 8, 209 - 287.","Wieser, W. & Hopper, B. (1967) Marine nematodes of the east coast of North America. I. Florida. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 135 (5), 239 - 344.","Wieser, W. (1954) Free-living marine nematodes II. Chromadoroidea. Report from the Lund University Chile Expedition. Acta University Lund, Neue Folge 2, 50 (16), 1 - 148.","Kulikov, V. V., Dashchenko, O. I., Koloss, T. V. & Yushin, V. V. (1998) A description of the free-living marine nematode Euchromadora robusta sp. n. (Nematoda: Chromadorida) with observations on the ultrastructure of the body cuticle. Russian Journal of Nematology, 6, 103 - 110.","Eberth, C. J. (1863) Untersuchungen uber Nematoden. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 77 pp.","Wieser, W. (1955) A collection of marine nematodes from Japan. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 5, 1 - 23."]}

Parapinnanema Inglis, 1969 (emended after Inglis 1969, Gourbault & Vincx 1994 and Semprucci & Sorensen 2014) Thick cuticle on the pharyngeal region. Amphideal fovea with surrounding fringe of cuticle. Six outer labial and four cephalic setae. Cuticle without prominent lateral differentiation. Each annule is consist of small stick like projections at either side where one side projection is with forked head and other side is lacking such or comb like. Interannular ring is consist of interlocking pattern of forked head of one annule to the teeth of combed head of another annule. This complex network is covered by smooth epicuticle. Buccal cavity conical with one dorsal and two subventral plates; one large pointed tooth on the dorsal plate and three denticles plus a ventral tooth on each subventral plate. Tail conico-cylindrical. Raised precloacal and caudal modifications of the cuticle in males. Gubernaculum with L-shaped lateral piece. Elongated vulva, vagina opening wide, an internal double sphincter around the uterine chamber. Type species: P. wilsoni Inglis, 1969 List of valid species: P. alii (Murphy, 1965) Warwick & Coles, 1975 P. bableti Gourbault & Vincx, 1994 P. colesi (Inglis, 1968) Warwick & Coles, 1975 P. harveyi Warwick & Coles, 1975 P. hawaiiensis Semprucci & Sorensen, 2014 P. imbricata Belogurov, Belogurova & Smollanko, 1985 P. mexicanum (Jensen, 1985) Gourbault & Vincx, 1994 P. pectinatum (Wieser & Hopper, 1967) Warwick & Coles, 1975 P. rhipsoides Gourbault & Vincx, 1994 P. ritae Gourbault & Vincx, 1994 P. shirleyae (Coles, 1965) Warwick & Coles, 1975 P. wilsoni Inglis, 1969, Published as part of Datta, Tridip Kumar & Al-Helal, Md. Abdullah, 2023, Review of Euchromadorinae (Nematoda: Chromadorida) with description of a new species of Trochamus Boucher & De Bovée, 1971 from the Sundarban, India, pp. 493-510 in Zootaxa 5278 (3) on page 497, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7906615, {"references":["Inglis, W. G. (1969) Convergence in the structure of the head and cuticle of Euchromadora species and apparently similar nematodes. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Zoology Series, 17 (5), 149 - 204.","Gourbault, N. & Vincx, M. (1994) New species of Parapinnanema (Nematoda: Chromadoridae) are described, with a discussion of the genus. Marine Freshwater Research, 45, 141 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / mf 9940141","Semprucci, F. & Sorensen, M. (2014) A new species of Parapinnanema (Nematoda, Chromadorida) from Dr Theodor Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16 with an identification key to the genus. Zootaxa, 3881 (6), 501 - 512. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3881.6.1","Murphy, D. G. (1965) The marine nematode genus Nygmatonchus Cobb, 1933 rediscovered, with the description of N. alii, new species. Veroffentlichungen des Instituts fur Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven, 9, 204 - 209.","Warwick, R. & Coles, J. (1975) Notes on the free-living marine genus Euchromadora de Man, 1886 and its allies, with description of two new species (Chromadoridae: Nematoda). Journal of Natural History, 9, 403 - 412. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937500770311","Inglis, W. G. (1968) Interstitial nematodes from St. Vincent's Bay, New Caledonia Expedition francaise sur les recifs coralliens de la Nouvelle Caledonie. Editions de la Fondation Singer-Polignac, Occasional Publications, 2, 29 - 74.","Belogurov, O. I., Belogurova, L. S. & Smollanko, O. I. (1985) Morphology of the free-living nematode Parapinnanema imbricata sp. n. (Nematoda: Chromadorida) from the sublittoral of Moneron Island. In: ' Benthos shelfa ostrova Moneron'. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Dalnevostochnyi Tsentr, Institut Biologii Moria, Vladivostok, pp. 50 - 54.","Jensen, P. (1985) The nematode fauna in the sulphide-rich brine seep and adjacent bottoms of the east flower Garden, NW Gulf of Mexico. I. Chromadorida. Zoologica Scripta, 14 (4), 247 - 263. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1985. tb 00195. x","Wieser, W. & Hopper, B. (1967) Marine nematodes of the east coast of North America. I. Florida. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 135 (5), 239 - 344.","Coles, J. W. (1965) A critical review of the marine genus Euchromadora de Man, 1886. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 12, 157 - 194."]}

Crestanema Pastor de Ward, 1985 (emended after Venekey et al. 2019) Cuticle formed by rings with internal anterior and posterior processes, with alternate hooking. Longitudinal band in sub-dorsal, dorsal and ventral position with ornamentation. Wing type lateral differentiation nerve ring level onward. Six outer labial and four cephalic setae arranged in one circle. Amphideal fovea transversally oval, with slightly concave posterior margin. Buccal armature formed by one dorsal and two small ventrosublateral teeth. Spicules simple in structure. Gubernaculum with two central pieces and two lateral guiding pieces. Type species: C. patagonicum Pastor de Ward, 1985 List of valid species: C. patagonicum Pastor de Ward, 1985, Published as part of Datta, Tridip Kumar & Al-Helal, Md. Abdullah, 2023, Review of Euchromadorinae (Nematoda: Chromadorida) with description of a new species of Trochamus Boucher & De Bovée, 1971 from the Sundarban, India, pp. 493-510 in Zootaxa 5278 (3) on page 495, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7906615, {"references":["Pastor de Ward, C. T. (1985) Free-living marine nematodes of the Deseado river estuary (Chromadoroidea: Chromadoridae, Ethmolaimidae, Cyatholaimidae and Choniolaimidae) Santa Cruz, Argentina. 5. Centro Nacional Patagonico Publcaciones Especiales, 6, 1 - 83.","Venekey, V., Gheller, P. F., Kandratavicius, N., Cunha, B. P., Vilas-Boas, A. C., Fonseca, G. & Maria, T. F. (2019) The state of the art of Chromadoridae (Nematoda, Chromadorida): a historical review, diagnoses and comments about valid and dubious genera and a list of valid species. Zootaxa, 4578 (1), 1 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4578.1.1"]}

Endeolophos Boucher, 1976 (after Holovachov et al. 2011) Body cuticle with homogeneous ornamentation along the body: each annule with very fine and numerous longitudinal ridges. Lateral differentiation in shape of a subcuticular discontinuity in cuticle pattern along the lateral sectors of the body. The six outer labial and four cephalic sensilla setiform are arranged in a single circle. Amphidial fovea a transverse slit. Buccal cavity has a small dorsal tooth and tiny ventrosublateral denticles. Pharynx has no defined terminal bulb. Female reproductive system is didelphic, amphidelphic. Vagina has no sclerotizations. Male reproductive system is monodelphic, prodelphic. Spicules well developed. Gubernaculum is slightly arcuate, plate-like, with or without apophyses. Telamons absent. Precloacal and postcloacal supplementary organs are absent. Type species: E. minutus (Gerlach, 1967) Boucher, 1976 List of valid species: E. fossiferus (Wieser, 1954) Boucher, 1976 E. minutus (Gerlach, 1967) Boucher, 1976 E. skeneae Holovachov, Bostrom, Reid, Warén & Schander, 2011 E. spinosus (Gerlach, 1957) Boucher, 1976 E. subterraneus Blome, 1982, Published as part of Datta, Tridip Kumar & Al-Helal, Md. Abdullah, 2023, Review of Euchromadorinae (Nematoda: Chromadorida) with description of a new species of Trochamus Boucher & De Bovée, 1971 from the Sundarban, India, pp. 493-510 in Zootaxa 5278 (3) on page 495, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7906615, {"references":["Boucher, G. (1976) Nematodes des sables fins infralittoraux de la Pierre Noire (Manche occidentale) II. Chromadorida. Bulletin du Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, 3 e Serie, No 352, Zoologie, 25 - 61.","Holovachov, O., Bostrom, S., Reid, N., Waren, A. & Schander, C. (2011) Endeolophos skeneae sp. nov. (Chromadoridae) - a free-living marine nematode epibiotically associated with deep-sea gastropod Skenea profunda (Skeneidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 91 (2), 387 - 394. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315410001669","Gerlach, S. A. (1967) Freilebende Meeres-nematoden von den Sarso-Inseln (Rotes Meer). Meteor Forschungsergebnisse Reihe (D), 2, 19 - 43.","Wieser, W. (1954) Free-living marine nematodes II. Chromadoroidea. Report from the Lund University Chile Expedition. Acta University Lund, Neue Folge 2, 50 (16), 1 - 148.","Gerlach, S. A. (1957) Die Nematodenfauna des Sandstrandes na der k ¸ ste von Mittelb (Brasilianische Meeres-Nematoden IV). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin, 33 (2), 411 - 459.","Blome, D. (1982) Systematik der Nematoda eines Sandstrandes der Nordseeinsel Sylt. Mikrofauna des Meeresbodens, 86, 1 - 194."]}

Rhips Cobb, 1920 (after Tchesunov 2014) Cuticle heterogeneous with lateral differentiation as a narrow ridge beginning at the end of the pharynx. Six outer labial and four cephalic setae arranged in a common circle. Amphideal fovea conspicuous transversally oval with a double contour. Pharynx gradually enlarged posteriorly. Spicules double-jointed. Gubernaculum with lateral pieces. Type species: R. ornata Cobb, 1920 List of valid species: R. anoxybiotica Jensen, 1985 R. carenata Pastor de Ward, 1985 R. galapagensis Blome, 1985 R. gracilicauda Blome, 1985 R. orientalis Kulikov, 1993 R. ornata Cobb, 1920 R. paraornata Platt & Zhang, 1982 R. reginae Muthumbi & Vincx, 1998a Taxon inquirendum: R. longicauda Timm, 1961, Published as part of Datta, Tridip Kumar & Al-Helal, Md. Abdullah, 2023, Review of Euchromadorinae (Nematoda: Chromadorida) with description of a new species of Trochamus Boucher & De Bovée, 1971 from the Sundarban, India, pp. 493-510 in Zootaxa 5278 (3) on page 498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7906615, {"references":["Cobb, N. A. (1920) One hundred new nemas (type species of 100 new genera). Contributions to Science of Nematology, 9, 217 - 343.","Tchesunov, A. V. (2014) Order Chromadorida Chitwood, 1933 In: Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology: Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia, Gnathifera: Nematoda. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 373 - 398.","Jensen, P. (1985) The nematode fauna in the sulphide-rich brine seep and adjacent bottoms of the east flower Garden, NW Gulf of Mexico. I. Chromadorida. Zoologica Scripta, 14 (4), 247 - 263. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1985. tb 00195. x","Pastor de Ward, C. T. (1985) Free-living marine nematodes of the Deseado river estuary (Chromadoroidea: Chromadoridae, Ethmolaimidae, Cyatholaimidae and Choniolaimidae) Santa Cruz, Argentina. 5. Centro Nacional Patagonico Publcaciones Especiales, 6, 1 - 83.","Blome, D. (1985) Interstitielle Fauna von Galapagos. XXXV: Chromadoridae (Nematoda). Microfauna Marina, 2, 271 - 329.","Kulikov, V. V. (1993) New species of the marine free-living nematodes of the genus Rhips Cobb, 1920 (Chromadorida: Chromadoridae) from the Kuril Islands waters. Russian Journal of Nematology, 1, 41 - 45.","Platt, H. M. & Zhang, Z. N. (1982) New Species of Marine Nematodes from Loch Ewe, Scotland. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 42 (4), 227 - 246.","Muthumbi, A. & Vincx, M. (1998 a) Chromadoridae (Chromadorida: Nematoda) from the Indian Ocean: Difficulties in morphological identification of Actinonema Cobb, 1920 and Rhips Cobb, 1920. Hydrobiologia, 364, 155 - 167.","Timm, R. W. (1961) The Marine Nematodes of the Bay of Bengal. Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, 1 (1), 25 - 88."]}

Key to the genera of subfamily Euchromadorinae 1 Spicules jointed and solid cuticular cones present anterior part of the body......................... Rhips Cobb, 1920 - Spicules not jointed and similar cuticular cones absent....................................................... 2 2 Massive squarish dorsal tooth (onchium)............................................... Steineridora Inglis, 1969 - Dorsal tooth not massive squarish........................................................................ 3 3 Amphideal fovea conspicuous and with double contour....................................................... 4 - Amphideal fovea inconspicuous or different shape.......................................................... 5 4 Pre- and postcloacal thickening ventrally in male....................................... Nygmatonchus Cobb, 1933 - Pre- and postcloacal thickening absent in male........................................... Actinonema Cobb, 1920 5 Rows of denticles in the onchial cavity............................................. Euchromadora de Man, 1886 - Rows of denticles absent or in different arrangement, if present................................................ 6 6 Gubernaculum with accessory piece(s).................................................................... 7 - Gubernaculum without accessory piece.................................................................. 10 7 Cuticle with lateral differentiation........................................................................ 8 - Cuticle without lateral differentiation............................................... Parapinnanema Inglis, 1969 8 Lateral differentiation runs from behind the head to the spinneret; pre- and postcloacal thickening in male............................................................................................ Portmacquaria Blome, 2005 - Lateral differentiation not reaching the spinneret, no such pre- and postcloacal modification.......................... 9 9 Lateral differentiation wing or crest like........................................ Crestanema Pastor de Ward, 1985 - Lateral differentiation simple smooth band without elevated wing or crest like................ Graphonema Cobb, 1898 10 Cuticle with homogeneous ornamentation and lateral differentiation as subcuticular discontinuity,................................................................................................... Endeolophos Boucher, 1976 - Cuticle with heterogeneous ornamentation and lateral differentiation crest-like as alae or ridge,............................................................................................ Trochamus Boucher & De Bovée, 1971, Published as part of Datta, Tridip Kumar & Al-Helal, Md. Abdullah, 2023, Review of Euchromadorinae (Nematoda: Chromadorida) with description of a new species of Trochamus Boucher & De Bovée, 1971 from the Sundarban, India, pp. 493-510 in Zootaxa 5278 (3) on page 499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7906615, {"references":["Cobb, N. A. (1920) One hundred new nemas (type species of 100 new genera). Contributions to Science of Nematology, 9, 217 - 343.","Inglis, W. G. (1969) Convergence in the structure of the head and cuticle of Euchromadora species and apparently similar nematodes. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Zoology Series, 17 (5), 149 - 204.","Cobb, N. A. (1933) New nemic genera and species, with taxonomic notes. Journal of Parasitology, 20 (2), 81 - 94. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3272166","de Man, J. G. (1886) Anatomische Untersuchungen ¸ ber freilebende Nordsee-Nematoden. Leipzig (Verlag von Paul Frohberg), 1886, 1 - 82.","Blome, D. (2005) Portmacquaria nom. nov. pro Macquaria Blome, 2002 (Nematoda: Chromadoridae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 50 (Part 2), 132.","Pastor de Ward, C. T. (1985) Free-living marine nematodes of the Deseado river estuary (Chromadoroidea: Chromadoridae, Ethmolaimidae, Cyatholaimidae and Choniolaimidae) Santa Cruz, Argentina. 5. Centro Nacional Patagonico Publcaciones Especiales, 6, 1 - 83.","Cobb, N. A. (1898) Australian free-living marine nematodes. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 23 (3), 383 - 407.","Boucher, G. (1976) Nematodes des sables fins infralittoraux de la Pierre Noire (Manche occidentale) II. Chromadorida. Bulletin du Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, 3 e Serie, No 352, Zoologie, 25 - 61.","Boucher, G. & De Bovee, F. (1971) Trochamus carinatus gen. et sp. n. et Adeuchromadora megamphida gen. et sp. n. Chromadoridae Nematoda) a dix soies cephaliques de la vase terrigene cotiere de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie Milieu, 22 (2), 231 - 241."]}

Datta, Tridip Kumar, Al-Helal, Md. Abdullah (2023): Review of Euchromadorinae (Nematoda: Chromadorida) with description of a new species of Trochamus Boucher & De Bovée, 1971 from the Sundarban, India. Zootaxa 5278 (3): 493-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5278.3.4

Actinonema Cobb, 1920 (emended after Venekey et al. 2019 & Tchesunov 2014) Cuticle complex, heterogeneous with lateral differentiation as a ridge begins at the end of the pharynx. Six outer labial and four cephalic setae arranged in one circle. Amphideal fovea conspicuous, transversally oval with a double contour. Posterior pharyngeal bulb may develop. Buccal cavity with one prominent dorsal tooth and two small subventral teeth. Spicules simple, thickly cuticularized. Gubernaculum with L-shaped lateral piece. A cuticularized tube may run in between each spicule and gubernaculum. Type species: A. pachydermatum Cobb, 1920 List of valid species: A. celtica Boucher, 1976 A. falciforme Shi, Yu & Xu, 2018 A. fidatum Vitiello, 1970 A. grafi Jensen, 1991 A. longicaudatum (Steiner, 1918) Wieser, 1954 A. pachydermatum Cobb, 1920 A. paraceltica Muthumbi & Vincx, 1998a A. smolae Muthumbi & Vincx, 1998a Taxon inquirendum: A. chitwoodi Wieser, 1954, Published as part of Datta, Tridip Kumar & Al-Helal, Md. Abdullah, 2023, Review of Euchromadorinae (Nematoda: Chromadorida) with description of a new species of Trochamus Boucher & De Bovée, 1971 from the Sundarban, India, pp. 493-510 in Zootaxa 5278 (3) on pages 494-495, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7906615, {"references":["Cobb, N. A. (1920) One hundred new nemas (type species of 100 new genera). Contributions to Science of Nematology, 9, 217 - 343.","Venekey, V., Gheller, P. F., Kandratavicius, N., Cunha, B. P., Vilas-Boas, A. C., Fonseca, G. & Maria, T. F. (2019) The state of the art of Chromadoridae (Nematoda, Chromadorida): a historical review, diagnoses and comments about valid and dubious genera and a list of valid species. Zootaxa, 4578 (1), 1 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4578.1.1","Tchesunov, A. V. (2014) Order Chromadorida Chitwood, 1933 In: Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology: Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia, Gnathifera: Nematoda. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 373 - 398.","Boucher, G. (1976) Nematodes des sables fins infralittoraux de la Pierre Noire (Manche occidentale) II. Chromadorida. Bulletin du Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, 3 e Serie, No 352, Zoologie, 25 - 61.","Shi, B., Yu, T. & Xu, K. (2018) A new free-living nematode, Actinonema falciforme sp. nov. (Nematoda: Chromadoridae), from the continental shelf of the East China Sea. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 37 (10), 152 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13131 - 018 - 1318 - x","Vitiello, P. (1970) Nematodes libres marins des vases profondes du Golfe du Lion. II. Chromadorida. Tethys, 2, 449 - 500.","Jensen, P. (1991) Nine new and less known nematode species from the deep-sea benthos of the Norwegian Sea. Hydrobiologia, 222, 57 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00017500","Steiner, G. (1918) Neue und wenig bekannte Nematoden von der Westkuste Afrikas II. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 50, 4 - 18.","Wieser, W. (1954) Free-living marine nematodes II. Chromadoroidea. Report from the Lund University Chile Expedition. Acta University Lund, Neue Folge 2, 50 (16), 1 - 148.","Muthumbi, A. & Vincx, M. (1998 a) Chromadoridae (Chromadorida: Nematoda) from the Indian Ocean: Difficulties in morphological identification of Actinonema Cobb, 1920 and Rhips Cobb, 1920. Hydrobiologia, 364, 155 - 167."]}

Relationship among Trochamus spp. Until date six valid species of Trochamus Boucher & De Bovée, 1971 including the new one described in this study have been recorded and all are presented in the following as per chronological order of discovery: T. carinatus Boucher & de Bovée, 1971; T. complexus Boucher, 1976; T. prosoporus Blome, 1985; T. bulbosa Muthumbi &Vincx, 1998b; T. polki Muthumbi & Vincx, 1998b and T. timmi sp. n. The species are differentiated among themselves on the basis of morphology of amphids, spicules, precloacal modification in male and the appearance of lateral differentiation of cuticle as presented in the type specimens. Morphometrics for all type descriptions of Trochamus spp. along with some other reports from different authors are presented in Table 2. Lateral differentiation starting just behind the cephalic plate was found in T. complexus, T. prosoporus and T. polki while in T. carinatus and T. bulbosa it was found at the level of pharyngeal bulb. T. timmi sp. n. has lateral differentiation at the level of nerve ring just anterior to pharyngeal bulb. T. complexus has a different appearance in Muthumbi & Vincx (1998b) as compared to Boucher (1976). In spite of the many similarities in both publications, there are differences observed, such as in the appearance of lateral differentiation, precloacal modification and body length. Boucher (1976) described as well as illustrated that the lateral differentiation begins at the base of pharynx (just behind the cephalic plate) while in Muthumbi & Vincx (1998b) it was reported at the level of terminal bulb of pharynx. Boucher (1976) also clearly described and also illustrated the precloacal modification in male but there were no such mention in the text or illustrations in Muthumbi & Vincx (1998b). T. complexus is reported as having a larger body size by Boucher (1976) while Muthumbi & Vincx (1998b) reported specimens with comparatively small size. Inspite of this, Muthumbi & Vincx (1998b) proposed a strange theory on the basis of spicule length that reported specimens described by Boucher (1976) were juveniles. All female specimens of Trochamus spp., except T. carinatus, have the ovaries amphidelphic and reflexed. T. carinatus sensu Juario (1974) is adopted for the description of females. For T. prosoporus sensu Muthumbi & Vincx (1998b), it is mentioned in having amphidelphic with outstretched ovaries, but the illustration clearly conflicts with the description and well agrees with the statements of the original type description. The present species, T. timmi sp. n. is different from all other valid species by the appearance of lateral differentiation. The following characters of the respective species also appear to be different from T. timmi sp. n.: i) T. bulbosa & T. carinatus mainly by spicules length, de Man’s ratio a & c, body length and pre-cloacal modification in male; ii) T. complexus by the shape of amphideal fovea, spicules shape and length; iii) T. polki by amphideal fovea shape, spicules length and de Man’s ratio c; iv) T. prosoporus by pre-cloacal modification in male and body length. Key to Trochamus spp. 1. Amphideal fovea loop shaped........................................................................... 2 - Amphideal fovea not loop shaped........................................................................ 3 2. Spicules markedly arch-shaped with globose capitulum and pre-cloacal thickening in male................................................................................................. Trochamus complexus Boucher, 1976 - Spicules different and no pre-cloacal thickening in male................... Trochamus polki Muthumbi & Vincx, 1998b 3. Spicules short 30 µm long............................................................................. 5 4. Small specimen (body length ca. 365–415 µm) with enlarged mid body..... Trochamus bulbosa Muthumbi & Vincx, 1998b - Relatively bigger specimen (body length ca. 440–657 µm) without enlarged mid body........................................................................................... Trochamus carinatus Boucher & de Bovée, 1971 5. Adults> 1200 µm long, lateral differentiation starts just behind the cephalic plate and no pre-cloacal thickening in male.......................................................................... Trochamus prosoporus Blome, 1985 - Adults Trochamus timmi sp. n., Published as part of Datta, Tridip Kumar & Al-Helal, Md. Abdullah, 2023, Review of Euchromadorinae (Nematoda: Chromadorida) with description of a new species of Trochamus Boucher & De Bovée, 1971 from the Sundarban, India, pp. 493-510 in Zootaxa 5278 (3) on page 506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7906615, {"references":["Boucher, G. & De Bovee, F. (1971) Trochamus carinatus gen. et sp. n. et Adeuchromadora megamphida gen. et sp. n. Chromadoridae Nematoda) a dix soies cephaliques de la vase terrigene cotiere de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie Milieu, 22 (2), 231 - 241.","Boucher, G. (1976) Nematodes des sables fins infralittoraux de la Pierre Noire (Manche occidentale) II. Chromadorida. Bulletin du Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, 3 e Serie, No 352, Zoologie, 25 - 61.","Blome, D. (1985) Interstitielle Fauna von Galapagos. XXXV: Chromadoridae (Nematoda). Microfauna Marina, 2, 271 - 329.","Muthumbi, A. & Vincx, M. (1998 b) Chromadoridae (Chromadorida: Nematoda) from the Indian Ocean: Description of new and known species. Hydrobiologia, 364, 119 - 153.","Juario, J. V. (1974) Neue freilebende Nematoden aus dem Sublitoral der Deutschen Bucht [New Free-living Nematodes from the Sublittoral Zone of the German Bight]. Veroffentlichungen des Instituts fuer Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven, 14, 275 - 303."]}

Steineridora Inglis, 1969 (emended after Inglis, 1969, Kito 1977, Pastor de Ward 1985 and Tchesunov 2014) Body and cuticle typically Euchromadora -like. The cuticle is honeycomb-type with alternate hooking between rings. Lateral cuticle region as slimmer transverse bulge or processes developed at one side of each annule. Lateral plates poorly developed; no prominent lateral differentiation. Massive squarish dorsal onchium and sickle-like prominent onchia laterally and ventrally. Amphideal fovea narrow transverse slit without cuticular fringe. Six labial sensilla papilliform; six outer labial and four cephalic sensilla setiform in one circle. Oesophagus with posterior bulb. Cuticular markings always about same size over full length of body laterally. Gubernaculum with prominent L-shaped lateral pieces; no pre-cloacal supplements or other modifications of cuticle. Tail relatively short and stout. Type species: S. loricata (Steiner, 1916) Inglis, 1969 List of valid species: S. adriatica (Daday, 1901) Inglis, 1969 S. archaica (Steiner & Hoeppli, 1926) Inglis, 1969 S. borealis Kito, 1977 S. loricata (Steiner, 1916) Inglis, 1969, Published as part of Datta, Tridip Kumar & Al-Helal, Md. Abdullah, 2023, Review of Euchromadorinae (Nematoda: Chromadorida) with description of a new species of Trochamus Boucher & De Bovée, 1971 from the Sundarban, India, pp. 493-510 in Zootaxa 5278 (3) on page 498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7906615, {"references":["Inglis, W. G. (1969) Convergence in the structure of the head and cuticle of Euchromadora species and apparently similar nematodes. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Zoology Series, 17 (5), 149 - 204.","Kito, K. (1977) Studies on the free-living marine nematodes from Hokkaido, II. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 13, 18 - 23.","Pastor de Ward, C. T. (1985) Free-living marine nematodes of the Deseado river estuary (Chromadoroidea: Chromadoridae, Ethmolaimidae, Cyatholaimidae and Choniolaimidae) Santa Cruz, Argentina. 5. Centro Nacional Patagonico Publcaciones Especiales, 6, 1 - 83.","Tchesunov, A. V. (2014) Order Chromadorida Chitwood, 1933 In: Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology: Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia, Gnathifera: Nematoda. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 373 - 398.","Steiner, G. (1916) Freilebende Nematoden aus der Barentssee. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 39, 511 - 664.","Daday, J. (1901) Szabadon 616 fonalfergek a fiumei ˆ b ˆ lb ˆ l. Freilebende Nematoden aus dem Quarnero. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, 24, 433 - 457.","Steiner, G. & Hoeppli, R. (1926) Studies on the Exoskeleton of Some Japanese Marine Nemas. Archiv fur Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene Pathologie Und Therapie Exotischer Krankheiten, 30, 547 - 576."]}

Portmacquaria Blome, 2005 (emended after Blome 2002 and Blome 2005) Cuticle complex with lateral differentiation formed by two longitudinal rows of enlarged dots joined by transverse bars runs from the head to the spinneret.Amphideal fovea transverse slits without marked thickening of the margins. Cephalic sensilla in two distant separate rings; whereas the inner labial sensillae of the first ring are papilliform; second ring with six outer labial setae and closely placed four comparatively longer cephalic setae. Solid dorsal tooth opposed by two small ventral teeth, all with flanges forming a cylindrical posterior part of buccal cavity. Oesophagus with well developed posterior bulb. Males with single outstretched anterior testis, right of the intestine. Female with opposed, reflexed ovaries, the anterior one right, the posterior one left of intestine. Spicular apparatus consisting of weakly cuticularised, arcuate spicules, a gubemaculum of irregular shape, and lateral pieces of indistinctly L-shaped form. Ventrally pre- and postcloacal cuticular thickenings in male. Tail conical with three indistinct caudal glands. Type species: P. chimaira (Blome, 2002) Blome, 2005 List of valid species: P. chimaira (Blome, 2002) Blome, 2005, Published as part of Datta, Tridip Kumar & Al-Helal, Md. Abdullah, 2023, Review of Euchromadorinae (Nematoda: Chromadorida) with description of a new species of Trochamus Boucher & De Bovée, 1971 from the Sundarban, India, pp. 493-510 in Zootaxa 5278 (3) on page 497, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7906615, {"references":["Blome, D. (2005) Portmacquaria nom. nov. pro Macquaria Blome, 2002 (Nematoda: Chromadoridae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 50 (Part 2), 132.","Blome, D. (2002) Five new genera of free-living marine nematodes from sandy beaches of Eastern Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 48 (1), 29 - 43."]}

Graphonema Cobb, 1898 (emended after Warwick & Coles 1975 and Shimada et al. 2019) Body cuticle with complex heterogeneous ornamentation. Anterior part of the body with hexagonal blocks and afterward the pattern changes with alternate hooking between rings. The rings are externally smooth and with crenate edges. Lateral differentiation, if present, like simple smooth band without forming elevated lateral ridge or wing-shaped form. Amphideal fovea either transverse slit-like without a double contour, or not observed. Six outer labial and four cephalic setae. Buccal cavity with a hollow dorsal onchium (tooth) and two lateral or ventrosublateral onchia, without rows of denticles. Pharynx without posterior terminal bulb. Spicules not jointed. Gubernaculum containing a dorsal piece and a pair of hammer- or L-shaped lateral pieces. Precloacal supplement absent. Pre- and postcloacal cuticular elevation also absent. Type species: G. vulgare Cobb, 1898 List of valid species: G. achaeta Platonova, 1971 G. amokura e (Ditlevsen, 1921) Inglis, 1969 G. antarcticum Shimada, Tsujimoto & Watanabe, 2019 G. arctica (Filipjev, 1946) Warwick and Coles, 1975 G. georgei Inglis, 1969 G. mediterranea (Allgén, 1942) Warwick & Coles, 1975 G. metuliferum Kito, 1981 G. northumbriae Warwick & Coles, 1975 G. parafricana (Gerlach, 1958) Warwick & Coles, 1975 G. scampae (Coles, 1965) Warwick & Coles, 1975 G. vulgare Cobb, 1898 Taxon inquirendum: G. sabangensis (Steiner, 1915) Wieser, 1954, Published as part of Datta, Tridip Kumar & Al-Helal, Md. Abdullah, 2023, Review of Euchromadorinae (Nematoda: Chromadorida) with description of a new species of Trochamus Boucher & De Bovée, 1971 from the Sundarban, India, pp. 493-510 in Zootaxa 5278 (3) on page 496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7906615, {"references":["Cobb, N. A. (1898) Australian free-living marine nematodes. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 23 (3), 383 - 407.","Warwick, R. & Coles, J. (1975) Notes on the free-living marine genus Euchromadora de Man, 1886 and its allies, with description of two new species (Chromadoridae: Nematoda). Journal of Natural History, 9, 403 - 412. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937500770311","Shimada, D., Tsujimoto, M., and Watanabe, K. (2019). A New Free-living Marine Nematode Species of the Genus Graphonema (Nematoda: Chromadorida: Chromadoridae) from Antarctica. Species Diversity, 24, 61 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.12782 / specdiv. 24.61","Platonova, T. A. (1971) Free-living marine nematodes from the Possjet bay of the Sea of Japan. Isledovanija fauni morjei, 8 (16), 72 - 108.","Inglis, W. G. (1969) Convergence in the structure of the head and cuticle of Euchromadora species and apparently similar nematodes. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Zoology Series, 17 (5), 149 - 204.","Filipjev, I. N. (1946) СvobodнozivUЩii нiмatodы iZ сiviрнogo лidovitogo okiaнa = Nematodes libres du bassin polaire (eng Free-living nematodes from the Arctic Ocean - Free-living nematodes of the polar basin). Trudy Dreifuiushchaiae Ekspeditsiia Glavsevmorputi na Ledokol'nom Parokhode G. Sedov 1937 - 1940, III, 158 - 184.","Allgen, C. A. (1942) Die freilebenden Nematoden des Mittelmeeres. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Systematik, Band 76, Heft 1 / 2, 1 - 102.","Kito, K. (1981) Studies on the free-living marine nematodes from Hokkaido, IV. Journal of the Faculty of Science Hokkaido University, Series VI, Zoology, 22 (3), 250 - 278.","Gerlach, S. A. (1958) Freilebende Nematoden von den Korallenriffen des Roten Meeres. Kieler Meeresforschung, 14, 241 - 246.","Coles, J. W. (1965) A critical review of the marine genus Euchromadora de Man, 1886. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 12, 157 - 194.","Steiner, G. (1915) Freilebende marine Nematoden von der K ¸ ste Sumatras. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Systematik, 38 (3 - 4), 223 - 244.","Wieser, W. (1954) Free-living marine nematodes II. Chromadoroidea. Report from the Lund University Chile Expedition. Acta University Lund, Neue Folge 2, 50 (16), 1 - 148."]}

Description of Trochamus timmi sp. n. (Figures 1–3, Table 1) Material examined. Two adult males and four adult females on glycerine slides. Holotype male: Reg. No. WN3873/1. Male paratype: Reg. No. WN3873/2. Female paratypes: Reg. No. WN3873/3, WN3873/4, WN3873/5 and WN3873/6. Type habitat. Samples were collected from the muddy intertidal mangroves of the Sundarban, West Bengal, India; Collector: Tridip Kumar Datta, Date: 28 th April, 2018. Etymology: The species name is given after Dr. Richard William Timm, popularly known as Father Timm (2 nd March, 1923–11 th September, 2020) for being the pioneer researcher on marine nematology of the Bay of Bengal and his remarkable contribution to the society. Description. Adults Abbreviations used: a: total body length divided by maximum body diameter; b: total body length divided by pharynx length; c: total body length divided by tail length; c’: tail length divided by anal body diameter; NA: Not Applicable; V: distance of vulva from anterior end as percentage of total body length (%) i.e. (distance from head end to vulva / total body length) × 100; V’: distance of vulva from anterior end in respect to anus as percentage (%) i.e. (distance from head end to vulva / distance from head end to anus) × 100; ?: doubtful. Male (846–887 µm): Reproductive system monorchic with outstretched testis located right to intestine. Spicules long (48–51 µm in arc, 38µm in chord), arcuate. 1.9–2.0 of corresponding anal body. Manubrium (capitulum) without any prominence. Gubernaculum small, plate-like (10 µm) running parallel to dorsal of spicules. Germinative zone of testis with broadened anterior end. Vas deferens forms tubular part at distal end and joins with rectum to form cloacal opening. Pre-cloacal modification as cuticular thickening of 11–13 annules, located 72–80 µm (ca. 24 annules) anterior to cloacal opening. No further post-cloacal modification. Female (720–811 µm): Reproductive system amphidelphic with reflexed ovaries; anterior ovary right to intestine and posterior left to it. Both ovaries almost similar in size; anterior being little larger (48–74µm) than posterior (45–72 µm). Body diameter at vulva being widest (36–39 µm) and located around the mid portion of the body (47–52%). Vulva visible with dilated cuticle. Vagina slit-like with refractive thick muscle and posterior wall folded back resulting in formation of short lumen. Diagnosis. Adult, Published as part of Datta, Tridip Kumar & Al-Helal, Md. Abdullah, 2023, Review of Euchromadorinae (Nematoda: Chromadorida) with description of a new species of Trochamus Boucher & De Bovée, 1971 from the Sundarban, India, pp. 493-510 in Zootaxa 5278 (3) on pages 499-504, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7906615

Trochamus Boucher & De Bovée, 1971 (emended after Boucher & De Bovée 1971 and Tchesunov 2014) Body cuticle heterogeneous and complex interlocking pattern like roof-tiles; lateral differentiation crest-like. Six outer labial and four cephalic setae arranged in one crown. Amphideal fovea small loop-shaped or poorly visible transverse slit. Buccal cavity armed with one dorsal tooth and two small subventral denticles. Spicule and gubernaculum simple without any accessory pieces. No post-cloacal modifications in male. Type species: T. carinatus Boucher & de Bovée, 1971 List of valid species: T. bulbosa Muthumbi & Vincx, 1998b T. carinatus Boucher & de Bovée, 1971 T. complexus Boucher, 1976 T. polki Muthumbi & Vincx, 1998b T. prosoporus Blome, 1985 T. timmi sp.n., Published as part of Datta, Tridip Kumar & Al-Helal, Md. Abdullah, 2023, Review of Euchromadorinae (Nematoda: Chromadorida) with description of a new species of Trochamus Boucher & De Bovée, 1971 from the Sundarban, India, pp. 493-510 in Zootaxa 5278 (3) on page 498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7906615, {"references":["Boucher, G. & De Bovee, F. (1971) Trochamus carinatus gen. et sp. n. et Adeuchromadora megamphida gen. et sp. n. Chromadoridae Nematoda) a dix soies cephaliques de la vase terrigene cotiere de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie Milieu, 22 (2), 231 - 241.","Tchesunov, A. V. (2014) Order Chromadorida Chitwood, 1933 In: Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology: Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia, Gnathifera: Nematoda. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 373 - 398.","Muthumbi, A. & Vincx, M. (1998 b) Chromadoridae (Chromadorida: Nematoda) from the Indian Ocean: Description of new and known species. Hydrobiologia, 364, 119 - 153.","Boucher, G. (1976) Nematodes des sables fins infralittoraux de la Pierre Noire (Manche occidentale) II. Chromadorida. Bulletin du Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, 3 e Serie, No 352, Zoologie, 25 - 61.","Blome, D. (1985) Interstitielle Fauna von Galapagos. XXXV: Chromadoridae (Nematoda). Microfauna Marina, 2, 271 - 329."]}

Zhai, Hongxiu, Shi, Yifeng, Li, Ting, Sun, Jun (2023): Two new species of genus Perspiria (Desmodoridae: Nematoda) from the Bohai Bay of China. Journal of Natural History 57 (9-12): 490-502, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2198149

Perspiria major sp. nov. (Figures 4, 5; Table 2) Holotype and paratype material Two males and two females were collected from the subtidal zone of Bohai Bay. Holotype male on slide BHB40-(0-2)-2. Paratype male 2 on slide BHB40-(0-2)-7; female 1 on slide BHB04-(2-5)-8; female 2 on slide BHB41-(0-2)-3. Holotype and paratype locality and habitat Holotype male and paratype male 2 were collected from Station BHB40: 38.416 N, 118.140 E; depth 18 m; temperature 16.18°C; salinity 31.2 psu; silt sediment in the east of Bohai Bay. Female 1 was collected from Station BHB04: 38.964 N, 118.328 E; depth: 7 m; temperature: 14.9°C; salinity: 30.43 psu; silt sediment in the north of Bohai Bay. Female 2 was collected from Station BHB41: 38.533 N, 118.91 E; depth: 18 m; temperature: 15.9°C; salinity: 32.0 psu; silt sediment in the east of Bohai Bay. Etymology The species is named in reference to its relatively large body for the genus. Measurements All measurement data are given in Table 2. Description Holotype male. Body cylindrical with blunt anterior end and tapered tail end. Cuticle striated, beginning from the level of the middle of amphideal fovea. Inner labial sensilla not observed, six outer labial sensilla papilliform, four cephalic setae thin, about 8 μm long, located level with the middle of the amphideal fovea. Two latero-dorsal and two latero-ventral longitudinal rows of 5–6 cervical setae (4–6 μm long), somatic setae short, arranged irregularly on the surface of the body. Amphideal fovea unispiral, about 7 μm in diameter, i.e. 37% of the corresponding body diameter, and 5 μm from the anterior end. Buccal cavity minute, with a small dorsal tooth. Pharynx 124 μm long, cylindrical, with an oval anterior bulb and a pyriform terminal bulb. Cardia small, conical. Nerve ring located at about 75% of pharyngeal length from anterior end. Ventral gland and excretory pore not observed. Tail conico-cylindrical with prominent transverse striations except its terminal end, 2.5 times cloacal body diameter. Three caudal glands present. Reproductive system with single outstretched testis. Spicules arcuated without ventral velum, 1.2 cloacal body diameters long, proximal end enlarged, heart-shaped, and distal end tapered. Gubernaculum plate-shaped, 10 µm long, broadest in middle portion and tapering proximally and distally, without apophysis. Precloacal supplements absent. Females. Similar to males in most morphological characters except the body slightly larger. Reproductive system didelphic, with two opposed and reflexed ovaries. Anterior ovary located to the right of intestine, posterior ovary to the left of intestine. Spermathecae not observed. Vagina straight, cuticularised, about 0.2 times vulval body diameters long. Vulva raised, situated on ventral side of mid-body, about 55% of body length from anterior end. Differential diagnosis and discussion The species is characterised by the presence of four longitudinal rows of 5–6 cervical setae, small unispiral amphidial fovea, partially surrounded with cuticular striation (Figures 4 (a), 5(b)); conical buccal cavity with a small dorsal tooth; pharynx with an oval anterior bulb and a pyriform terminal bulb; spicules arcuated with heart-shaped proximal end and tapered distal end, without ventral velum. Gubernaculum plate-shaped without apophysis. Precloacal supplement absent. Tail relatively short, conico-cylindrical with prominent transverse striations. The new species is most similar to P. megamphida Vincx and Gourbault, 1989 in having a short tail that is shorter than 3 times cloacal body diameter. However, the new species differs from the latter species by its much smaller amphidial fovea (37% of corresponding body diameter vs more than 60%); the presence of the dorsal tooth (vs absence) and longer body length (1914–2241 μm vs 1605 μm). The difference between the new species and its congeners can be inferred from the key below. Updated key to all valid species of Perspiria including the new species 1. Presence of somatic papillae along the body.................................................................. P. lara - Absence of somatic papillae along the body............................................................................ 2 2. Male with precloacal supplements................................................................................................ 3 - Male without precloacal supplements......................................................................................... 5 3. 11–12 tubular precloacal supplements, tail filiform, 8.5–11.2 a.b.d. long........................................................................................................................................................................... P. flagellata - 14–17 cup-shaped or papillary precloacal supplements, tail conico-cylindrical, shorter than 8 a.b.d.............................................................................................................................................. 4 4. Amphidial fovea circular, precloacal supplements cup-shaped...................... P. papillata - Amphidial fovea longitudinal loop-shaped, precloacal supplements papilliform................................................................................................................................... P. macramphida sp. nov. 5. Cuticle striations resolvable into dots............................................................ P. septentrionalis - Cuticle striations prominent, not resolvable into dots.......................................................... 6 6. Buccal cavity with two dorsal teeth.......................................................................... P. elongata - Buccal cavity with only one dorsal tooth or no tooth at all................................................ 7 7. Proximal end of spicules markedly hook-shaped.................................................. P. hamata - Proximal end of spicules not hook-like........................................................................................ 8 8. Tail filiform, longer than 9 a.b.d...................................................................................................... 9 - Tail conico-cylindrical, shorter than 8 a.b.d.............................................................................. 11 9. Spicules without ventral velum, gubernaculum with dorsal apophysis....................................................................................................................................................................... P. striaticaudata - Spicules with ventral velum, gubernaculum without dorsal apophysis....................... 10 10. Tail 11.9–14.5 a.b.d. long, slender spicule with triangular proximal end.................................................................................................................................................................... P. longicaudatus - Tail 9–10 a.b.d. long, thick spicule with rounded or club-shaped proximal end................................................................................................................................................................... P. mokii 11. Tail 6–7.3 a.b.d. long, spicules 36–40 μm................................................................ P. boucheri - Tail shorter than 3 a.b.d., spicules 51–55 μm.......................................................................... 12 12. Amphidial fovea large, 60% c.b.d., buccal cavity without tooth.......... P. megamphida - Amphidial fovea small, 37% c.b.d., buccal cavity with dorsal tooth............................................................................................................................................................................ P. major sp. nov.

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are significant pests that result in considerable economic losses in global crop production. Due to the high toxicity of chemical nematicides, there is a need to develop new strategies for nematode control. In this context, nematophagous fungi may offer a viable option for biological control. Two fungal strains (GUCC2212 and GUCC2232) were isolated from cysts of Globodera sp., identified as Neocosmospora stercicola. The fungal filtrates of the strains were evaluated for their nematicidal activity against three species of PPNs: Aphelenchoides besseyi, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Ditylenchus destructor. The fermentation filtrates of two strains exhibited substantial toxicity towards the evaluated nematodes, with mortality rates reaching up to 100% within 72 h. Concurrently, N. stercicola also demonstrated predatory and parasitic behavior. The eggs of Globodera sp. were parasitized by the two strains. N. stercicola represents a newly recorded species in China and a novel nematophagous species. In conclusion, the two strains of N. stercicola show promise as biocontrol agents for PPNs management.

Taxonomy of Allodorylaimus Diagnosis Qudsianematidae, Qudsianematinae. Small- to large-sized nematodes, 0.80–3.28 mm long. Cuticle dorylaimoid, smooth. Lip region variably offset, often marked by depression or constriction, with mostly separate, angular lips and protruding papillae. Amphid fovea cup- or funnel-like, with large aperture. Odontostyle strong, as long as lip region diameter or more, with aperture occupying up to one-half of its length. Guiding ring simple but distinct. Pharynx entirely muscular, gradually enlarging into the basal expansion that occupies ca one-half of the total neck length. Female genital system diovarian, with distinct pars refringens vaginae and transverse (occasionally longitudinal) vulva. Tail similar in the two sexes, conical, regularly curved ventrad (nearly straight in few cases). Spicules dorylaimid. Ventromedian supplements 5–20, spaced, lacking hiatus. Relationships As mentioned in the introductory section, Allodorylaimus is very similar to Eudorylaimus, from which it differs in the absence (vs presence) of pre-cloacal space (hiatus) in adult males; meanwhile, females are difficult to distinguish. In fact, when Andrássy (1986) created Allodorylaimus, he was aware that his proposal raised doubts about the identity of some parthenogenetic species of Eudorylaimus, stating (p. 9) ′It is possible that some of the species known recently in female forms only and ordered provisionally to the genus Eudorylaimus should later be transferred to Allodorylaimus ̍. Allodorylaimus also resembles Aporcelinus. In fact, the separation of these two genera is not exempt from difficulty as it is based on subtle (but apparently significant) differences: nature of cuticle (the two layers with similar refractiveness vs without such similarity in Aporcelinus), absence (vs presence) of a dorsal lobe at pharyngo-intestinal junction, uterine egg shell (smooth vs irregular, undulated), shape of sperm cells (spindle-shaped vs rounded to ovoid), and tail shape (very often regularly curved ventrad vs nearly always with a dorsal concavity and recurved dorsad). Notes on its phylogeny Allodorylaimus species only have in common the absence of a pre-cloacal space (hiatus) separating the pre-cloacal pair of genital papillae and the series of ventromedian supplements, which is herein regarded as a plesiomorphic condition. Thus, morphologically, the monophyly of this taxon is not supported by any relevant synapomorphy, much less by any autopomorphic trait. Its current geographical distribution suggests, however, a tentative origin of the group in the Laurasian supercontinent, in particular in Palearctic territories, with more recent and occasional dispersal events to other biogeographical regions. It belongs to a very diverse group of conical-tailed dorylaims classified under the family Qudsianematidae, whose monophyly is not supported by means of molecular data (Holterman et al. 2008). Regarding molecular analyses, only one sequence each of 18S - and 28S -rRNA of A. andrassyi is currently available from GenBank – other deposited sequences were identified only at the genus level – and the molecular trees derived from their analysis show a closer relationship with members of the family Aporcelaimidae than with other qudsianematid taxa (Holterman et al. 2008; Peña-Santiago et al. 2019). Type species A. uniformis (Thorne, 1929) Andrássy, 1986 = Dorylaimus uniformis Thorne, 1929 = Eudorylaimus uniformis (Thorne, 1929) Andrássy, 1959 = Dorylaimus acuticauda apud Steiner (1916), nec de Man (1880) Other valid species A. aljabaranus Quijano, Peña-Santiago and Jiménez-Guirado, 1991 A. allgeni (Andrássy, 1958) Andrássy, 1986 = Dorylaimus allgeni Andrássy, 1958 = Eudorylaimus allgeni (Andrássy, 1958) Andrássy, 1959 = Dorylaimus carteri apud Allgén (1929), nec Bastian (1865) A. alpinus (Steiner, 1914) Andrássy, 1986 = Dorylaimus alpinus Steiner, 1914 = Eudorylaimus alpinus (Steiner, 1914) Andrássy, 1959 = Eudorylaimus sp. 3 apud Loof (1961) A. andrassyi (Meyl, 1955) Andrássy, 1986 = Dorylaimus andrassyi Meyl, 1955 = Eudorylaimus andrassyi (Meyl, 1955) Andrássy, 1959 A. bokori (Andrássy, 1959) Andrássy, 1986 = Dorylaimus bokori Andrássy, 1959 = Eudorylaimus bokori (Andrássy, 1959) Andrássy, 1959 A. digiturus (Thorne, 1939) Andrássy, 1986 = Dorylaimus digiturus Thorne, 1939 = Eudorylaimus digiturus (Thorne, 1939) Andrássy, 1959 A. elytrigii Gagarin and Serikova, 2007 A. ferrisorum Andrássy, 1986 = Eudorylaimus andrassyi apud Tjepkema et al. (1971), nec Meyl (1955) A. holdemani (Andrássy, 1959) Andrássy, 1986 = Dorylaimus holdemani Andrássy, 1959 = Eudorylaimus holdemani (Andrássy, 1959) Andrássy, 1959 A. husmanni (Altherr, 1972) Andrássy, 1986 = Eudorylaimus husmanni Altherr, 1972 A. kazirangus Baniyamuddin and Ahmad, 2011 A. kosambaensis Khan, Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1995 A. lindbergi (Andrássy, 1960) Gagarin, 1997 = Eudorylaimus curvicaudatus Eliava, 1968 = Allodorylaimus rarus Gagarin, 1999a A. meridianus Andrássy, 1992 A. paragranuliferus Quijano, Peña-Santiago and Jiménez-Guirado, 1991 A. parasimilis (Kreis, 1963) Andrássy, 1986 = Dorylaimus parasimilis Kreis, 1963 = Eudorylaimus parasimilis (Kreis, 1963) Andrássy, 1969 A. piracicabensis (Lordello, 1955) Andrássy, 1986 = Dorylaimus piracicabensis Lordello, 1955 = Eudorylaimus piracicabensis (Lordello, 1955) Andrássy, 1959 A. robustus (Thorne, 1974) Andrássy, 1986 = Eudorylaimus robustus Thorne, 1974 A. santosi (Meyl, 1957) Andrássy, 1986 = Dorylaimus santosi Meyl, 1957 = Eudorylaimus santosi (Meyl, 1957) Andrássy, 1959 A. septentrionalis (Kreis, 1963) Andrássy, 1986 = Dorylaimus septentrionalis Kreis, 1963 = Eudorylaimus septentrionalis (Kreis, 1963) Andrássy, 1969 A. tarkoenensis (Andrássy, 1959) Andrássy, 1986 = Eudorylaimus tarkoenensis Andrássy, 1959 = Dorylaimus sp. apud Andrássy (1952) A. thymophilus Quijano, Peña-Santiago and Jiménez-Guirado, 1991 A. tuccitanus sp. nov. A. vallus Khan, Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1995 Key to species identification 1a – Caudal region straight, dorsally first convex and then showing a weak but distinguishable concavity........................................................................................................................ 2 1b – Caudal region more or less regularly curved ventrad...................................................... 4 2a – Odontostyle 19–21 µm long.............................................................................. kosambaensis 2b – Odontostyle 23 µm long or more............................................................................................. 3 3a – Lip region 21 µm wide.............................................................................................. holdemanni 3b – Lip region 17–19 µm wide.................................................................................................. vallus 4a – Lip region continuous with the adjacent body................................................................... 5 4b – Lip region offset from the adjacent body.............................................................................. 7 5a – Odontostyle ca 12 µm long; longer tail (54 µm, c = 24, c̾ = 1.9)................. digiturus 5b – Odontostyle up to 17 µm long; shorter tail (c > 27, c̾ up to 1.62).......... 6 6a – Body 1.16–1.34 mm long, pharyngeal expansion occupying 43–49% of the total neck length, spicule 39 µm long.......................................................................... tarkoenensis 6b – Body 1.51–1.69 mm long, pharyngeal expansion occupying 37–39% of the total neck length, spicule 55–59 µm long...................................................... tuccitanus sp. nov. 7a – Larger general size, body 3.28 mm long.............................................................. parasimilis 7b – Smaller general size, very exceptionally exceeding 3.0 mm long, reaching 3.07 mm............................................................................................................................................... 8 8a – Longer female tail (more than 100 µm, c̾ > 3)...................................................... lindbergi 8b – Shorter female tail (up to 80 µm, c̾ < 2.5)............................................................................. 9 9a – Odontostyle much longer (1.3–1.5 times) than lip region diameter........................ 10 9b – Odontostyle equal to or hardly longer (up to 1.3 times) than lip region diameter............................................................................................................................................. 11 10a – Lip region offset by deep constriction and about 16 µm wide, tail strongly curved ventrad, five ventromedian supplements.................................................................... bokori 10b – Lip region offset by weak constriction and 20–22 µm wide, tail slightly curved ventrad, 13–14 ventromedian supplements...................................................... kazirangus 11a – Only one ventromedian supplement lying within the range of the spicules and widely separated from the others................................................................ paragranuliferus 11b – Ventromedian supplements with another pattern, more or less regularly spaced................................................................................................................................................ 12 12a – Abundant cuticular irregularities (wrinkles) around the vulva................ thymophilus 12b – No cuticular irregularity around the vulva.......................................................................... 13 13a – Vulva longitudinal.......................................................................................................................... 14 13b – Vulva transverse............................................................................................................................. 15 14a – More slender female body (a = 45–52); tail of both sexes strongly curved ventrad........................................................................................................................................... septentrionalis 14b – Less slender female body (a ferrisorum 15a – Larger general size, body length more than 1.8 mm long, exceptionally less..... 16 15b – Smaller general size, body length only exceptionally more than 1.8 mm long..................................................................................................................................................... 20 16a – Caudal region bearing abundant saccate bodies.............................................. husmanni 16b – Caudal region lacking saccate bodies................................................................................... 17 17a – Odontostyle 24–29 µm long........................................................................................ uniformis 17b – Odontostyle up to 23 µm long................................................................................................ 18 18a – More posterior vulva (V = 52); only one ventromedian supplement lying within the range of spicules.................................................................................................................. alpinus 18b – More anterior vulva (V andrassyi 19b – Odontostyle 21–23 µm long, length 1.2–1.3 times the lip region diameter; caudal region strongly curved ventrad and bearing a long hyaline portion.............. elytrigii 20a – Female up to 1.05 mm long...................................................................................................... 21 20b – Female more than 1.20 mm long............................................................................................ 22 21a – Caudal region comparatively shorter (c̾ = 1.0–1.1); male bearing 18 ventromedian supplements.............................................................................................................. piracicabensis 21b – Caudal region comparatively longer (c̾ = 1.7–2.2); male bearing 13–15 ventromedian supplements................................................................................................................ santosi 22a – Shorter tail (20–30 µm, c = 47–59); male caudal region strongly curved ventrad, hook-like.......................................................................................................................... meridianus 22b – Longer tail (> 35 µm, c robustus 23b – Neck less than 400 µm long; spicules less than 75 µm long; two or three ventromedian supplements within the range of spicules................................................................ 24 24a – Lip region offset by depression; longer caudal region (c̾ = 1.3–2.1) with finely rounded tip; spicules 52–55 µm long.................................................................. aljabaranus 24b – Lip region offset by deep constriction; shorter caudal region (c̾ = 1) and with acute tip; spicules 60 µm long...................................................................................................... allgeni Table 2 provides a compendium of the main morphometric features of known populations/specimens of each species, together with its geographical origin and the corresponding bibliographic reference. Comments on some species Allodorylaimus kosambiensis. Several traits of this species, especially the presence of a distinct dorsal concavity of caudal region in both sexes, resemble the pattern found in Aporcelinus representatives; therefore, the hypothesis that it belongs to this genus should not be discarded. Allodorylaimus holdemanni. It is probably the most widely distributed species of the genus (Table 1; see also other records compiled by Peña-Santiago 2021), but available information about this taxon is heterogeneous and not always coincident. Thus, Andrássy̍s (1959a) original description shows a pattern (lip region offset by deep constriction and with separate lips, strong odontostyle with aperture occupying almost one-half of the total length, and female tail with a slight dorsal concavity) very similar to that found in Aporcelinus species. Converserly, Zullini̍s (1970) illustrations present a nearly straight tail with regularly convex dorsal side. Allodorylaimus lindbergi. Available information about this species is not consistent, and doubt persists regarding its true identity. Andrássy (1960) originally described it on the basis of four females from freshwater habitats in Afghanistan, and characterised it by, among other features, 2.17–2.42 mm long body, odontostyle 18–19 µm long, pars refringens vaginae absent of weakly developed, slightly anterior vulva (V = 44–46), and tail conical elongate (c = 20–24, c ̍ = 3.2–3.7) and strongly curved ventrad, almost hook-like. Altherr (1972) recorded 10 females of this species from two locations, also in freshwater habitats, in Sweden. These females displayed smaller general size (body length 1.30–2.10 vs 2.17– 2.42 mm) and less slender body (a = 24–33 vs 33–41), but are similar to the type material in their remaining morphometrics. Thus, doubt exists about its true identity. Gagarin (1992) studied five females from Taimyr Peninsula, which were appreciably smaller than those of the type population (body 1.55–1.85 vs 2.17–2.42 mm long) and with comparatively shorter tail (c´ = 2.1–2.4 vs c̾ = 3.2–3.7), two remarkable differences. Eliava (1968) described Eudorylaimus curvicaudatus from a Siberian (Komi ASSR) freshwater habitat. Although the original description of this species is laconic, basic morphometrics and other relevant traits (for instance, pars refringens vaginae slightly sclerotised) are similar to those of type specimens. Andrássy (1986) regarded it as a junior synonym of E. lindbergi, an action that might be justified. Gagarin (1999a) described Allod, Published as part of Peña-Santiago, Reyes & Cortés, Nazareth, 2023, Description of Allodorylaimus tuccitanus sp. nov., with updated taxonomy of the genus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Qudsianematidae), pp. 445-462 in Journal of Natural History 57 (5 - 8) on pages 454-460, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2195565, http://zenodo.org/record/7859766, {"references":["Andrassy I. 1986. The genus Eudorylaimus Andrassy, 1959 and the present status of its species (Nematoda: Qudsianematidae). Opuscula Zoologica Budapestinensis. 22: 1 - 42.","Holterman M, Rybarczyk K, Van den Essen S, Van Megen H, Mooyman P, Pena-Santiago R, Bongers T, Bakker J, Helder J. 2008. A ribosomal DNA-based framework for the detection and quantification of stress-sensitive nematode families in terrestrial habitats. Molecular Ecology Resources. 8: 23 - 34. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1471 - 8286.2007.01963. x.","Pena-Santiago R, Aolafia J, Ngyen TAD, Alvarez-Ortega S, Vareal-Benavides I. 2019. General morphology and updated taxonomy of the genus Aporcelinus Andrassy, 2009 (Dorylaimida: Aporcelaimidae). Nematology. 21: 857 - 874. doi: 10.1163 / 15685411 - 00003260.","Thorne G. 1929. Nematodes from the summit of Long ̍ s peak, Colorado. Transactions of the American Microcroscopy Society. 48 (2): 181 - 195. doi: 10.2307 / 3222211.","Quijano R, Pena-Santiago R, Jimenez-Guirado D. 1991. Three new species of the genus Allodorylaimus Andrassy, 1986 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Spain. Afro Asian Journal of Nematology. 1: 161 - 173.","Andrassy I. 1958. Erd- und Susswassernematoden aus Bulgarien. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 4: 1 - 88.","Steiner G. 1914. Freilebende Nematoden aus der Schweiz. 1. Teil einer vorlufigen Mitteilung. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie und Plantonkunde. 9: 259 - 276.","Meyl AH. 1955. Die bisher in Italien gefundenen Freilebenden Erd und Susswasser-Nematoden. Archivo Zoologico Italiano year 1954. 39: 161 - 264.","Thorne G. 1939. A monograph of the nematodes of the superfamily Dorylaimoidea. Capita Zoologica. 8: 1 - 261.","Gagarin VG, Serikova MP. 2007. Description of Allodorylaimus elytrigii sp. n. (Nematoda, Dorylaimida) from the White Sea supralitoral. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal. 86: 252 - 254. [In Russian].","Tjepkema JP, Ferris VR, Ferris JM. 1971. Review of the genus Aporcelaimellus Heyns, 1965 and six species groups of the genus Eudorylaimus Andrassy, 1959 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida). Purdue University Agricultural Experimental Station Research Bulletin. 882: 1 - 52.","Altherr E. 1972. Contribution a la connaissance des Nematodes rithrostyopsammiques et rithrostygopsephiques de Suede. Revue Suisse de Zoologie. 79: 881 - 902. doi: 10.5962 / bhl. part. 97141.","Baniyamuddin M, Ahmad W. 2011. Two new and a known species of dorylaimid nematodes (Dorylaimida: Nematoda) from Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India. Journal of Natural History. 45 (47 - 48): 2965 - 2980. doi: 10.1080 / 00222933.2011.626125.","Khan Z, Ahmad W, Jairajpuri MS. 1995. Description of four new species of dorylaimid nematodes. Afro Asian Journal of Nematology. 5: 133 - 140.","Andrassy I. 1960. Einige Nematoden aus Afghanistan. Opuscula Zoologica Budapestinensis. 4: 3 - 14.","Gagarin VG. 1997. Fauna of free-living nematodes of reservoirs from Archipelago Novaya Zemlya. Biologiya Vnutrennikh. 3: 33 - 40. [In Russian].","Eliava IY. 1968. New nematode species of the genus Eudorylaimus Andrassy, 1959 (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea). Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR. 49: 469 - 474. [In Russian].","Gagarin VG. 1999 a. Peritobrilus vipriensis sp. n. (Enoplida: Tobrilidae) and Allodorylaimus rarus (Dorylaimida: Qudsianematidae) from Northern Siberia. Russian Journal of Nematology. 7: 115 - 119.","Andrassy I. 1992. The superfamily Dorylaimoidea (Nematoda) - a review. Family Qudsianematidae, II. Opuscula Zoologica Budapestinensis. 24 (1991): 3 - 55.","Kreis HA. 1963. Marine Nematoda. Zool Iceland. 2 (14): 1 - 69.","Lordello LGE. 1955. Three new soil nematodes from Piracicaiba (State of S. Paulo), with a key to species of the genus \" Aporcelaimus ̎ (Dorylaimidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia. 15: 211 - 218.","Thorne G. 1974. Nematodes of the Northern Great Plains. Part II. Dorylaimoidea in part (Nemata: Adenophorea). South Dakota State Univiversity Agricultural Experimental Station Technical Bulletin. 41: 1 - 120.","Meyl AH. 1957. Beitrage zur freilebenden Nematodenfauna Brasiliens. II. Weitere neue oder wenig bekannte Nematodenarten. Kieler Meeresforschung. 13: 125 - 133.","Andrassy I. 1952. Freilebende Nematoden aus dem Bukk-Gebirge. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici. 2: 13 - 65.","Pena-Santiago R. 2021. Dorylaimida Mundi (Nematoda) - checklist of genera and species, with their records. Monographic papers on Nematology n ° 7. Jaen (Spain): Editorial Universidad de Jaen; p. 957.","Gagarin VG. 1992. The free-living freshwater nematodes of the Soviet Union. St Petersburg (Russia): Gidrometeoizdat; p. 152. [In Russian].","Monteiro AR. 1970. Acerca de alguns Dorylaimoidea (Nemata, Dorylaimida). Anais da Escola Superior de Agricultura \" Luiz de Queiroz ̎. 27: 239 - 279. doi: 10.1590 / S 0071 - 12761970000100019."]}

Peña-Santiago, Reyes, Cortés, Nazareth (2023): Description of Allodorylaimus tuccitanus sp. nov., with updated taxonomy of the genus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Qudsianematidae). Journal of Natural History 57 (5-8): 445-462, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2195565, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2195565

Allodorylaimus tuccitanus sp. nov. (Figures 1–3; Tables 1, 2) Morphometrics See Table 1. Diagnosis The new species is characterised by its 1.51–1.69 mm long body, lip region hardly offset by depression or almost continuous and 14.0–15.5 µm wide, odontostyle 13.0–15.5 µm long, neck 321–417 µm long, pharyngeal expansion occupying 43–49% of the total neck length, presence of dorsal cell mass at level of cardia, female genital system diovarian, plicate sphincter, uterus bipartite and 101–207 µm or 2.0–3.6 body diameters long, V = 48–52, tail conical (38–45 µm, c = 34–42, c̾ = 1.4–1.6), spicules 55–59 µm long, and 11 spaced ventromedian supplements without hiatus. Etymology The specific epithet is a Latin term referring or belonging to Tucci, the Roman name of Martos town, the capital of the municipality where the new species was collected. Type locality and habitat Spain, south-eastern Iberian Peninsula, province of Jaén, at the enclave named ′ Peña de Martos ̍ (37.715ºN, 3.958ºW, elevation up to 1003 m), associated with a plant community whose dominant species are Brachypodium phoenicoides (L.), Stipa bromoides (L.), Astragalus hamosus L., Ballota sp., Euphorbia exigua L. and Retama sphaerocarpa (L.). Material examined Six females and three males, in a good state of preservation. (Continued) Table 2. (Continued). a Abbreviations used in columns: Lrd = lip region diameter, Odont = odontostyle length, Neck = neck length, Prer = prerectum length, Spic = spicule length, Ve Sup = number of ventromedian supplements. b References: 1 – Quijano et al. (1991). 2 – Andrássy (1958). 3 – Steiner (1914). 4 – Thorne and Swanger (1936). 5 – Altherr (1950). 6 – Meyl (1955). 7 – Bongers (1988). 8 – Andrássy (1959). 9 – Andrássy (2009). 10 – Thorne (1939). 11 – Gagarin and Serikova (2007). 12 – Tjepkema et al. (1971). 13 – Andrássy (1959, Bulgaria). 14 – Zullini (1970). 15 – Vinciguerra (1972). 16 – Vinciguerra and De Francisci (1973). 17 – Zullini (1973). 18 – Winiszewska-Slipinska (1987). 19 – Altherr (1972). 20 – Andrássy (1996). 21 – Baniyamuddin and Ahmad (2011). 22 – Khan et al. (1995). 23 – Andrássy (1960). 24 – Gagarin (1999a). 25 – Eliava (1968). 26 – Andrássy (1992). 27 – Kreis (1963). 28 – Lordello (1955). 29 – Monteiro (1970). 30 – Thorne (1974). 31 – Meyl (1957). 32 – Andrássy (1986). 33 – Andrássy (1952). 34 – Present paper. 35 – Thorne (1929). 36 – Gagarin (1997). *Morphometrics calculated from other measurements and/or ratios. **Morphometrics of two or more populations. Type material Deposited at the Nematode Collection of Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, University of Jaén, Spain. Description Adult. Moderately slender to slender nematodes (a = 28–36) of medium size, 1.51– 1.69 mm long. Body cylindrical, tapering towards both ends, but more so towards the posterior extremity as the caudal region is conical. Upon fixation, habitus curved ventrad, C-shaped in females, J- or G-shaped in males. Cuticle three-layered, consisting of outer and inner thin layers and thicker intermediate layer, especially distinct at caudal region, its total thickness 1.5–2.5 µm in anterior region, 3.0–4.5 µm at midbody, and 4.5–7.5 µm on tail. Lateral chord 13.5–15.5 µm wide, occupying more than one-fourth (25–31%) of maximum body diameter. Body pores indistinct. Lip region hardly offset by a shallow depression, almost continuous, 2.5–3.1 times as wide as high, and ca one-third (31–35%) of body diameter at neck base, with mostly amalgamate and slightly angular lips, and slightly protruding labial and cephalic papillae. Amphid fovea funnel-like, its aperture 7.5–8.5 µm or one-half to three-fifths (50–61%) of lip region diameter. Cheilostom cylindrical, 7.5–9.0 µm long, with visibly incurved, thick walls. Odontostyle length almost equal to lip region diameter, 5.1–7.6 times longer than wide, its aperture one-third to one-half (34–47%) of the total length. Guiding ring simple. Odontophore linear, lacking any differentiation, 1.5–1.8 times as long as odontostyle. Pharynx entirely muscular, gradually enlarging into the pharyngeal expansion that is 6.4–7.8 times as long as wide, 3.5–3.7 times longer than body diameter at neck base, and occupying up to one-half (43–49%) of the total neck length; gland nuclei located as follows: DO = 58–65, DN = 61–68, S1N1 = 72–73, S1N2 = 82–86, S2N = 92–95. Pharyngo-intestinal junction consisting of a conical cardia 15–25 × 8.5–10 µm, enveloped by intestinal tissue, and a weak ring-like structure around its junction with the pharyngeal base. A dorsal cell mass is always present at level of cardias. Female. Female genital system diovarian, with equally developed genital branches, the anterior 243–276 µm or 15–17% of body length, the posterior 249–333 µm or 16–21%. Ovaries comparatively large, 118–159 µm long. Oviduct 71–155 µm long, with slender distal section made of prismatic cells and large proximal pars dilatata showing lumen inside. A conspicuous sphincter separates oviduct and uterus, and presents a distinct, plicate, inner sclerotisation. Uterus 101–207 µm or 2.0–3.6 body diameters long, bipartite – that is, consisting of a slender distal region with narrow lumen and visibly sclerotised lining, and a wider proximal section with wide lumen that contains abundant sperm cells. Vagina extending inwards 31–37 µm, reaching more than three-fifths (61–70%) of body diameter: pars proximalis 19–25 × 14–20 µm, with sigmoid walls surrounded by moderately developed circular musculature, pars refringens consisting of (in lateral view) two trapezoidal, sclerotised pieces measuring 4–5 × 6.5–7.5 µm and with a combined width of 14.0– 15.5 µm, and pars distalis 4.5–6.0 µm long. Vulva probably transverse, preceded by a depression of body surface. Prerectum 2.8–3.3, rectum 1.3–1.6 anal body diameters long. Tail conical, with finely rounded tip, somewhat curved ventrad, sometimes only appreciable at its posterior end, inner core reaching 71–81% of total length, a hyaline terminal portion 8.5– 12.5 µm long being always present. Male. Genital system diorchic, with opposite testes. Sperm cells spindle-shaped, 6.0– 6.5 µm long. Prerectum 3.6, cloaca 1.3 times the body diameter at level of cloacal aperture. In addition to the ad-cloacal pair, located at 4–8 µm from the cloacal aperture, there is a series of 11 variably spaced (11–30 µm apart) ventromedian supplements, two of them situated within the range of spicules, and the most posterior at 17–30 µm from the ad-cloacal pair, hence without hiatus. Spicules dorylaimid, 4.6–5.4 times longer than wide, 1.8 times longer than the corresponding body diameter, dorsally regularly convex, ventrally with moderately distinct hump and hollow: head 12.5–17.0 µm long or 23–30% of spicule length, median piece 3.0–4.5 µm wide or 29–37% of maximum spicule width, posterior tip 4.5–6.0 µm wide, curvature 120–125°, hump situated at 29–32% of spicule length from the anterior end. Lateral guiding piece 13–16 × 4.5–5.0 µm. Tail similar to that of female, but somewhat more regularly curved ventrad. Relationships The new species is morphometrically similar to A. aljabaranus Quijano et al., 1991, another Iberian species, but can be distinguished from it by its three-layered (vs bi-layered) cuticle, less differentiated lip region (hardly offset by a weak depression and slightly angular vs offset by a distinct depression and visibly angular), comparatively shorter odontostyle (0.9–1.0 vs 1.2–1.4 times the lip region diameter), bipartite (vs simple) uterus, pars refringens vaginae with different shape (two wider than long trapezoidal pieces vs two longer than wide triangular or drop-shaped pieces), and female tail slightly curved ventrad at its posterior part (vs regularly curved ventrad). It also resembles A. ferrisorum Andrássy, 1986 and A. tarkoenensis (Andrássy, 1959) Andrássy, 1986. Nevertheless, it differs from A. ferrisorum, a Holarctic (USA, Hungary) taxon, in its three-layered (vs bi-layered) cuticle, lip region less offset (vs marked by constriction) and narrower (14.8 ± 0.5 µm vs 17.6 ± 0.7 µm in females and 18.0 ± 0.6 in males), shorter female prerectum (86.7 ± 6.5 vs 109 ± 14 µm), pars refringens vaginae with two (vs four) sclerotised pieces, and fewer (11 vs 15–18) ventromedian supplements. From A. tarkoenensis, at present a Hungarian endemism, it differs in its larger general size (body 1.51–1.69 vs 1.16–1.34 mm long; neck 321–417 vs 283–307 µm), comparatively longer pharyngeal expansion (43–49 vs 37–39% of the total neck length), and much longer spicule (55–59 vs 39 µm)., Published as part of Peña-Santiago, Reyes & Cortés, Nazareth, 2023, Description of Allodorylaimus tuccitanus sp. nov., with updated taxonomy of the genus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Qudsianematidae), pp. 445-462 in Journal of Natural History 57 (5 - 8) on pages 447-454, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2195565, http://zenodo.org/record/7859766, {"references":["Quijano R, Pena-Santiago R, Jimenez-Guirado D. 1991. Three new species of the genus Allodorylaimus Andrassy, 1986 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Spain. Afro Asian Journal of Nematology. 1: 161 - 173.","Andrassy I. 1958. Erd- und Susswassernematoden aus Bulgarien. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 4: 1 - 88.","Steiner G. 1914. Freilebende Nematoden aus der Schweiz. 1. Teil einer vorlufigen Mitteilung. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie und Plantonkunde. 9: 259 - 276.","Thorne G, Swanger HH. 1936. A monograph of the nematode genera Dorylaimus Dujardin, Aporcelaimus n. gen., Dorylaimoides n. gen., and Pungentus n. gen. Capita Zoologica. 6: 1 - 223.","Altherr E. 1950. Les nematodes du Parc National Suisse (Nematodes libres du sol). Ergebnisse der Wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung des Schweiszerischen Nationalparks. 22: 3 - 46.","Meyl AH. 1955. Die bisher in Italien gefundenen Freilebenden Erd und Susswasser-Nematoden. Archivo Zoologico Italiano year 1954. 39: 161 - 264.","Bongers T. 1988. De Nematoden van Nederland. Utrecht: KNNV; p. 408. [CDFA] California Department of Food and Agriculture. 2015. Protocol for extraction of plant parasitic nematodes from samples. II. Extraction from soil residues by sugar centrifugation technique. https: // www. cdfa. ca. gov / plant / PPD / nematode _ extraction. html.","Andrassy I. 2009. Free-living nematodes of Hungary. III. Pedozoologica Hungarica n ° 5. Budapest (Hungary): Hungarian Natural History Museum; p. 608.","Thorne G. 1939. A monograph of the nematodes of the superfamily Dorylaimoidea. Capita Zoologica. 8: 1 - 261.","Gagarin VG, Serikova MP. 2007. Description of Allodorylaimus elytrigii sp. n. (Nematoda, Dorylaimida) from the White Sea supralitoral. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal. 86: 252 - 254. [In Russian].","Tjepkema JP, Ferris VR, Ferris JM. 1971. Review of the genus Aporcelaimellus Heyns, 1965 and six species groups of the genus Eudorylaimus Andrassy, 1959 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida). Purdue University Agricultural Experimental Station Research Bulletin. 882: 1 - 52.","Zullini A. 1970. I nematodi muscicoli della Val Zebru (Parco Nazionale dello Stelvio). Rendiconti Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere. 104: 88 - 137.","Vinciguerra MT. 1972. Nematodi di Sicilia. Nota 1. Bolletino delle Sedute dell ̍ Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania. 11: 3 - 35.","Vinciguerra MT, De Francisci M. 1973. Nematodi muscicoli delle Alpi Apuane. Bolletino delle Sedute dell ̍ Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania. 11: 1 - 24.","Zullini A. 1973. Su alcuni nematodi di alta quota del Nepal. Khumbu Himal. 14: 401 - 412.","Winiszewska-Slipinska G. 1987. The free-living soil nematodes (Nematoda) of the Swietokrzyskich Mountains. Fragmenta Faunistica. 31: 11 - 41. [In Polish].","Altherr E. 1972. Contribution a la connaissance des Nematodes rithrostyopsammiques et rithrostygopsephiques de Suede. Revue Suisse de Zoologie. 79: 881 - 902. doi: 10.5962 / bhl. part. 97141.","Andrassy I. 1996 Free-living nematodes in the Bukk mountains, Hungary. In: Mahunka S, editor. The fauna of the Bukk National Park. Budapest (Hungary): Hungarian Natural History Museum Budapest; p. 33 - 63.","Baniyamuddin M, Ahmad W. 2011. Two new and a known species of dorylaimid nematodes (Dorylaimida: Nematoda) from Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India. Journal of Natural History. 45 (47 - 48): 2965 - 2980. doi: 10.1080 / 00222933.2011.626125.","Khan Z, Ahmad W, Jairajpuri MS. 1995. Description of four new species of dorylaimid nematodes. Afro Asian Journal of Nematology. 5: 133 - 140.","Andrassy I. 1960. Einige Nematoden aus Afghanistan. Opuscula Zoologica Budapestinensis. 4: 3 - 14.","Gagarin VG. 1999 a. Peritobrilus vipriensis sp. n. (Enoplida: Tobrilidae) and Allodorylaimus rarus (Dorylaimida: Qudsianematidae) from Northern Siberia. Russian Journal of Nematology. 7: 115 - 119.","Eliava IY. 1968. New nematode species of the genus Eudorylaimus Andrassy, 1959 (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea). Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR. 49: 469 - 474. [In Russian].","Andrassy I. 1992. The superfamily Dorylaimoidea (Nematoda) - a review. Family Qudsianematidae, II. Opuscula Zoologica Budapestinensis. 24 (1991): 3 - 55.","Kreis HA. 1963. Marine Nematoda. Zool Iceland. 2 (14): 1 - 69.","Lordello LGE. 1955. Three new soil nematodes from Piracicaiba (State of S. Paulo), with a key to species of the genus \" Aporcelaimus ̎ (Dorylaimidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia. 15: 211 - 218.","Monteiro AR. 1970. Acerca de alguns Dorylaimoidea (Nemata, Dorylaimida). Anais da Escola Superior de Agricultura \" Luiz de Queiroz ̎. 27: 239 - 279. doi: 10.1590 / S 0071 - 12761970000100019.","Thorne G. 1974. Nematodes of the Northern Great Plains. Part II. Dorylaimoidea in part (Nemata: Adenophorea). South Dakota State Univiversity Agricultural Experimental Station Technical Bulletin. 41: 1 - 120.","Meyl AH. 1957. Beitrage zur freilebenden Nematodenfauna Brasiliens. II. Weitere neue oder wenig bekannte Nematodenarten. Kieler Meeresforschung. 13: 125 - 133.","Andrassy I. 1986. The genus Eudorylaimus Andrassy, 1959 and the present status of its species (Nematoda: Qudsianematidae). Opuscula Zoologica Budapestinensis. 22: 1 - 42.","Andrassy I. 1952. Freilebende Nematoden aus dem Bukk-Gebirge. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici. 2: 13 - 65.","Thorne G. 1929. Nematodes from the summit of Long ̍ s peak, Colorado. Transactions of the American Microcroscopy Society. 48 (2): 181 - 195. doi: 10.2307 / 3222211.","Gagarin VG. 1997. Fauna of free-living nematodes of reservoirs from Archipelago Novaya Zemlya. Biologiya Vnutrennikh. 3: 33 - 40. [In Russian]."]}

Hedruris anguila sp. nov. Type-host: Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch Site of infection: Stomach and intestine. Type-locality: River Paraná-Guazú (tributary of the River Paraná; Lower Paraná), Entre Ríos Province, Argentina (33°54′S; 58°52′W). Prevalence: 18.8% (6 of 32 fishes examined). Mean intensity: 28.7 (2–124 nematodes per fish). Mean abundance: 6.6 nematodes per examined fish. Type-material: Holotype: male (MACN-Pa 746); allotype: female (MACN-Pa 747); paratypes: 8 males, 10 females (MACN-Pa 748). Etymology: The specific name refers to common name of the fish host. Description (Figs. 1–3) General. Medium-sized nematodes. Cuticle thick with fine transverse striations. Anterior end rounded, with two large pseudolabia, each bearing a pair of digitiform papillae, a pair of sessile papillae and an amphid (Figs. 1B, C; 3A, B). Base of each pseudolabium supported by posteriorly directed cuticular ridge (Fig. 3A). Dorsal and ventral interlabium between pseudolabia, each with two bifurcated lateral cuticular projections extending posteriorly, with cuticular ridge posteriorly directed between bifurcations (Figs. 3A, B). Buccal cavity thin walled. Oesophagus not clearly divided into muscular and glandular portions (Fig. 1A). Deirids simple, situated just posterior to nerve ring and above the level of excretory pore (Fig. 1A). Females with a sclerotized hook for attachment to host and male generally found encircling female (Figs. 2A, B; 3E). Males (based on nine specimens). Body length 7.1–11.1 (8.7) mm, maximum body width 202–317 (274.4). Pseudolabia 81–110 (96) long. Oesophagus 1.2–1.6 (1.4) mm long. Nerve ring 260–324 (291), deirids 217–295 (250) and excretory pore 363–485 (427) from anterior extremity. Posterior end of body spirally coiled. Caudal alae present, narrow, supported by caudal papillae (Figs. 3F, G). Precloacal papillae absent, eight pairs of postcloacal subventral papillae; in one male, arrangement of subventral papillae asymmetrical, 7 papillae on one side and 8 on opposite site (Figs. 1E; 3F, G). A single pair of phasmids present. Area rugosa with six ventral longitudinal ridges with scale-like knobs, extending 1.6–1.7 (1.7) mm from cloaca (Fig. 1D). Spicules 127–177 (160) long, slender fused on its mid-length, curved in distal tip with lateral membranous expansions (Fig. 1F). Gubernaculum absent. Tail 228–344 (293) long, with caudal spike (Figs. 3F, G). Females (based on 11 gravid specimens). Body length 10.6 –14.8 (12.7) mm, maximum body width 432–634 (525.1). Pseudolabia 83–130 (106) long. Oesophagus 1.5–2.2 (1.9) mm long. Nerve ring 295–383 (329), deirids 221–363 (295) and excretory pore 432–579 (509) from anterior extremity (Fig. 1A). Vulva 530–786 (701) from posterior end, 216–383 (322) from anus (Figs. 2A, B). Uterus prodelphic, filled with eggs. Tail curved dorsally, 314–452 (377) long (Figs. 2A; 3D, E). Caudal eversible prehensile structure armed with sclerotized hook 98–147 (113) long and two lateral projections 30–69 (46) long (Figs. 2A, 3D). Accessory elongate sclerotized structure formed by two arms, 187–314 (230) long; both arms extending lateroventrally from hook base to anterior part of body, not reaching the anus. Cuticular spines in posterior part of body, distributed in two areas: perianal and dorsal on tail tip. Dorsal area densely covered by large, sharply pointed spines, distributed in transverse lines and decreasing in size anteriorly (Fig. 3D). Perianal spiny area with irregular rows of small spines extending anteriorly to vulval area. Non-mammillated larvated eggs, 37–44 (40) long, 12 wide, operculated at each end (Fig. 2C). Remarks. To date, Hedruris comprises 25 valid species described from amphibians, reptiles and fishes distributed worldwide (Bursey & Goldberg 2000; Brugni & Viozzi 2010; Rossin & Timi 2016; Palumbo et al. 2020). The specimens examined in the present study were assigned to Hedruris based on the presence of a retractable sclerotized hook on the female tail (Baker 1986; Anderson et al. 2009). Species of Hedruris are distinguished on the basis of the morphology of cephalic structures, the number and arrangement of caudal papillae in males, the shape of eggs in females, the size of spicules, and the female caudal hook (Baker 1986; Bursey & Goldberg 2000; 2007). The new species herein described can be differentiated from all other congeners by the morphology and size of spicules, the number and arrangement of caudal papillae and the presence of a caudal spike on the male tail, and the shape and size of eggs. The Neotropical species of Hedruris are characterized by possessing only postcloacal papillae, except H. heyeri Bursey & Goldberg, 2007 and H. siredonis Baird, 1858 (also recorded in Nearctic Region) that exhibit a different arrangement of caudal papillae (Baker 1986; Bursey & Goldberg 2000, 2007) (see Table 1). Based on the presence of eight pairs of postcloacal papillae, Hedruris anguila sp. nov. resembles H. juninensis Bendezú, 1974 and H. mucronifer Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1952, but differs in having smaller eggs (37–44 vs. 43–53) and smaller spicules (127–177 vs 200–430). The new species shares the shape of eggs with H. bifida; H. basilichtensis; H. moniezi Ibañez & Córdova, 1976; H. orestiae and H. suttonae, but differs in having a distinctly smaller female hook (98–147 vs. 137–292 µm), smaller spicules (127–177 vs. 175–326) and a different number of caudal papillae (16 vs. 18) (Bursey & Goldberg 2000; Brugni & Viozzi 2010; Rossin & Timi 2016; Palumbo et al. 2020) (see Table 1). Moreover, Hedruris anguila sp. nov. can be distinguished from H. dratini Palumbo, Servián, Sánchez & Diaz, 2020 by having non-mammilated eggs and also the number of pairs of postcloacal papillae (16 vs. 18) (Palumbo et al. 2020). Of the Hedruris species previously mentioned, H. bifida, H. suttonae, H. basilichtensis and H. orestiae were found infecting only fish hosts, of which the first two were found in characid and galaxiids from Argentina, respectively. The remaining species, except H. dratini, were found in frog hosts (Bursey & Goldberg 2000; Palumbo et al. 2020). Hedruris dratini was recorded in freshwater turtles from Argentina, e.g. Hydromedusa tectifera and Phrynops hilarii (Palumbo et al. 2020). It should be noted that the non-mammilated eggs are also characteristics of H. longispicula Thomas, 1959, H. minuta Andrews 1974, H. spinigera Baylis, 1931, H. hanleyae Bursey & Goldberg, 2000, H. saltuarii Jones, 2013, H. wogwogensis Jones & Resasco, 2016 (Australian species); H. transvaalensis Baker, 1982, (Etiophian species); H. pendula (Leidy) Chandler, 1919 (species recorded in Nearctic and Palearctic Regions); H. miyakoensis Hasegawa, 1989 and H. neobythitis Yamaguti, 1941 (Oriental species). In addition, H. anguila sp. nov. shares the presence of only eight pairs of postcloacal papille with H. transvaalensis, but differs in the length of spicules (127–177 vs. 456) and female hook (98–147 vs. 170). Moreover, the new species also differs from H.longispicula, H. spinigera, H. hanleyae, H. pendula and H. saltuarii in showing smaller spicules (127–177 vs. 190–360). Hedruris minuta, H. miyakoensis and H. neobythitis present spicule length somewhat similar to H. anguila sp. nov., but have different number and arrangement of caudal papillae than the new species (all with more than ten pairs of caudal papillae) (Table 1). In respect to H. androphora Nitzsch, 1821 (Palearctic species) and H. ijimai Morishita, 1926 (Oriental species); both parasites of amphibians resemble the new species in the length of spicules and hook in the female tail, but differ by having mammillated eggs (Table 1) (Bursey & Goldberg 2000; Rossin & Timi 2016). In addition, Hedruris hipsirhinae Chatin, 1876, H. bryttosi Yamag uti, 1935 (Oriental species) and H. lutjanenses Ramadan, Awad & Taha, 2014 (Palearctic species), the last two species of which parasitize fish, can be distinguished from the new species in number and arrangement of caudal papillae (with ten or more pairs of caudal papillae) (see Table 1)., Published as part of Ailán-Choke, Lorena G., Arredondo, Nathalia J. & Davies, Dora, 2023, A new species of Hedruris Nitzsch, 1821 (Nematoda: Hedruridae) parasitic in eel Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch (Synbranchiformes: Synbranchidae) from Argentina, Neotropical Region, pp. 122-134 in Zootaxa 5263 (1) on pages 123-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7797908, {"references":["Bursey, C. R. & Goldberg, S. R. (2000) Hedruris hanleyae n. sp. (Nematoda: Hedruridae) from Hemidactylus garnotii (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from the Cook Islands. Oceania. Journal of Parasitology, 86, 556 - 559. https: // doi. org / 10.1645 / 0022 - 3395 (2000) 086 [0556: HHNSNH] 2.0. CO; 2","Brugni, N. L. & Viozzi, G. P. (2010) A new hedrurid species (Nematoda) from galaxiid fishes in Patagonia (Argentina), and infection of amphipods as intermediate host. Journal of Parasitology, 96, 109 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1645 / GE- 2251.1","Rossin, M. A. & Timi, J. M. (2016) A new species of Hedruris Nitzsch, 1821 (Nematoda: Hedruridae) parasitic in the freshwater fish Oligosarcus jenynsii (Gunther, 1864) (Characidae) from Argentina. Systematic Parasitology, 93, 899 - 904. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11230 - 016 - 9675 - 3","Palumbo, E., Servian, A., Sanchez, R. & Diaz, J. I. (2020) A new species of Hedruris (Nematoda: Hedruridae) from freshwater turtles, its life cycle and biogeographic distribution of the genus. Journal of Helminthology, 94 (e 93), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0022149 X 19000877","Baker, M. R. (1986) Revision of Hedruris Nitzsch (Nematoda: Habronematoidea) from aquatic vertebrates of North America. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64, 1567 - 1572. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 86 - 234","Anderson, R., Chabaud, A. & Willmott, S. (2009) Keys to the nematode parasites of vertebrates: archival volume. CABI Publising. Wallingford, 463 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9781845935726.0000","Bursey, C. R. & Goldberg, S. R. (2007) New species of Hedruris (Nematoda: Hedruridae), Anuracanthorhynchus lutzi (Hamann, 1891) n. comb. and other helminths in Lithobates warszewitschii (Anura: Ranidae) from Costa Rica. Caribbean Journal of Science, 43, 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.18475 / cjos. v 43 i 1. a 2","Baird, W. (1858) Description of two new species of Entozoa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 26, 224 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1858. tb 06366. x","Bendezu, L. S. (1974) Nueva especie del genero Hedruris Nitzsch, 1821 Nematode Parasito de Batrachophrynus brachydactylus Peters, 1873. Revista Ciencias Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 70, 45 - 51.","Schuurmans Stekhoven, Jr. J. H. (1952) Nematodos parasitarios de anfibios, pajaros y mamiferos de la Republica Argentina. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 10, 315 - 400.","Ibanez, H. N. & Cordova, B. E. (1976) Cuatro especies nuevas de nematodos del sur del Peru y redescripcion de Hedruris orestiae Moniez, 1889. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 74 (3 - 4), 231 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761976000300004","Thomas, P. M. (1959) Some nematode parasites from Australian hosts. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 82, 151 - 162.","Andrews, J. R. H. (1974) A new species of Hedruris (Nematoda: Spirurida) from the skink Leiolopsima smithi. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1, 329 - 332. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1974.9517837","Baylis, H. A. (1931) VIII. - A species of the Nematode genus Hedruris occurring in the trout in New Zealand. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 105 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933108673285","Jones, H. I. (2013) Gastrointestinal nematodes from three species of leaf-tailed geckos (Reptilia: Saltuarius spp.), with descriptions of new species of Skrjabinodon (Oxyuroidea: Pharyngodonidae) and Hedruris (Habronematoidea: Hedruridae). Comparative Parasitology, 80, 47 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.1654 / 4590.1","Jones, H. I. & Resasco, J. (2016) A new species of Hedruris (Nematoda: Hedruridae) from the Australian Skink Lampropholis guichenoti (Reptilia: Scincidae). Comparative Parasitology, 83, 173 - 177. https: // doi. org / 10.1654 / 4806 i. 1","Baker, M. R. (1982) Systematics and zoogeography of three new nematode parasites of the frog Breviceps sylvestris Fitz Simons from South Africa. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60, 3134 - 3142. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 82 - 398","Chandler, A. C. (1919) On a species of Hedruris occurring commonly in the western newt, Notophthalmus torosus. Journal of Parasitology, 5, 116 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3271163","Hasegawa, H. (1989) Neoentomelas asatoi gen. et sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) and Hedruris miyakoensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Hedruridae) from skinks of the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 56, 145 - 150.","Yamaguti, S. (1941) Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. Part 33. Nematodes of fishes, II. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 9, 343 - 396.","Nitzsch, C. L. (1821) Ascaris. Allgemeine Encyclopadie der Wissenschaften und Kunste, 6, 44 - 49.","Morishita, K. (1926) Studies on some nematode parasites of frogs and toads in Japan, with notes on their distribution and frequency. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, 4, 1 - 32.","Chatin, M. J. (1876) Etudes helminthologiques. Deuxieme serie. Comptes Rendus de l'Association Francaise pour l'Avancement des Sciences, Paris, 4, 801 - 805.","Ramadan, M. M., Awad, E. R. & Taha, R. G. (2014) Anatomical and Surface morphology of Hedruris lutjanenses sp. n. (Nematoda: Hedruridae) from the common marine water fish Lutjanus synagris in Damietta, Egypt. Journal of Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 44, 309 - 320. https: // doi. org / 10.21608 / jesp. 2014.90381"]}

During a parasitological survey, specimens belonging to the genus Hedruris (Nematoda: Hedruridae) were found in the stomach of Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch from the Paraná Guazú River, Paraná River basin (Argentina). Comparative morphological studies with its congeners showed that these nematodes belonged to a new species, herein described as Hedruris anguila sp. nov. The new species can be distinguished from remaining Hedruris species by the pseudolabia size, the morphology and size of spicules, the length of female caudal hook, the shape and size of eggs and the particular morphology of the male tail. Hedruris anguila sp. nov. closely resembles Hedruris bifida Rossin & Timi, 2016 and H. suttonae Brugni & Viozzi, 2010, both also described from fish hosts, in the arrangement of caudal papillae and morphology of eggs, but differ in the size of female hook and spicules, and the number of caudal papillae in males. The main morphological features, host range and geographical distribution of all species in the genus Hedruris species are analyzed and discussed. This is the first report of a representative of the family Hedruridae parasitizing a species of Synbranchidae and the eleventh report of the genus Hedruris for a fish host. The number of valid species of Hedruris described was increased to 26, including the new species; 11 for the Neotropical Region and represent the third species found in fish host from Argentina. Based on morphological analysis, the speciation process probably occurred first in Gondwana and the non-mammillated eggs could be an ancestral morphological character. The diet of Synbranchus marmoratus and values of prevalence and mean intensity could indicate that this host species is a true definitive host for this nematode.