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Background The incidence of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is increasing among younger birth cohorts. The etiology of early-onset OTSCC (diagnosed before the age of 50 years) and cancer driver genes remain largely unknown. Methods The Sequencing Consortium of Oral Tongue Cancer was established through the pooling of somatic mutation data of oral tongue cancer specimens (n = 227 [107 early-onset cases]) from 7 studies and The Cancer Genome Atlas. Somatic mutations at microsatellite loci and Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer mutation signatures were identified. Cancer driver genes were identified with the MutSigCV and WITER algorithms. Mutation comparisons between early- and typical-onset OTSCC were evaluated via linear regression with adjustments for patient-related factors. Results Two novel driver genes (ATXN1 and CDC42EP1) and 5 previously reported driver genes (TP53, CDKN2A, CASP8, NOTCH1, and FAT1) were identified. Six recurrent mutations were identified, with 4 occurring in TP53. Early-onset OTSCC had significantly fewer nonsilent mutations even after adjustments for tobacco use. No associations of microsatellite locus mutations and mutation signatures with the age of OTSCC onset were observed. Conclusions This international, multicenter consortium is the largest study to characterize the somatic mutational landscape of OTSCC and the first to suggest differences by age of onset. This study validates multiple previously identified OTSCC driver genes and proposes 2 novel cancer driver genes. In analyses by age, early-onset OTSCC had a significantly smaller somatic mutational burden that was not explained by differences in tobacco use. Lay summary This study identifies 7 specific areas in the human genetic code that could be responsible for promoting the development of tongue cancer. Tongue cancer in young patients (under the age of 50 years) has fewer overall changes to the genetic code in comparison with tongue cancer in older patients, but the authors do not think that this is due to differences in smoking rates between the 2 groups. The cause of increasing cases of tongue cancer in young patients remains unclear.

Recently fabricated coaxial Boron Nitride/Carbon nanotubes offer a potential replacement for double walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) and boron nitride nanotubes (DWBNTs). However, an understanding of the mechanical response is imperative before using coaxial NTs for any device based application. In the present work, the buckling behavior of CNTs embedded within BNTs (C@BN) and BNTs embedded within CNTs (BN@C) under uniaxial compressive loading at 300 K is explored using molecular dynamics simulations. The nanotubes are modeled using the Tersoff three body potential, with the inter-wall interaction estimated using the Lennard-Jones potential. Our results identify a critical interlayer spacing corresponding to which the nanotubes display maximum buckling force and strain. Associated mechanism reveals an interesting radius and chirality dependent buckling behavior. The BN@C nanotubes are found to be superior to others in terms of buckling strain, while exhibiting buckling strength comparable with DWCNTs. These superior properties make them a potential candidate for replacing DWCNTs in applications that demand large compressive strains. The inner CNTs of the C@BN nanotubes act like a reinforcing agent, and therefore, these nanotubes have larger buckling strength than DWBNTs. However, their good buckling strength is marred by a substantial reduction in buckling strain, making them an inferior replacement for DWBNTs in applications requiring large-strains.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are a heterogeneous group of cancers affecting multiple subsites, including oral cavity. Oral or anterior tongue tumors (OTSCC) are an aggressive group of squamous cell carcinomas, characterized by their early spread to lymph nodes and higher rate of regional failure compared to other oral cavity cancers. There is a rise in the incidence of oral tongue cancer among younger population (

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease is an abnormal condition of the placenta, the incidence of which is very high in the state of Kerala, India. The proliferative rate of molar placentas in comparison with the normal placentas of comparable gestational age group was done in order to find out its role in the prognosis of this tumor by assessing the expression of PCNA in trophoblasts. PCNA expression was evaluated in 149 trophoblastic tumors and 96 normal placental tissue. The percentage of positive cells was significantly increased in molar placentas of the 1st trimester in comparison to the normal placentas. Correlation of the staining score to the regression pattern of the tumor showed a significant increase in the chemotherapy group when compared to the spontaneously regressing group. But no correlation was found between the percentage of PCNA positive cells with histological grade of the tumor proliferation.

The association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and syphilis infection as an etiological factor in Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) was investigated by means of micro-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Micro-ELISA) and Treposcreen-Rapid Plasma Reagin Card Test in 138 sera from patients with Gestational Trophoblastic Disease. We have found only one sample to be positive for HIV infection and one for VDRL. These findings suggest a lack of an etiologic role for the HIV and Syphilis infection in GTD.

Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK) is a rare pediatric neoplasm with particular propensity for bone metastasis that requires aggressive therapy. We report a patient with CCSK who was misreported as having Wilm's tumour at the time of initial diagnosis and received only minimal therapy. The disease recurred locally-after 8 years, with no evidence of distant metastasis. Important clinical and histologic features of CCSK are described, along with a review of the literature.