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Table S1. Specific primers and probes used for real-time PCR and Illumina HiSeq sequencing (V6 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene). Table S2. Mock community analysis results. The initial composition of mock community (strains), phylotype identifications according to Greengenes (GG) and HOMD reference databases, and relative abundance of each phylotype are presented. Table S3. Differentially abundant OTUs between erythritol and control groups based zero-inflated Gaussian mixture model. A negative value for fold change (logFC) indicates an increase in the relative abundance of a particular OTU in the erythritol group compared to the control group. Table S4. Differentially abundant OTUs between erythritol and xylitol groups based zero-inflated Gaussian mixture model. A negative value for fold change (logFC) indicates an increase in the relative abundance of a particular OTU in the erythritol group compared to the xylitol group. Table S5. Differentially abundant genera between erythritol and sorbitol groups, and erythritol and xylitol groups based zero-inflated Gaussian mixture model. A negative value for fold change (logFC) indicates an increase of the relative abundance of a particular genus in the erythritol group compared to the sorbitol or xylitol group. Statistically significant changes are asterisked. Table S6. Details of molecular methods [34, 35, 37–44] (DOC 114 kb)