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Objective: Developing basic and clinical communication and clinical reasoning skills is crucial in facilitating medical school students' future medical practice. The path to these skills` development goes through conducting patient-physician interviews. This research aims to conducted to determine the validity and reliability of the Patient-Physician Interview Skill Evaluation Form(P-PISEF) to be used in performance-based tests in the evaluation of patient-physician interview skills.Methods: This study has a descriptive and methodological design and was carried out in June-December 2021. The data were collected from the performance of 197 students with the evaluation of 18 faculty members using the developed form. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses, Cronbach's alpha and item the total score was analyzed.Results: The distribution of the eighteen lecturers (38.88%) was associate professors. P-PISEF, comprising 46 articles, five main sections, and seven components. Lecturers were evaluated in a certain order with over 70% compliance. Over 90% of evaluators evaluated P-PISEF similarly. The Cronbach's Alpha (α) was found at 0.793. The KMO value in this study is 0.733, and the data is moderately adequate for analysis. The result of the Bartlett's test was 5983.586 (p, Amaç: Tıp Fakültesi öğrencilerinin gelecekteki tıp uygulamalarını kolaylaştırmak için temel ve klinik iletişim ve klinik akıl yürütme becerilerini geliştirmek çok önemlidir. Bu becerilerin gelişiminin yolu hasta-hekim görüşmelerinden geçer. Bu araştırma, hasta-hekim görüşme becerilerinin değerlendirilmesinde performansa dayalı testlerde kullanılacak Hasta-Hekim Görüşme Becerisi Değerlendirme Formu'nun (P-PISEF) geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır.Yöntem: Betimsel ve metodolojik bir desene sahip olan bu çalışma, Haziran-Aralık 2021 tarihlerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler, geliştirilen form kullanılarak 18 öğretim üyesinin değerlendirmesi ile 197 öğrencinin performansından toplanmıştır. Açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri, Cronbach's alpha ve madde toplam puanları analiz edilmiştir.Bulgular: Değerlendirme yapan öğretim üyelerinin %38,88 doçent öğretim üyesi idi. Değerlendirme formu (P-PISEF) 46 madde, beş ana bölüm ve yedi bileşenden oluşmaktadır. Öğretim üyeleri, %70'in üzerinde uyum ile öğrencilerin becerilerini belirli bir sırayla değerlendirmiştir. Değerlendiricilerin %90'ından fazlası P-PISEF'i benzer şekilde kullanarak değerlendirmiştir. Cronbach's Alpha (α) 0,793 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmadaki KMO değeri 0,733 olup, veriler analiz için orta düzeyde yeterlidir. Bartlett testinin sonucu 5983,586 (p

Objective To measure the cranial volume differences from 15 different parts in the follow-up of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients and correlate them with clinical parameters. Methods Forty-seven patients with RRMS were included in the study. Patients were grouped into two categories; low Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (< 3; group 1), and moderate-high EDSS (≥ 3; group 2). Patients were evaluated with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA), Symbol Digit Modalities Test(SDMT), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), and calculated Annualized Relapse Rate (ARR) scores. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed with a 1.5T MRI device (Magnetom AERA, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) twice in a 1-year period. Volumetric analysis was performed by a free, automated, online MRI brain volumetry software. The differences in volumetric values between the two MRI scans were calculated and correlated with the demographic and clinical parameters of the patients. Results The number of attacks, disease duration, BDI, and FSS scores were higher in group 2; SDMT was higher in group 1. As expected, volumetric analyses have shown volume loss in total cerebral white matter in follow-up patients (p < 0.001). In addition, putaminal volume loss was related to a higher number of attacks. Besides, a negative relation between FSS with total amygdala volumes, a link between atrophy of globus pallidus and ARR, and BDI scores was found with the aid of network analysis. Conclusions Apart from a visual demonstration of volume loss, cranial MRI with volumetric analysis has a great potential for revealing covert links between segmental volume changes and clinical parameters. Resumo Objetivo Medir as diferenças de dominância craniana de 15 regiões diferentes no seguimento de pacientes com esclerose múltipla recorrente-remitente (EMRR) e correlacioná-las com parâmetros clínicos. Métodos Quarenta e sete pacientes com EMRR foram incluídos no estudo. Os pacientes foram agrupados em duas categorias; EDSS baixo (< 3; grupo 1) e EDSS médio-alto (≥ 3; grupo 2). Os pacientes foram avaliados com o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI, na sigla em inglês), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA, na sigla em inglês), Symbol Digit Modality Tests (SDMT, na sigla em inglês), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS, na sigla em inglês) e taxa de ataque anual (ARR, na sigla em inglês). Duas ressonâncias magnéticas (RMs) foram feitas em um ano com um aparelho de imagem de 1,5 T MR (Magnetom AERA, Siemens, Erlangen, Alemanha). A análise de volume foi realizada com um software de medição mestre cerebral de RM gratuito e automatizado. As diferenças volumétricas entre os dois exames de RM foram calculadas e correlacionadas com os parâmetros demográficos e clínicos dos pacientes. Resultados Número de crises, duração da doença, escores BDI e FSS foram mais elevados no grupo 2; as pontuações do SDMT foram maiores no grupo 1. Como esperado, as análises volumétricas mostraram perda total de volume de substância branca no seguimento (p < 0,001). Além disso, a perda da dominância putaminal foi associada ao maior número de ataques. Além disso, uma relação negativa entre FSS e volume total da amígdala, e uma correlação entre ARR e BDI e atrofia do globo pálido foi determinada com a ajuda da análise de rede. Conclusões Além da demonstração visual da perda de volume, a RM com análise volumétrica tem grande potencial para revelar alterações segmentares dominantes e conexões ocultas entre parâmetros clínicos.

Context: The Disablement in the Physically Active Scale (DPAS) was recently developed to evaluate the disability process and health-related quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the DPAS in physically active individuals with musculoskeletal injury. Methods: The study sample comprised 64 physically active individuals with musculoskeletal injury aged 16–40 years. The DPAS was translated into Turkish according to the guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation. Short Form-36 was used concurrently to test the construct validity. The test–retest reliability of the Turkish version of the scale assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient and Cronbach α was calculated for internal consistency. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis carried out on the Turkish version of the DPAS was confirmed. Cronbach α was calculated to be .946. The intraclass correlation coefficients ranged between .593 and .924 (P P r = .906, P = .001), and the lowest correlation was between DPAS total score and quality of life (r = .637, P = .001). Conclusion: The Turkish version of the DPAS is a reliable, valid, and practical tool. The Turkish version of the DPAS can be used by health professionals to understand quality of life, the disability process, and activity limitations in Turkish-speaking physically active people after musculoskeletal injuries.

Aim: The aim of study was to investigate effects of nordic walking exercise (NWE) on physical fitness, physical activity, anxiety-depression level and quality of life in smokers. Material and Methods: 30 smoking individuals with a mean age of 31.45±12.75 years were assigned randomly into two groups: NWE (n=15) or control group (n=15). NWE group performed NWE three times a week for 6 weeks and gradually increasing to 45 min a day. No intervention was made in control group. The health-related physical fitness level was assessed with arm curl test (upper extremity endurance), chair sit and stand test (lower extremity endurance), two minutes step test (aerobic endurance), sit and reach and back scratch test (flexibility), eight foot up and go test (balance), 6-minute walk test (MWT) (cardiopulmonary endurance). Physical activity levels with International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form, anxiety-depression level with Beck Depression Questionnaire, quality of life with Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) were evaluated. The differences in measurement parameters between two groups were evaluated by the Mann Whitney U Test since the data distribution was nonparametric. The distinction between categorical variables were determined by Chi-square test. Results: 6-MWT distance (p=0.005), two minutes step (p=0.022), IPAQ walking scores (p=0.028) statistically significant improvements were observed in NWE group. In control group, 6 MWT distance (p=0.025), two minutes step (p=0.032), sit and reach (p=0.043) scores decreased statistically significantly. 6 MWT distance (p=0.006), two minutes step (p=0.021), 8 foot up and go (p=0.005), IPAQ walking (p=0.045), moderate intensity activity (p=0.038), total scores (p=0.013), NHP emotional (p=0.045), total (p=0.045) scores significantly differed in favor of NWE group. Conclusion: It is thought that NWE may be effective and alternative exercise approache in increasing physical fitness, physical activity level and quality of life in smokers and guided to rehabilitation programme.

This study aimed to evaluate whether the addition of heart rate-corrected QT inter- val prolongation to the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events risk score improves the pre- dictive value for early mortality in patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.We retrospectively screened our database for consecutive non-ST-segment eleva- tion acute coronary syndrome patients between January 2017 and July 2019. The demographic and clinical parameters were acquired via chart review. All electrocardiograms were reviewed by 2 physicians. QT interval was measured using the tangent method. Early mortality was defined as all-cause death observed during the hospital stay or within 30 days after discharge.The final study population consisted of 283 patients, there were 17 early deaths. Ten of 59 patients with prolonged corrected QT intervals died (16.9%, P.001). Both the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events risk score (odds ratio: 1.032; 95% CI: 1.012-1.053; P = .002) and corrected QT interval (odds ratio: 1.026; 95% CI: 1.007-1.045; P = 0.007) independently predicted early mortality. The area under value was 0.769 (95% CI: 0.674-0.863, P.001) for the corrected QT interval and 0.780 (95% CI:0.681-0.878; P.001) for the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events risk score alone. However, when the corrected QT interval and the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events risk score were combined, it was found to be 0.808 (95% CI: 0.713-0.904, P.001).This study is the first to report that prolonged corrected QT and the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events risk score independently predict early mortality and a combina- tion of these 2 factors may improve the predictive value for early mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.

We aimed to evaluate the agreements between the guidelines used for both office blood pressure (OBP) and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Our secondary aim was to define the best threshold to assess children at risk of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Thresholds proposed by the Fourth Report (FR), European Society of Hypertension (ESH), and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) for OBP and the Wühl, ESH, and American Heart Association (AHA) for ABPM were used, and nine different BP phenotype combinations were created. The agreements between the thresholds, the sensitivity of the thresholds, and the BP phenotypes used to predict LVH were determined in 949 patients with different ages and body mass indices (BMIs). The agreements between the guidelines for OBP and ABPM were "good" and "very good" (κ = 0.639; 95% CI, 0.638-0.640, κ = 0.986; 95% CI, 0.985-0.988), respectively. To classify OBP and ABPM into BP phenotypes, we obtained nine different combinations, which had "very good" agreement (κ = 0.880; 95% CI, 0.879-0.880). The sensitivity of AAP for detecting LVH was the highest in12-year-old obese children (S = 75.8, 95% CI, 56.4-89.7). The sensitivity of ABPM in detecting LVH was similar among different age and BMI groups. The sensitivity of different BP phenotypes tended to be higher in the groups where OBP was evaluated according to AAP. The highest sensitivity was detected in the 13- to 15-year-old normal weight group.(S: 88.8, 95% CI, 51.7-99.7). The AAP guideline is more sensitive and decisive for BP phenotypes to detect LVH, especially in normal-weight children ≤ 15 years, while ABPM thresholds for children have limited effect.

Aim: To investigate the validity and reliability of the Basic Depression Scale for Turkey. It was designed and carried out in the form of cross-sectional research methodologically. Material and Methods: Data analysis for structure validity; Cronbach alpha (α) coefficient used in reliability analysis. Factor analysis applied for validity analysis. Results: Basic Depression Scale found to have sufficient distribution based on the explanatory factor analysis of the Kaiser Meyer Olkin test. Croncbachs alpha (α) found 0.7. Basic Depression Scale is a reliable measurement tool for Turkey. It concluded that Basic Depression Scale was a valid and reliable scale for young people who receive a university education in Turkey. Conclusion: The scale is a four-point Likerttype. Max 84, min 21 points can be given. It can be said that the higher the total score, the higher the level of depression based on total scores. There are anhedonia, low self-esteem, and sadness sub-scales. In the end, we suggest that scale should be tested on different groups with different variables under prospect researches in the field.

BACKGROUND/AIM Paget?s disease (PD) of the breast is a very rare presentation of breast malignancy, accounting for 1?3% of all primary breast tumors. We aimed to evaluate and compare the clinicopathological featuresand clinical outcome of PD accompanied by in situ carcinoma and invasive cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used the archive of our pathology laboratory retrospectively for age, gender, history of surgery, histopathological findings, treatment modalities and follow-up information. We used the Kaplan-Meier method for survival analysis. RESULTS There were 46 female patients diagnosed with PD. In 39 (84.7%) patients invasive carcinoma accompanied PD, while 7 (15.3%) patients had ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The median age at diagnosis was 53.5 years. The median follow-up period was 47 months. Of the 39 invasive carcinoma 10 (25.6%) died during the follow-up period. Invasive ductal carcinoma group had a mean overall survival of rate of 57.8 ± 6.6 months. According to univariate analysis only the tumor type was found to impact overall survival (p < 0.001) Conclusions: The current study displayed the tumor type as the only parameter affecting overall survival in the invasive carcinoma group. Although it was not statistically significant, breast cancers accompanied by PD were found to be predominantly advanced stage tumors, high grade, hormon receptor negative and HER2 positive. Key words: Paget?s disease, breast carcinoma, pathology, molecular subtype, immunohistochemistry.

Background Academic procrastination is a complex phenomenon of purposeful delay which university students are well aware of. Furthermore, it has become more important during the Covid-19 pandemic as with computer-based learning. Despite its bad reputation and necessity of self-control in the course of online education, there is a lack of research on academic procrastination among students in Turkey. Methods In this study the Turkish version of Tuckman Procrastination Scale (Tv-TPS) was conducted on a sample consisting of 285 medical students from Turkey as a measurement of procrastination and then the relations between their procrastination level, their gender and academic achievements are investigated. Results The results indicated a negative correlation between the procrastination level and exam results. Unexpectedly, five questions of the scale appeared to be loaded on a different factor which showed the highest correlation coefficient with the exam results. Conclusions Apart from the relations between procrastination and academic achievement, these findings implied that the population and new environmental factors can be an important indicator for the determination of procrastination.

Purpose: Exercise therapy is the most common conservative treatment for low back pain. Exercise has generally been associated pain and kinesiophobia. In this context, especially paraspinal muscles need to be focused on. For this reason, the aim of our study is to evaluate different types of exercises that will help increase neuromuscular facilitation and core stability in paraspinal muscles by considering patient satisfaction. Methods: A total of thirty-seven female patients with chronic low back pain were included in the study. The Oswestry Low Back Pain Questionnaire was used to assess functionality. Core stability was evaluated with a stabilizer. Pain intensity and satisfaction were measured with Visual Analog Scale. Patients' kinesiophobia levels were assessed by using Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale. Patients were randomized into three groups according to the interventions as: Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation exercise group (n = 9), core stability exercise group (n = 14) and control (n = 14) group. The duration of applications was 3 days per week with a total of 6 weeks. Results: There were group differences for core muscle strength (p = .045), Oswestry scores (p = .001), pain intensity score (p = .003) and Tampa score (p = .001). There were significant gains for Core muscle strength and Oswestry scores for Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation and Core stability groups (p < .05). Conclusion. Core stabilization exercises have additional effects to improve rehabilitation outcomes for patients. Besides that, the level of patient satisfaction was importantly different between all groups in favor to Core stability in chronic low back pain.

Objectives Choosing the right device for blood collection is an issue that is frequently encountered in laboratory medicine. The purpose of this study was to compare the quality of the samples collected in terms of hemolysis index, pain intensity and tube filling rates of the samples drawn with BD Vacutainer® EclipseNeedle and BD Vacutainer Ultra-Touch™ Butterfly Blood Collection Set, which is currently used in laboratories. Methods Blood samples were drawn from the 44 apparently healthy adult individuals from different arm sites by routine phlebotomy into Citrate, SST and EDTA tubes in Karapınar State Hospital. K, P, AST, LDH tests and hemolysis index were analyzed by Mindray BS-800 chemistry analyzer. Complete blood count (CBC) was determined by Mindray BC 6000. Results There was no significant difference in K, P, AST, LDH and CBC values between the devices for hemolysis (p>0.05). No significant difference was found out with respect to visual hemolysis and hemolysis index, tube filling speed and pain intensity between the devices. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that two sets may used for venipuncture blood collection without creating additional hemolysis risk.

Aim:Digoxin is an anti-arrhythmic drug that also has a positive inotropic property. It is mainly used to control heart rate in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, and improve ejection fraction in heart failure. In recent years, the frequency of digoxin and a combination of new drug using has been increasing. Therefore, to assess the pharmacokinetic interaction between direct oral anticoagulant agents and cardiovascular drugs is necessary for intoxications. Material and Methods:Patients Serum Digoxin Concentrations levels and digoxin intoxications were evaluated according to risk factors investigated retrospectively Patients Serum Digoxin Concentrations levels 2.4 ng/ml toxicity. Results:The study consisted of 248 females (60.2%) and 160 males (39.2%). The mean age of the patients was 70.5 years. The average age of patients was 70.5 years. Serum digoxin concentrations of 408 patients; 44.81% were detected in the low therapeutic range, 34.41% in the therapeutic range, 6.23% in the high therapeutic range, 14.55% in the toxic therapeutic range. The mean glomerular filtration rate was 58.45, and the mean Serum Digoxin Concentration was 1.36 ng/ml. The statistically significant relationship between age and Patients Serum Digoxin Concentration was 16.3% (p

Objectives: As cultural places, museums and ruins are inseparable parts of the creation process of cultural and historical identity. The cultural heritage products covered by museums and ruins can be thought as a representation of a community and its highest values and truths. It is precisely for these reasons that the interest shown to museums and ruins can give clue for future plans of the cultural institutions in a country. The aim of this research is to forecast the number of visitors to the museums and ruins until 2037 in Turkey. Method: The research material consists of data about the number of visitors of the museums and ruins, between 2001 and 2019 in Turkey. The data were obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK). Research data was analysed under the framework of Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) time series analysis in order to predict the future numbers of visitors to museums and ruins. Findings: The research findings show that time series contain highly usable estimates which indicate an increasing trend for the number of visitors to the museums and ruins in Turkey. Originality: The findings can also allow comparative studies, in which the issues about physical and digital users are compared, for museums and ruins which are willing to convert their content to digital platforms. Results: In addition to practical implications, the present study is expected to contribute to the literature.

Amaç: Sağlık çalışmalarında gözlemsel araştırmalar, yaygın olarak kullanılan yöntemler arasında yeralmakta olup, esas olarak kohort, vaka-kontrol ve kesitsel çalışmalar olarak gruplandırılırlar. Gözlemselçalışmaların nasıl yürütülmesi gerektiğine dair esaslar 1965’li yıllarda tanımlanmış olsa da, günümüzdemevcut gözlemsel çalışmalar göz önüne alındığında, bunların raporlamasında yetersizliklerin olduğugörülmüştür. Bu nedenle gözlemsel çalışmaların raporlanmasına bir standart getirilmesi amacıyla, 2007yılında bilimsel çalışma grupları tarafından “Epidemiyolojide Gözlemsel Çalışmaların RaporlanmasınınGüçlendirilmesi Beyanı (STROBE)” geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışma, STROBE kriterlerinin Türk dilinekazandırılması, araştırmacılar tarafından daha anlaşılır bir hâle getirilmesi ve sağlık alanında yapılacakgözlemsel çalışmaların raporlamasının güçlendirilmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: STROBE kriterleri dört araştırmacı tarafından bağımsız şekilde Türkçe’yetercüme edilmiştir. Dört farklı çeviri ile ortaya çıkan metin tüm yazarların bir araya geldiği toplantıile değerlendirilmiş ve her madde için en uygun ifadenin hangisi olacağı konusunda görüş birliğisağlanmıştır. Ardından uzman çevirmen tarafından ters çeviri işlemi yapılmış ve kriterlerin uygunluğudeğerlendirilmiştir. Türkçeleştirilmiş STROBE kontrol listesinin tekrarlanabilirliğini değerlendirmek vearaştırmacılar tarafından doğru anlaşılıp anlaşılmadığını anlamak için sağlık alanından seçilen 20makale, iki araştırmacı tarafından bağımsız olarak puanlama yapılarak (1=madde sağlanmakta, 0=maddesağlanmamakta) değerlendirilmiştir. Puanlayıcılar arasındaki uyum her bir kriter için araştırmacılar arasıuyum yüzdesi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Uyum ayrıca toplam raporlanan kriter sayısı kullanılarak Bland-Altman yöntemi ve sınıf içi korelasyon katsayısı (SKK) kullanılarak da değerlendirilmiştir.Bulgular: Analizler sonucu hesaplanan SKK 0,351-0,890 arasındaydı. Puanlayıcılar arası uyumistatistiksel olarak anlamlıydı. İncelenen 20 makalenin STROBE kriterlerine uygunluğu düşüktü.Sonuç: Türkçe’ye uyarlanmış STROBE Beyanı, kesitsel araştırmaların raporlanmasında kullanılabilecekgüvenilir bir araçtır., Aim: Observational studies are among the widely used methods in health studies, and are mainly grouped as cohort, case-control andcross-sectional studies. Although the principles of how observational studies should be carried out were defined in 1965, considering theobservational studies available today, it has been observed that there are deficiencies in their reporting. Therefore, in order to set a standardfor reporting observational studies, the “Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Statement” (STROBE) wasdeveloped by scientific working groups in 2007. This study was carried out to introduce the STROBE criteria into the Turkish language, tomake it more understandable by researchers, and to strengthen the reporting of observational studies in the field of health.Materials and Methods: STROBE criteria have been independently translated into Turkish by four researchers. The text, which emerged withfour different translations, was evaluated in a meeting where all authors came together, and a consensus was reached on which expressionwould be the most appropriate for each item. Then, a reverse translation was performed by an expert translator and the compliance ofthe criteria was evaluated. In order to evaluate the reproducibility of the Turkishized STROBE checklist and to understand whether it wasunderstood correctly by the researchers, 20 articles selected from the field of health were evaluated by two researchers independently byscoring (1 = item provided, 0 = item not provided). The consistency between the scorers was examined using the percentage of compliancebetween researchers for each criterion. Compliance was also evaluated using the Bland-Altman method and the intraclass correlationcoefficient (CCT) using the total number of reported criteria.Results: CCT calculated as a result of the analysis was between 0.351-0.890. The consistency between raters was statistically significant.Compliance of the 20 articles reviewed with the STROBE criteria was low.Conclusion: The STROBE Statement, adapted to Turkish, is a reliable tool that can be used in reporting cross-sectional studies.

Background: Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic mental disorder that causes many psychosocial problems. In order to reveal these problems, it is necessary to measure the quality of life of people with schizophrenia. Aim: The aim of this meta-analysis is to compare the quality of life of people with schizophrenia and healthy subjects. Methods: Literature search was conducted in the Web of Science Core Collection database including the dates of January 2000 and March 2021. The systematic search provided 464 potentially relevant studies. The final sample consisted of 18 studies. Results: The results of using a random effects model for analysis indicated that schizophrenia subjects showed considerably lower quality of life scores compared to healthy controls. Conclusion: Determining the quality of people with schizophrenia will help us to create effective psychosocial intervention programs.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the relationship between trait anxiety and personal indecisiveness of undergraduate students of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. For this purpose, a questionnaire was applied to 244 undergraduate students at Selcuk University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Trait anxiety and personal indecisiveness scales were used for this questionnaire. The Cronbach’s Alpha (α) coefficient was calculated as 0.798 for the trait anxiety scale and 0.929 for the personal indecisiveness scale. After the factors were determined by explanatory factor analysis, they were tested by confirmatory factor analysis to test the appropriateness of factor structures. Chi-square test, RMSEA, GFI and CFI fit indices were used in confirmatory factor analysis. For the results obtained from indices of fit, the chi-square test was calculated as 1.621, RMSEA 0.051, GFI 0.851, CFI 0.930. The model obtained according to the fit index values was found to fit well. As a result, there was a correlation between students’ trait anxiety and personal indecisiveness. As a result of our findings, it was revealed that trait anxiety of students affected the decision-making processes. By carrying out similar studies annually within the universities, positive or negative aspects for the personal development of students can be determined, and it can be ensured that they become healthy physicians in the future. The results can give an idea to the managers about decisions concerning some improvements and developments in universities.

Recently, Turkey has seen significant increases in animal-source foods and related raw material prices. These recent increases in prices have made it even more important to examine the prices of animal-source foods and their associated factors. This study aimed to reveal the pattern network structure and characteristics of the prices of animal-source foods and related variables for the 2010-2020 period in Turkey. To this end, a network analysis covered the prices of animal-source foods, raw material prices used in producing these foods, and some economic variables. The study results revealed that Producer Price Index (PPI) and Agricultural PPI are key variables that are highly active in the network and act as a bridge between other unconnected variables. In addition, the results of the analysis suggest that the overall network consists of highly correlated variables and that the PPI and Agricultural PPI are the two most important variables. As a result, the pattern network structure shows that economic variables have a high impact on the prices of animal-source foods. The network structure visualizes Turkey's import-substitution model in animal production and foreign dependency on feed raw materials and the market structure affected by high exchange rates. In addition, as can be understood from the positive connections between feed raw materials, the pattern network of the variables affecting the prices of animal-source foods is largely shaped by feed prices and the internal dynamics of economic variables.

Aim: This study is conducted to inform communities and governments about the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in selected countries: Turkey, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Russian, Canada, and Japan Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the numbers of the COVID-19 epidemic after the 100th case up to 7/19/2020 for selected countries have been estimated by using Curve Estimation Models, Box-Jenkins (ARIMA), Brown Linear Exponential Smoothing Method, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and SEIR Models

Amaç: Yüksek kan basıncının karotis arterler üzerinde istenmeyen etkilere yol açtığı iyi bilinmesine ragmen bu etkinin hangi değerden itibaren başladığı net değildir. Bu çalışmanın amacı bunu değerlendirmektir. Yöntem: Çalışma kesitsel planlandı ve toplam 308 birey dahil edildi. Sistolik kan basıncı (SKB) 0.05) ancak grup 3 ile 1 arasında anlamlı fark vardı (p135,5 mmHg olmasının%78,2 sensitivite, %74,6 spesifite, DKB>86,5 mmHg olmasının %79,3 sensitivite ve %71,6 spesifite ile karotis distensibilitesini etkilemeye başladığı bulundu. Benzer olarak SKB>137,5 mmHg olmasının %80,4 sensitivite, %73,1 spesifite, DKB>88,5 mmHg olmasının ise %79,1 sensitivite ve %73,8spesifite ile karotis elastisitesini etkilemeye başladığı gösterildi. Sonuç: Karotis distensibilitesi ve elastisitesi kan basıncının artışı ile azalmaktadır. Yüksek-normal kan basıncına sahip bireylerde belirli bir kan basıncı değerinden sonra karotis hasarı başlıyor olabilir.

Approximately 250 feral horses [Equus ferus caballus (Linnaeus, 1758)] living on Karadag Mountain near Karaman City were caught by Kazakh horse herdsmen with permission of the Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and brought to a farm in Karkin village in Konya Province, 70 km from Karadag, in November, 2017. This study was carried out to determine the presence of ectoparasites infesting a subsample of 36 feral horses. The horses were visually inspected, and then their bodies were checked by hand for ectoparasites. Thirty-five (97.2%) were infested with at least one of five species of ectoparasites: Bovicola equi (Linnaeus, 1758), Hippobosca equina (Linnaeus, 1758), Haemaphysalis parva (Neuman, 1897), Hyalomma excavatum (Koch, 18449), Dermacentor marginatus (Sulzer, 1776). Most of the horses were coinfested with two ectoparasite species. Prevalence of infestation with H. equina was 80.6% and with B. equi 72.2%. In addition, prevalence of Ha. parva was 25.0%, Hy. excavatum 13.9%, and D. marginatus was 5.6%. This is the first systematic examination for external parasites of feral horses in Turkey. Further studies are needed to determine ectoparasites of greater numbers of feral horses in different localities.

PurposePublic libraries are institutions that provide information services to all citizens in a country and support the development of lifelong learning, awareness and creativity. All these provide an advantage for having a developed economy and being a developed society. This study aims to reveal the interaction between the gross domestic product (GDP) and public library usage in Turkey. The study also purposed to increase awareness of the economic benefits of public libraries.Design/methodology/approachIn the study, a vector autoregression (VAR) model and co-integration techniques were used. Johansen co-integration test was used examining the long-term relationship between the variables. Due to the variables moving together in the long term, the vector error-correction model was preferred instead of the VAR model, as a result.FindingsAccording to the causality test results, GDP was found to be affected when there was a change in the number of library users. According to the Granger causality test result, a change in GDP was also found to have a significant effect on the number of library users. All these indicate an interaction between GDP and public library usage in Turkey between 2001 and 2017.Social implicationsThe revealed interaction between GDP and the number of public library users can be useful for policymakers who are making decisions to develop public library services and to increase GDP.Originality/valueThe interaction between public library usage and GDP can be seen such as an unlikely combination. However, this study presented a mutual interaction between public library usage and GDP. The findings of the study will be of a great importance in developing countries to be motivated to make public library services better.

Objectives:In this study, it was aimed to adapt the 17-item (37 sub-items) STROCSS (Strengthening the Reporting of Cohort Studies in Surgery) criteria published in 2017 by a group of experts to improve the reporting quality of cohort studies in the surgical field and to establish a standard.Materials and Methods:STROCSS criteria were translated to Turkish by three authors (E.D., C.A., M.A.T.) separately, and a consensus was reached for the final version with Y.Y.’s guidance. The quality of reporting of 10 surgical cohort studies published in the TR index between 2010 and 2018, using a Turkish-adapted checklist, was evaluated by an academic physician (İ.Ş.T., G.D., Ü.M., G.D., M.E.) in five different surgical specialties. For the statistical evaluations, intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman graphs were used.Results:There was a significant correlation between pairwise evaluations in surgical specialties (p

Analysis of the quantity of cow milk supplied to the industry in Turkey is one of the methods that could provide stakeholders with the most accurate results from the perspective of raw milk projections and the interpretation of the sector. Therefore, it is important that the amount of milk supplied to the industry is used instead of the total amount of milk produced in the projections of the sector. The present study is intended to model the time series data of the amount of milk supplied to the dairy industry in Turkey between 2013/01 and 2018/03 using Box-Jenkins and Winters' Exponential Smoothing methods, and to analyse the production of milk and the future of the dairy industry in Turkey utilising the forecasts obtained from such models. The results of the analyses indicate that the Winters' Exponential Smoothing model gives more consistent results than the Box-Jenkins model with respect to the future forecast value and decision-making criterion of the amount of milk supplied to the industry.

The present study is intended to identify the factors affecting the workplace satisfaction of the academic staff at a faculty of veterinary medicine. Additionally, it aims to develop a scale for evaluating the workplace satisfaction of the faculty members at the veterinary faculty (Job Satisfaction Evaluation Scale for Academic Staff). Eighty-eight members of the academic staff serving at Selçuk University Faculty of veterinary medicine participated in the study. For construct validity, Cronbach's alpha (α) and McDonald's omega (ω) tests were conducted in the reliability analyses. Factor analysis was conducted for analysis of validity. A scale was developed, consisting of 4 factors and 26 items in total. The socio-demographic variables affecting the factors and the total scores that can be obtained from a form for which a reliability and validity study has been conducted may vary even among the departments/faculties in the same university. As a recommendation, similar studies can be conducted annually in several universities across the country using scales whose validity and reliability have been confirmed, as a result of which the universities can identify their strengths and weaknesses according to some factors, and administrators of the universities can consider such results when making decisions for improvement and development of the universities. Implementation of improvement measures will directly or indirectly contribute to the development of countries and the welfare of society.

Among the sub-branches of the livestock industry in Turkey, milk and dairy product sector is one of the most active production areas. It is essential to examine the supply structure of the milk and dairy product sector and reveal the relations between the production amounts of the products to understand the overall structure of the sector. We determined the pattern network structures based on the amount of raw cow milk entering the industry and the production amounts of six products between 2010/01 and 2020/09. In addition, we studied the product-based development of the sector. The findings obtained from the network analysis of the production amounts of milk and dairy products indicated a relationship between the products and their interactions with each other. The amount of raw milk entering the production process was located in the center and displayed a positive relationship with all products it interacted with. The amount of raw cow milk entering the production process and the amount of cow cheese produced affected other products included in the network. In addition, among the products produced, the production amounts of ayran and yogurt exhibited the highest correlation coefficient with a moderate positive correlation value (0.609). The resulting social network graph provides important clues about the general production understanding of Turkey’s dairy sector and consumer preferences in the market.

Objective: Local anaesthetics are often used in plastic surgery practice. Through their mechanism of action, local anaesthetics produce a sympathetic blockage with a subsequent vasodilatation and a resulting local increase of perfusion. The effect of vasodilation of the local anaesthetics causes bleeding locally resulting in haematoma, bruising and/or pain. We present an experimental study of the effects of local anaesthetics on delayed bleeding. Method: In this animal study, 36 adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of nine animals: lidocaine; lidocaine and epinephrine; bupivacaine; and control. An epigastric flap model was harvested. Local anaesthetics that are frequently used in daily practice were administered in equal amounts to the harvested flap. Results: After 24 hours, the rats were euthanised to collect and measure all coagula under the epigastric flap. No statistically significant differences in relation to the amount of coagulum were found between the groups. Conclusion: Our results suggest that proper haemostasis is achieved, there is no difference on the effect of delayed bleeding between the local anaesthetics which are often used.

In this prospective case control study, relationship of detailed cerebellar volumetric data and cognition in patients with multiple sclerosis considering falling status using 3 D MRI and network analysis were evaluated. Participants consist of 106 adults with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Scores of Montreal cognitive assessment test, symbol digit modality Test, nine-hole peg test, berg balance scale test, timed up and go test, timed 25-foot walk test were worse in faller group than non faller group (p < 0.05 for all tests). There was no significant difference in terms of cerebellar lobule volumes between groups. But using artificial intelligence (AI) based network analysis, we brought a new perspective to interpreting the relationship between the cerebellum, cognition, gait, and balance. Overall, data from the study suggest a possible relationship between cerebellar volume changes and cognitive dysfunction through connectivity analysis in patients with multiple sclerosis. Further studies are needed to examine this issue by using connectivity analysis.

Objectives: This study was performed to assess and analyze the retinal and choroidal thickness in amblyopic eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. Methods: A total of 67 children with amblyopia and 31 age- and gender-matched healthy non-amblyopic control subjects were enrolled in the study. The 67 amblyopic children were divided into 3 groups: hypermetropic amblyopia (Group 1). microesotropia (Group 2). and myopic anisometropia (Group 3). All of the participants underwent a detailed ophthalmologic examination and orthoptic assessment. The subfoveal choroidal thickness was measured at 500-. 750-. 1000-. and 15000-micron intervals nasally and temporally. Central macular thickness was also measured in the subfoveal. parafoveal inferior. parafoveal superior. parafoveal nasal. and parafoveal temporal superior. inferior. nasal. and temporal quadrants. All of the parameters of the amblyopic eyes. fellow eyes. and control eyes were compared. Results: In all. 34 female and 33 male patients were studied. The mean age was 8.6±2.8 years (range: 5–12 years). Comparison of the choroidal thickness and macular thickness measurements between the amblyopic and non-amblyopic eye of the same patient within each group revealed no statistically significant differences. Comparison of the findings in the amblyopic eyes of Group 1 and Group 3 with the control group revealed that the choroidal thickness measurements were smaller in the amblyopic eyes in all quadrants. however. only the nasal quadrant measurements demonstrated a statistical significance. The subfoveal macular thickness value was also smaller in both groups when compared with the control eyes. Conclusion: Our results indicated that amblyopia. whether anisometropic or microtropic. did not seem to significantly affect choroidal thickness.

Aim: Vitamin D is one of the major hormones involved in phosphorus metabolism in the secosteroid structure. Studies have shown that low serum vitamin D levels are associated with chronic diseases such as autoimmune diseases, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, depression, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate serum vitamin D levels in the adult population according to age and gender in Karapınar, Turkey. Materials and Methods: Serum vitamin D levels of 6,774 patients admitted to Karapınar Public Hospital between January and December 2018 were evaluated according to age and gender, investigated, and retrospectively screened. Serum vitamin D level 100 ng/mL as toxicity. Results: The study consisted of 5,111 women (75.5%) and 1,663 men (24%). The mean vitamin D levels were 14.6 ± 0.2 ng/mL in women and 17.8 ± 0.3 ng/mL in men. Vitamin D levels were found to be lower in both men and women as age progressed. Deficiency (Conclusion: In this study, in patients who were admitted to our hospital in Karapınar City, serious vitamin D deficiency was detected. We recommend that people should take vitamin D and calcium supplements and they also should have more exposure to the sunlight.

Amaç: Araştırmada, Karaman ili Damızlık Koyun Keçi Yetiştiricileri Birliğine kayıtlı, Kıl Keçisi yetiştiren işletmelerde, Kıl Keçisinin vücut özelliklerini tanımlamak amacıyla elde edilen verilerden yararlanılmıştır. Toplam 900 olan veri içerisinden, basit rasgele örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilmiş, 2-7 yaşları arasındaki 130 keçi ve 2-4 yaş arasındaki 50 tekenin vücut ölçüsü kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın temel motivasyonu Karaman Yöresinde Kıl Keçilerinde Doğrusal Olmayan Modellerle Vücut Ağırlığı ve Bazı Vücut Ölçümlerinin İlişkilerinin Belirlenmesi olarak planlamıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada doğrusal olmayan modellerle canlı ağırlık tahmini yapılmıştır. Doğrusal olmayan tek değişkenli regresyon modelleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışma sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde doğrusal olmayan tek değişkenli modellerden Quadratic veya Cubic yöntemler ile istatistik olarak anlamlı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Öneri: Araştırmacılar uygun şart ve koşullar oluştuğunda çok değişkenli regresyon yöntemini tercih edebilirler ancak zaman kısıtı ve pratik olmayan durumlar için tek değişkenli Quadratic veya Cubic yöntemleri ile göğüs çevresi değişkenini kullanarak tahminde bulunmaları önerilebilir., Aim: In this study, the data obtained to describe the body characteristics of the Hair Goat ,were utilized in the businesses that were registered with Karaman Province Breeding Sheep and Goat Breeders Association. Body measurement of 130 goats, 2-7 years old and 50 billy goats, 2-4 years old, selected by simple random sampling method for total 900. The main motivation of the study was to determine the relationship between body weight and some body measurements with nonlinear models in hair goats in Karaman region. Materials and Methods: In the study, we estimated the live weight with nonlinear models. Nonlinear univariate regression models were used. Results: When the results of the study were evaluated, statistically significant results were obtained by using Quadratic or Cubic methods from nonlinear univariate models. Conclusion: Researchers may choose the multivariate regression method occurs when the appropriate terms and conditions, but with time constraints and chest girth quadratic or cubic univariate methods impractical for situations be offered an estimate using the variable.