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Bu makalede, Mustafa Ahmed ez-Zerkā’nın “el-Fıkhu’l-İslâmî fi sevbihi’l-cedîd” adlı kitap projesinin kapsamı konusunda yeni bir kanaat ortaya konulması ve müellifin bu proje kapsamında yayımlamış olduğu ilk iki eserin yeni baskılarında yapılan değişikliklere dikkat çekilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaçla evvela müellifin kitaplarının ön sözlerindeki açıklamalardan hareket edilerek oradan elde edilen bilgilerin eserlerin muhtevası ile karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde yorumlanmasıyla projenin amaçları ile sonuçları arasındaki ilişki sorgulanmıştır. Daha sonra, müellifin “el-Medhal ilâ nazariyyeti’l-iltizâmi’l-‘âmme” adlı eserine yeni baskıda eklemiş olduğu “Nusûsu mevâddi’n-nazariyyeti’l-âmmeti li’l-iltizâmât fi’l-fıkhi’l-İslâmî” adlı kanun tasarısının bu projeyle ilişkisinin belirlenmesine çalışılmıştır. Vardığımız kanaate göre bu tasarı, müellifin yaptığı nihai değişiklikte başlangıçtaki plandan farklı bir biçimde ortaya çıkmış olsa da, daha önce projenin dördüncü cildi için planlanmış olan asıl çalışmanın yerine ikame edilmiş bir metindir. Zerka’nın İslam fıkhını yeni bir üslupla sunma çabasının somut neticelerinden bir olan bu metin, hem onun bu çabasının doğru anlaşılabilmesi hem de İslam fıkıh tarihinin son döneminin en önemli gelişmelerinden biri olan İslam fıkhına dayalı kanun yapma faaliyetinin daha ileri bir noktaya taşınabilmesi bakımından farkında olunması gereken bir özelliğe sahiptir.

Background: Lichen planus (LP) is an idiopathic inflammatory disease of the skin and mucous membranes. It has been reported to be associated with diseases such as hepatitis C virus infection. However, this association vary from one geographic area to another. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection and liver enzymes abnormalities among patients with lichen planus compared to controls. Materials and Methods: This case- control study included 204 participants (102 with L.P. and 102 controls) from the dermatology clinic at Tishreen University Hospital, Lattakia, Syria, during the period (2020- 2021). The diagnosis was made clinically and confirmed histologically whenever the clinical features were not inclusive. Sera were analyzed for anti- HCV antibodies and liver enzymes; aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Results: Out of 102 cases and 102 controls, none was tested positive for Anti- HCV antibodies. There were no statistically significant differences neither in serum levels of liver enzymes; alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P.value= 0.4), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P.value= 0.08) nor in frequencies of its abnormalities; alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P.value= 0.2), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P.value= 0.1) in any of the studied groups. Conclusion: This study did not reveal association between lichen planus and HCV infection, neither revealed any statistically significant elevation in serum levels of liver enzymes among patients with lichen planus compared to controls.

The management of employees' salaries is an extremely complex task and time-consuming job due to having a large volume of payroll data and calculations. In many developing regions and countries including the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, the accounting processes of salary are manual. This leads to low speed in the calculation processes of deductions and allowances, easy making errors, difficulty to maintain salaries of previous months, low efficiency, and delay in generating reports. This paper represents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a web-based payroll management system (WPMS). This system can calculate the salary of every employee per month and annum efficiently and effectively. Moreover, it can keep the records of employees’ data including their pay, allowances, and deductions on monthly bases in the data mart. Additionally, the system can speedily and automatically generate employees’ payslips, accurate reports, and detailed statistics. Furthermore, WPMS provides a user-friendly environment and enables users to easily access, update, and delete data. The system was implemented by using programming languages: HTML, PHP, JavaScript, jQuery, AJAX, and MySQL. To conclude, the system was investigated for its usability by using the system usability scale tool. The results achieved an 87.8% score of usability satisfaction.

The opioid crisis in the United States has resulted in more than 500,000 deaths since 1999, and recent estimates suggest that attributable deaths could reach 842,000 by 2032. While heroin and synthetic products such as fentanyl now account for the majority of opioid overdoses, the prescription opioid crisis that emerged in the mid-1990s was the primary antecedent to the current situation. Recent settlements in litigation against opioid producers, suppliers and retailers has resulted in the release of almost 2.5 million previously confidential internal documents that have been made publicly accessible via the online Opioid Industry Documents Archive, a collaboration between the University of California, San Francisco and Johns Hopkins University. These corporate records provide critical insights into the operations and strategies of manufacturers and other actors in the opioid supply chain. This article describes the provenance of the opioid documents and their potential value as a research resource. It then outlines methodological approaches to their analysis, drawing on comparisons in conducting research using the Truth Tobacco Industry Documents. The Opioid Industry Documents Archive is a new and important addition to existing industry document collections that enable scrutiny and analysis of the role of corporate actors in determining health outcomes. Beyond their immediate application to researching the corporate and regulatory foundations of the current opioid crisis, the opioid document collections will contribute to a greater understanding of the commercial determinants of public health by providing means to better locate the causes of public health crises, identify politically acceptable solutions to their resolution, and inform strategies for preventing future corporate-driven epidemics.

The topic of takaful al-ijtima'i (social protection) and social security that include individuals, groups and institutions are very important, especially in times of adversity and crises. Islam promotes cooperation and solidarity among Muslims to the fact that it regards them as a body of a person that if a few parts of the body ache, the whole body aches. In the face of the Covid-19 pandemic, we have seen how the countries were affected where the economies collapsed, companies went bankrupt, and the unemployment rate increased. This is not to mention the billions of Dollars that have been spent as stimulus packages to help companies and individuals. Therefore, it is worthwhile to investigate the extent to which takaful and social security comply with Islamic and contemporary economic principles. Also, the study attempts to explore what are the solutions offered by Islam and the economy to deal with the crises. Social security in Islam is different to that of the conventional economy in several aspects, among others conventional social protection (insurance) is man-made and limited to the material aspect, and is not based on conscience, mercy and generosity. It is based on man-made law that the obligation of which is compulsorily enforced on everyone. Conventional protection also is only provided to the policyholders, imposed with several charges and compounding penalties in case of default. In Islam, protection is given to the needy through Baitul Mal where it is provided without expecting reciprocity or return. Therefore, Islam orders those who have a surplus of money to give some parts to those who are in deficit (the needy). ملخص البحث فإنَّ موضوع التكافل أو التضامن الاجتماعي، ووقوف الناس مع بعضهم البعض أفراداً وجماعات ومؤسسات، من الأمور المهمة للغاية، لاسيما في أوقات الشدائد والجوائح والأزمات، وقد حث الإسلام على التعاون والتعاضد والتكاتف فيما بين المسلمين، حتى إنه اعتبرهم كالجسد الواحد الذي إذا اشتكى منه عضو تداعى له سائر الأعضاء بالحمى والسهر، وحتى جاء الوعيد الشديد بالويل والثبور لمن يمنع الماعون عن جاره أو من يطلب استعارته لحاجته له، وجاء نفي كمال الإيمان عمَّن بات شبعان وجاره جائع وهو يعلم، وعشرات النصوص التي جاء بها الإسلام في الحث على البذل والعطاء والجود والإيثار وقضاء حوائج المحتاجين، وكفالة الأرامل والأيتام والمعوذين، وشرع في سبيل ذلك الزكاة وأوجبها، كما أوجب نفقة القريب المحتاج على قريبه من الأغنياء، وشرع الوقف، وشرع الكفارات المالية بأنواعها، وأوجب على الدولة المسلمة رعاية الفقراء والمحتاجين والمعوزين؛ كل ذلك يدلنا على أهمية هذا الموضوع، وشدة الحاجة إليه، وأثره في التخفيف عن الناس ورحمتهم وتحقيق الأمن والاستقرار الاجتماعي فيما بينهم. وقد رأينا في ظل جائحة كورونا كيف تضررت دول بكاملها، وكيف انهارت اقتصادات، وأفلست شركات، وسُرِّح مئات الآلاف من وظائفهم، وجاءت الدول الكبرى تضخ المليارات والتريليونات كحزم تحفيز اقتصادية تساعد بها الشركات والمؤسسات والأفراد والأسر. كل ذلك وغيره، يدفعنا إلى دراسة موضوع التكافل والضمان الاجتماعي دراسة شرعية تأصيلية مقارنة بين تعاليم الإسلام وما ورد في الاقتصادات المعاصرة، وكيف تعاملت تلك الاقتصادات مع الموضوع، وكيف عالجه الإسلام. يختلف الضمان الاجتماعي في الاقتصاد الوضعي - اشتراكياً كان أو رأسمالياً - عنه في الاقتصاد الإسلامي، من عدة أوجه، أهمها: أن الضمان الاجتماعي في الاقتصاد الوضعي من صنع البشر، وهو مقصورٌ على الناحية المادية فقط، ولا يستند إلى ضمير الشخص وعطفه وكرمه، إنما يستند إلى القانون الذي يُفرَض التزامه على الجميع بالقوة، كما أنه مقصورٌ على الأفراد أو الجماعات الذين هم مُسجَّلون فيه، والذين تنطبق عليهم شروطه، وهو ليس مجانياً وإنما يأتي في مقابل ما يؤخذ من الشعوب، من أنواع الضرائب المختلفة، والتي تزيد أضعافاً على ما يُعطى لتلك الشعوب، بينما نجد الإسلام يكفل المحتاجين من بيت المال، ويقدّم لهم المساعدة دون أن يطالبهم بالعمل في مقابل ذلك - مادام المحتاج عاجزاً حسَّاً أو معنى -، ودون أن يدفعوا اشتراكاً مادياً مقابل ما يقدم لهم من خدمات، بل يعتبر الإسلامُ المحتاج شريكاً للغني أو مقاسماً له في جزء من ماله، وهي الزكوات والصدقات والتبرعات، والمحتاج في الإسلام يأخذ المال وهو عزيز النفس لا يستذل ولا يهان من أجل سدّ حاجته، وهذا الأمر مما تميَّز به الإسلام.

Hadith judgment implies checking the validity of Hadith to decide whether it is correct (trustworthy) or false (bogus). “Matn” and “Isnad” are the main constituents of Hadith; “Matn” is the sayings of the prophet, whereas “Isnad” represents the narrators’ series. The first step of Hadith judgment is the extraction of narrators’ names, after that, the rules of judgment, which were set out by Hadith’s scientists, could be implemented, three of these rules are particularly related to the narrators’ series, and these rules are continuity of the transmission chain, the trustworthiness of the narrators, and the preciseness of the narrators. Therefore, to check the authenticity of Hadiths, the three conditions must be satisfied, and to do so, the narrators’ names must be extracted first. Isnad contains many words and phrases called “Isnad-Phrases”; these phrases have many types or categories called part of Isnads (POIs) like Narrator-Name, Prophet-Name, and Received-Method. A lot of computational research studies suggest serving Hadith sciences by extracting the narrators’ names and other POIs using various approaches. This study presents a new hybrid approach founded on the hidden Markov model (HMM) and gazetteer lists to process “Isnad.” The approach objective is to expect all POIs in the Isnad including narrators’ names. The experiments carried on 1,000 Hadiths from “Sahih Muslim”: 900 Hadiths as training dataset and 100 Hadiths as testing dataset, and the results show a noteworthy accuracy for the proposed hybrid approach.

Hydrocarbon prospect risking is a critical application in geophysics predicting well outcomes from a variety of data including geological, geophysical, and other information modalities. Traditional routines require interpreters to go through a long process to arrive at the probability of success of specific outcomes. AI has the capability to automate the process but its adoption has been limited thus far owing to a lack of transparency in the way complicated, black box models generate decisions. We demonstrate how LIME -- a model-agnostic explanation technique -- can be used to inject trust in model decisions by uncovering the model's reasoning process for individual predictions. It generates these explanations by fitting interpretable models in the local neighborhood of specific datapoints being queried. On a dataset of well outcomes and corresponding geophysical attribute data, we show how LIME can induce trust in model's decisions by revealing the decision-making process to be aligned to domain knowledge. Further, it has the potential to debug mispredictions made due to anomalous patterns in the data or faulty training datasets.

Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a promising and emerging technology for rapidly amplifying target nucleic acid from minimally processed samples and through small portable instruments. RPA is suitable for point-of-care testing (POCT) and on-site field testing, and it is compatible with microfluidic devices. Several detection assays have been developed, but limited research has dug deeper into the chemistry of RPA to understand its kinetics and fix its shortcomings.This review provides a detailed introduction of RPA molecular mechanism, kits formats, optimization, application, pros, and cons. Moreover, this critical review discusses the nonspecificity issue of RPA, highlights its consequences, and emphasizes the need for more research to resolve it. This review discusses the reaction kinetics of RPA in relation to target length, product quantity, and sensitivity. This critical review also questions the novelty of recombinase-aided amplification (RAA). In short, this review discusses many aspects of RPA technology that have not been discussed previously and provides a deeper insight and new perspectives of the technology.RPA is an excellent choice for pathogen detection, especially in low-resource settings. It has a potential to replace PCR for all purposes, provided its shortcomings are fixed and its reagent accessibility is improved.

The exploration of Hadith sciences gains significant consideration over the most recent couple of years. Hadith is mostly the sayings of Prophet Mohammad. The Holy Quran represents the first origin of law in Islam then Hadith takes the second role. Many research efforts manage Hadith with respect to the “Isnad” and “Matn”; which are the main two pieces of Hadith. In this paper, we examine the chance of utilizing Deep Learning to process Isnad of Hadiths. Consequently, a definitive objective of our framework is to help in the systematic classification of Hadiths and differentiate among the correct (“Sahih”) Hadiths and the not accurate (“Da'ief”) Hadiths.

EnvironmentAsia, 15, 1, 117-130

This paper considers making active learning more sensible from a medical perspective. In practice, a disease manifests itself in different forms across patient cohorts. Existing frameworks have primarily used mathematical constructs to engineer uncertainty or diversity-based methods for selecting the most informative samples. However, such algorithms do not present themselves naturally as usable by the medical community and healthcare providers. Thus, their deployment in clinical settings is very limited, if any. For this purpose, we propose a framework that incorporates clinical insights into the sample selection process of active learning that can be incorporated with existing algorithms. Our medically interpretable active learning framework captures diverse disease manifestations from patients to improve generalization performance of OCT classification. After comprehensive experiments, we report that incorporating patient insights within the active learning framework yields performance that matches or surpasses five commonly used paradigms on two architectures with a dataset having imbalanced patient distributions. Also, the framework integrates within existing medical practices and thus can be used by healthcare providers., Comment: IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)

Introduction: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an individual's satisfaction or happiness with the dimensions of life mentioned above, in the context of being affected by or affecting the individual’s health. There have been multiple standardized questionnaires developed to evaluate the HRQOL of people, and the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) is one of them. Objective: To assess the health-related quality of life of the general adult population of Peshawar city by use of the SF-36 survey form. Materials & methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Peshawar city from March to May 2019. The sample comprised of 263 respondents aged 18 and above. Data were collected by systematic random sampling of households using the SF-36 survey form and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: A total of 263 questionnaires were fully filled and valid. Of the 263, 66.9% were male (n=176) and 33.1 % were female (n=87). The age of the participants ranged from 18-70 years, with a mean age of 30.5 ± 11.3 years. The domain value for SF at 67.78, followed closely by BP at 67.54, then MH at 62.69, PF at 61.27, GH at 60.50, VT at 62.69, RP at 57.03, and the lowest value was of RE at 56.52. Conclusion: The study revealed that the HRQOL of the population of Peshawar city was less as compared to other international studies. It showed males had a better HRQOL in all domains except one. The HRQOL also declined with increasing age. Keywords: Quality of Life; Adult; Mental Health; Health Surveys

Quran and Hadith are the main religious sources in Islam. Hadith is mainly the saying of Prophet Mohammad, and it consists of two parts: first is “Isnad”; which is the series of persons (narrators) who report (narrate) Hadith, and the second is “Matn”; which is the saying or the narration itself. Isnad can be divided into phrases called “Isnad-Phrases”, which could be tagged according to proposed Part-Of-Isnads (POIs) that represent the entity types of Isnad, such as Narrator Name, Prophet Name and Received Method. One of the main objectives of Hadith sciences is to ascertain the validity of Hadith and determine if it is accepted or rejected; this is known as Hadith judgment. Hadith scholars put many rules to judge Hadiths; some of these rules are related to the chain of narrators. Therefore, to judge Hadith, first, the narrators' names in Isnad should be extracted then judgment rules can be applied. Many researches proposed different methods to extract narrators' names from Isnad. To the best of the author's knowledge, there is no research process Isnad using Genetic Algorithms (GA). In this research, a novel approach is introduced for Isnad processing based on GA. This approach aims to predict the narrators' names and the other POIs for Isnad. The experiments, which conducted on all Hadiths narrated in “Sahih Muslim” book, show that the proposed approach achieved 81.44% accuracy. For further research in this genre, investigation of utilizing other approaches for Isnad processing, such as deep learning, is recommended.

We recently found that SspABCD, catalyzing single-stranded (ss) DNA phosphorothioate (PT) modification, coupled with SspE provides protection against phage infection. SspE performs both PT-simulated NTPase and DNA-nicking nuclease activities to damage phage DNA, rendering SspA-E a PT-sensing defense system., Unlike nucleobase modifications in canonical restriction-modification systems, DNA phosphorothioate (PT) epigenetic modification occurs in the DNA sugar-phosphate backbone when the nonbridging oxygen is replaced by sulfur in a double-stranded (ds) or single-stranded (ss) manner governed by DndABCDE or SspABCD, respectively. SspABCD coupled with SspE constitutes a defense barrier in which SspE depends on sequence-specific PT modifications to exert its antiphage activity. Here, we identified a new type of ssDNA PT-based SspABCD-SspFGH defense system capable of providing protection against phages through a mode of action different from that of SspABCD-SspE. We provide further evidence that SspFGH damages non-PT-modified DNA and exerts antiphage activity by suppressing phage DNA replication. Despite their different defense mechanisms, SspFGH and SspE are compatible and pair simultaneously with one SspABCD module, greatly enhancing the protection against phages. Together with the observation that the sspBCD-sspFGH cassette is widely distributed in bacterial genomes, this study highlights the diversity of PT-based defense barriers and expands our knowledge of the arsenal of phage defense mechanisms.

The phytopathogen Phytophthora cactorum infects economically important herbaceous and woody plant species. P. cactorum isolates differ in host specificity; for example, strawberry crown rot is often caused by a specialized pathotype. Here we compared the transcriptomes of two P. cactorum isolates that differ in their virulence to garden strawberry (Pc407: high virulence; Pc440: low virulence). De novo transcriptome assembly and clustering of contigs resulted in 19,372 gene clusters. Two days after inoculation of Fragaria vesca roots, 3,995 genes were differently expressed between the P. cactorum isolates. One of the genes that were highly expressed only in Pc407 encodes a GAF sensor protein potentially involved in membrane trafficking processes. Two days after inoculation, elicitins were highly expressed in Pc407 and lipid catabolism appeared to be more active than in Pc440. Of the carbohydrate-active enzymes, those that degrade pectin were often more highly expressed in Pc440, whereas members of glycosyl hydrolase family 1, potentially involved in the metabolism of glycosylated secondary metabolites, were more highly expressed in Pc407 at the time point studied. Differences were also observed among the RXLR effectors: Pc407 appears to rely on a smaller set of key RXLR effectors, whereas Pc440 expresses a greater number of RXLRs. This study is the first step toward improving understanding of the molecular basis of differences in the virulence of P. cactorum isolates. Identification of the key effectors is important, as it enables effector-assisted breeding strategies toward crown rot-resistant strawberry cultivars.

Seismic inversion plays a very useful role in detailed stratigraphic interpretation of seismic data. Seismic inversion enables estimation of rock properties over the complete seismic section. Traditional and machine learning-based seismic inversion workflows are limited to inverting each seismic trace independently of other traces to estimate impedance profiles, leading to lateral discontinuities in the presence of noise and large geological variations in the seismic data. In addition, machine learning-based approaches suffer the problem of overfitting if there is a small number of wells on which the model is trained. We propose a two-pronged strategy to overcome these problems. We present a Temporal Convolutional Network that models seismic traces temporally. We further inject spatial context for each trace into its estimations of the impedance profile. To counter the problem of limited labeled data, we also present a joint learning scheme whereby multiple datasets are simultaneously used for training, sharing beneficial information among each other. This results in the improvement in generalization performance on all datasets. We present a case study of acoustic impedance inversion using the open source SEAM and Marmousi 2 datasets. Our evaluations show that our proposed approach is able to perform robust and laterally consistent estimations of impedance in the presence of noisy seismic data and limited labels. We compare and contrast our approach to other learning-based seismic inversion methodologies in the literature. On SEAM, we are able to obtain an average MSE of 0.0966, the lowest among all other methodologies., Comment: Accepted to Geophysics

Plant diseases are often diagnosed by the method of DNA extraction followed by PCR. DNA extraction from plant tissue can be a recalcitrant and lengthy process, and sometimes ends up with inhibitors that reduce PCR amplification efficiency. Here we present a unique approach, ‘RPA-PCR couple’, to exclude the DNA extraction step from the standard plant diagnostic process. The process crudely macerates plant tissue in water for a few minutes, and then transfers the macerate supernatant to a Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) reaction. Following an incubation of 20 minutes at 39 °C, the RPA reaction can be directly utilized in PCR amplification. In RPA-PCR couple, the RPA reaction is run at slower reaction kinetics to promotes amplification of long amplicons and the slower reaction kinetics are achieved by lowering RPA components concentrations. In this proof of concept study, we targeted Phytophthora intergenic mitochondrial spacer between atp9 and nad9 genes and the two common Phytophthora pathogens of strawberry: P. fragariae and P. cactorum. We presented coupling of RPA with real time TaqMan and SYBR Green PCR assays, and conventional PCR amplification aimed at Sanger sequencing. We found the RPA-PCR couple specific and capable of detecting as low as 10 fg of Phytophthora genomic DNA. Moreover, comparing RPA-PCR couple with the routine method of DNA extraction followed by PCR generated comparable results for the field samples. The idea of RPA-PCR couple to exclude DNA extraction may have vast application in different fields such as clinical diagnostics, food inspection and soil sciences.

Objectives:Penetrating abdominal trauma is one of the injuries that could affect civilians in wartime. This retrospective study investigates the commonly injured abdominal organs, and the impact of multiple injured organs on mortality.Methods:We reviewed the operating room (OR) logs of patients who presented to the surgical emergency department (SED) at Al-Mouwasat University Hospital with war-related abdominal penetrating trauma requiring exploratory laparotomy between April 1, 2011 and December 31, 2017.Results:Of 7826 patients with traumatic injuries, 898 patients (11.5%) required exploratory laparotomy. Of all patients who had an exploratory laparotomy (n = 898), 58 patients (6.5%) died in the perioperative period. Regarding complete laparotomies (n = 873 patients), small intestines, large intestines, and liver were the most commonly affected organs (36.4%, 33%, 22.9%, respectively). A total of 92 patients (10.2%) had negative laparotomy in which all the abdominal organs were not injured. The perioperative mortality rate (POMR) increased when more organs/organ systems were injured per patient reaching a peak at 3 organs/organ systems injuries with a POMR of 8.3%. POMR was highest in patients with musculoskeletal injuries (18.2%), followed by vascular injuries (11.8%), and liver injuries (7%).Conclusions:The management of civilians’ abdominal injuries remains a challenge for general and trauma surgeons, especially the civilian trauma team. The number and type of injured organs and their correlation with mortality should be considered during surgical management of penetrating abdominal injuries.

Additional file 1 Figure S1. Screenshots of Geneious alignment for the atp9-nad9 sequences of Phytophthora species provided by Miles et al. (2015). For the P. fragariae atp9-nad9 sequence, primers and probe binding regions are annotated.

The maternal immune response during pregnancy is regulated by a complex array of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines which provide optimum conditions for the embryo implantation and survival. The possible role of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines during the complete gestation cycle of ruminants and the difference in their circadian rhythmicity between successful and unsuccessful pregnancies is still unknown. To study this, blood samples were collected from three groups of cows, pregnant (P), non-pregnant (NP) and aborted (ABORT) cows starting from the day of Artificial Insemination (AI) till calving in P cows and till stages of non pregnancy in other cows. Various pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines were estimated by bovine-specific ELISA test and compared. Successful pregnancies had lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6 and IL-8) but higher anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) mainly during implantation. Significant (p

This study examines the effects of the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909, or better known as the Bangkok Treaty 1909, on the northern Malay states, particularly the state of Kelantan. This study argues that the 1909 treaty was reached between Siam (Thai) and the British as imperialist powers whose only aim was to oppress and take control of the Malay states for their own ends. By having such a treaty without getting agreement of the rulers of these states, the British and Siam had demarcated territories and set political rights according to their wishes to the extent that this gave rise to negative impact on the states concerned, particularly Patani and Kelantan that were separated from each other. Additionally, this study looks at how the boundaries that were determined by the treaty, which shaped the scope of Siamese and British power, splintered Malay states and population, and generated issues of Malaysia-Thai border that have yet to be resolved until today

الملخصالإمتداد القانوني لعقد ايجار العقار هو نظام قانوني يسمح للمستأجر أن يبقى شاغلا العقار بعد انتهاء مدة الإيجار بدون إرادة المؤجر، ومن ناحية أخرى فإن تلك التعديلات الكثيرة التي حصلت على قانون إيجار العقار العراقي رقم (87) لسنة( 1979) في إقليم كوردستان، أصبحت سببا في حصول العديد من المشاكل من بين المؤجر والمستأجر في المجتمع. ومن خلال هذا البحث نريد أن تسلط الضوء على الآثار الإيجابية والسلبية التي يرتبه نظام الامتداد القانوني، كما قمنا ببيان الإختلاف بين الإمتداد القانوني والأنظمة المتشابهة له، كذلك بينا نطاق سريان الإمتداد القانوني من حيث المكان و الأشخاص. پووختەدرێژکردنەوەی یاسایی بۆ گرێبەستی بەکرێدانی خانوبەرە بنەمایەکی یاساییە کە لەدوای کۆتای هاتنی ماوەی بەکرێدانەکە ڕێگە بە کرێچی دەدات بەردەوامبێت لە مانەوە لە خانوبەرەکەدا بە بێ وویستی بەکرێدەر. لە لایەکی دیکەوە ئەو هەموارە زۆرەی کە بۆ یاسای بەکرێدانی خانوبەرەی عێڕاقی ژمارە (٨٧) ساڵی (١٩٧٩) لە هەرێمی کوردستاندا کراون، بونەتە هۆکاری چەندین کێشە لە نێوان کرێچی و بەکرێدەر لە کۆمەڵگەدا. بۆیە لەم توێژینەوەیەدا دەمانەوێت تیشک بخەینە سەر ئەو شوێنەوارە ئەرێنی و نەرێنیانەی کە لە بنەمای درێژکردنەوەی یاسایی دروستدەبن. هەروەک هەستاوین بە جیاوازی کردن لە نێوان درێژکردنەوەی یاسایی و نظامەهاوشێوەکانی، وەهەروەها ڕونکردنەوەی چوارچێوەی بەرکاری بنەمای درێژکردنەوەی یاسایی لە ڕوی شوێن و کەسەکان.

Pregnancy losses during the peri-implantation period cause a negative impact on the reproductive and economic performance of dairy herds. In this study, we investigated the possible immunological factors which may contribute to pregnancy loss during the peri-implantation period under different seasons of tropical conditions. Eighteen Karan Fries cows, six cows in each season (W: winter; HH: hot-humid; HD: hot-dry) were selected. These cows exhibited heat and were brought for artificial insemination (AI; day 0). Blood was collected on days 0, 10, 14, 16, 18, 21 and 28 post-AI. Pregnancy was confirmed by non-return to heat, progesterone assay and ultrasonography. Blood neutrophils were isolated and tested for their number, myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentrations and expression of cell adhesion molecules (CD11b, CD14, CD25, CD47), interferon tau stimulated genes (ISG15, MX1, OAS1) and chemokine receptors (CXCR1, CCL2). Plasma cortisol, progesterone, IL-2 and IL-10 were also estimated. Neutrophil number, MPO levels, the relative expression of various neutrophil receptors and plasma IL-2 were low between days 14-21 post-AI in all seasons. However, plasma cortisol and IL-10 were higher during the same period. The inflammatory activity of neutrophils, plasma IL-2 and cortisol were highest in HH, intermediate in HD and lowest in W season. However, plasma progesterone and IL-10 were highest in W season and lowest in HH season. Our results show that blood neutrophils sense the implanting embryo and downregulate their activity to ensure successful implantation; however, under harsh environmental conditions, it is a great challenge for the immune system to maintain such balance and thus it may negatively affect the outcome of pregnancy.

Objective This study aimed at evaluating Vascularity of tissues formed in silicone nerve tubes with collagen scaffolds seeded with Bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) as a sign of tissue regeneration. Materials and methods Six adult mongrel dogs were included in this study; a 3 cm gap was made on the buccal branch of right side of facial nerve and also on the left side as a “control side”. Next mononuclear cells containing mesenchymal stem cells were separated from whole bone marrow using Gradient separation method with Ficoll. Silicone tubes embedded with collagen type I sponge seeded with stem cells and neurogenic media were sutured in the perineural fascia of both ends of the cut nerve on the experimental side, while in the control side empty silicone tubes alone were sutured to the perineural fascia of the cut nerves. Healing was evaluated at 8 and 10 weeks scarifying 3 dogs each time and performing histological analysis. Results After 8 weeks the 6 dogs showed limited movement in the facial area supplied by the buccal nerve on the experimental side and the salivary drooling decreased moderately. After 10 weeks the remaining dogs showed observable muscle movements and decreased salivary drooling in contrast to control side. These results go with the histological examination results showing massive multiple blood vessels formation and nerve like structures with partial absorption of the scaffold at 8 weeks then well organized nerve like tissues with dilated multiple blood vessels at 10 weeks. Conclusion Collagen scaffolds seeded with mononuclear layer containing stem cells and nerve growth factors showed efficacy at achieving good neo-vascularization which lead to eventual good healing.

The present paper aims to examine the Federal Kurdistan Region’s recent orientation to promote the Small and Medium Entrepreneurs (SMEs), as a part of its strategy after the drop of oil price which is the main revenue of the region, to overcome mass unemployment and to raise the region’s growth. We suggest that this policy is an effort to emulate lessons and past experiences of emerged or developed countries such as Germany and South Korea who after the second world war strongly supported the SMEs community and were able to overcome mass unemployment and to raise the growth. This study uses a statistical data base of the Kurdistan Federal Ministry of Industry and Trade as source of data for analyzing the SMEs status during 2006-2015 in KRG and investigating the possible constraints and pitfalls faced by SMEs community. The study found that SMEs account for approximately (60 percent) of the total job creations in Germany and in South Korea approximately (88 percent) of the total workforce is employed with the SMEs. In the KRG, in contrast, the job creation of SMEs in KRG is comparatively (78.34 percent) in 2015, which is moderate. Caused among others, by the lack of addressing the needs of underdeveloped industrial sphere and pursuing an inadequate promotion policy toward the SMEs and was unable to equip them with the necessary technological knowhow. The study found, however, that the SMEs have a strong potential for effective participation in an acceleration of the wheel of the economy and will prove itself as a major tool for economic Keywords: Small and Medium Size Entrepreneurs, Employment Creation, and Growth generation, KRG. QALAAI ZANIST SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL A Scientific Quarterly Refereed Journal Issued by Lebanese French University – Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq Vol. (2), Issue (3), June 2017 ISSN 2518-6566 (Online) - ISSN 2518-6558 (Print) 274 development and prosperity if the policy makers could were to adopt a more pro SMEs promotion policy.

The task of drilling and completing horizontal development wells in carbonate reservoirs can prove to be quite difficult, especially in the well placement and completion design stages. These stages of well construction can be particularly challenging when the reservoir is characterized by natural fracture systems which can result in drilling fluid losses, or when drilling with narrow TVD targets. The utilization of high resolution borehole images to optimize petrophysical evaluation, well placement, and completion design becomes a necessity for reservoir evaluation team. This paper will present a case study of how this new LWD technology optimized well placement, and completion design. During the pre-job planning stage, numerous scenarios are considered to assist in determining which "bundle" of logging technology is best suited to achieve the objectives of drilling the well. Optimizing logging design specifications required to meet the objectives may not be a simple job. For instance, placing the lateral near the roof of the reservoir while getting resistivity measurements that are least affected by overlying beds would seem to be irreconcilable. Similarly, acquiring high quality resolution image data in the event of borehole deterioration associated with total drilling fluid losses is a difficult task to achieve. In this case study, the technology is shown to successfully "geo-steer" within a single thin layer of the reservoir and achieved a 100% net-to-gross while simultaneously placing the wellbore near the roof. The real-time high resolution image was of sufficient quality used to identify sub-seismic faults, natural conductive fractures, karst dissolution features, healed fractures and drilling induced fractures as the well was being drilled. Once the well was drilled to the planned total depth, the high resolution image data could be used for the completion design, thereby saving the time, expense, and risk of an additional logging run using pipe-conveyed wireline logging tools. In addition to the completion design, high confidence dip data were used to update the geological models, fracture porosity and aperture were computed from the images and the shallow focused resistivity measurements were used for more accurate saturation calculations.

Objectives: This thesis describes three studies investigating the consistency and reliability of ABR testing procedures, the extent of inter-and intra-rater variability and performance, the impact of additional case information on ABR testing results. Methods: The participants for all studies were audiologists who conduct ABR testing. Study 1 consisted of a 69-item survey regarding ABR testing protocols that was completed online. In studies 2 and 3, a test set of infant ABR traces was obtained from a large public peadiatric audiology clinic in Sydney, Australia. In Study 2, 61 audiologists estimated hearing threshold for 15 ABR cases that were each presented twice in order to estimate inter and intra-reader variability. In study 3, 14 audiologists were asked to estimate the hearing threshold for 16 infants twice in two sessions at least 5 months apart; with and without provision of standard clinical information. Results: Audiologists vary in how they conduct ABR testing and there are differences in the training period audiologists undertake before starting ABR testing. Audiologists show good levels of agreement when assessing repeated ABR traces, however, optimum performance was not achieved. No significant differences were found for sensitivity, specificity or accuracy when clinical history information was provided compared to when it was not provided. Conclusions: There is a need for greater emphasis on the importance of following evidence-based guidelines for ABR testing whenever it is possible. Audiologists’ experience and ABR training periods significantly predicts accuracy of ABR reading. Good levels of agreement were found between and within audiologists. ABR traces are interpreted with the same accuracy regardless of whether patients ‘history information is available or not. The data provided should contribute to an improvement in the service of infants hearing diagnostics and help reduce audiologists’ variability.

Krapp Last Tape is one-act play written in 1958, translated by Samuel Beckett and his friend Pierre Leyris as La Dernier bande. The first production took place in London at the Royal Court Theatre in 1958.It was directed by Donald McWhinnie and Patrick Magee played the role of Krapp. Like other Beckettians, Krapp in a physical sense, is an outsider, cut from the world of social activity. He is alone in his den fumbling through the tapes made thirty years before for his human relations. Krapp’s Last tape recounts the inescapable reality of human suffering and the persistent efforts made by Man to circumvent his pain through living in his past. The main topic addressed in this paper is Krapp and his human relationships.

Samuel Beckett, besides writing for the stage, has during his long career written for both radio and TV. He has also written one script entitled Film which was filmed for the New York Film Festival in 1956. All That Fall was written in 1956 and it is the longest Radio play of Beckett. Suffering, a fundamental attribute of existence, constitutes the centre of Beckett's plays and the plays demonstrate, in turn, different kind or human responses to suffering. Maddy's deep sorrow and anguish at the loss of her daughter Minnie arouses her desire for an end, what she calls to be" in atoms''. Dan, Like Hamm, overcomes the Absurd by exiling himself to suffering and refusing to be intimidated or beguiled. Unlike Hamm's insistent attempts to exterminate all life, Dan understands the futility of such effort and restrains himself from giving in to that kind of impulse. But the irony is that death is all around him underscoring the fact that death and alienation are no solution to the problems of life.

This paper summarises an M.Sc. (Physical Planning) field project carried out in 1997–98 on the planning of low-cost housing projects in Khartoum. The issue is one which calls for urgent rethinking. Planners seem inexplicably wedded to the rectilinear gridiron pattern in dealing with low-cost housing. The drawbacks of this approach, when the designs are regularly repeated without much revision and the executed projects never brought to completion, have become all too obvious after four decades of practice. The primary objective of this work is to assess this particular aspect while touching on some others which interact with it in the hope of eventually generating feedback to benefit future projects.

Happy Days was written in English in 1960 and translated into French by Beckett as Oh les beaux. This play has been regarded as being savagely ironic and the irony which was classified as metaphysical or cosmic in its presentation of the loneliness of Man in the face of indifferent universe. Happy Days is considered a milestone in Beckett’s writings because it is for the first time a well preserved blonde woman in her fifties is the main character of the play. Winnie is unlike Hamm, the main character in Endgame, she blinks at suffering with rare mixture of cheer and indifference. This paper is an attempt to investigate Winnie’s reaction against The Absurd as an optimistic heroine in the Beckettian Drama.

Background and objectives: angiotensin II is involved in the development of hypertension. The main objectives of the study were to measure and compare the levels of angiotensin II among normal population in various areas with different altitudes Methods: Study design: cross- sectional study was conducted to collect data from participants at the same time. Study setting: participants from various areas with different altitudes were recruited to participate in this study. A total of 1500 participants were included. Study procedure: data was collected from participants based on a questionnaire that was constructed for this study. Blood samples were withdrawn from participants by a well- trained nurse. Angiotensin II was measured using enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis: data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Data was represented as means, standard deviations, frequencies and percentage. The relationship between variables was tested using independent T-Test. The significance was considered at p value

Samuel Beckett wrote Eh Joe for television production in 1965. He wrote this bleak play, for his friend the actor Jack MacGowran. The first production of the play was in Germany at Suddenscher Rundfunk Stuttgart on 13 April 1966, and was directed by Samuel Beckett. In both his novels and plays, Beckett paid special attention to human relationships. In his major plays cruelty is the pivot theme. In Eh Joe, Joe a solitary figure is trying to secure himself in his room in an attempt to run away from Voice who keeps reminding him of his cruelty to the girl who loves him. But the past comes to him in a form of Woman’s Voice to remind him of his selfishness and cruelty. Voice focuses on Joe’s cruelty in his relationships and continues hammering him till the end of the play. In less than fifteen minutes Beckett successfully portrays Joe’s selfishness, indifference and cruelty to women who love him.

Background: hypertension affects many people worldwide and it is highly prevalent in Jordan. Living at different areas with different attitudes may have impacts in hypertension. Study objectives: to identify the prevalence of hypertension in two areas in Jordan with different attitudes and to determine the impact of attitudes in hypertension and angiotensin II to be able to determine the appropriate antihypertensive drug for such population. Methodology: a cross-sectional study design was conducted to collect data from participants. The study included 1000 participants, 500 from each area. A constructed questionnaire was used in this study. Blood samples were taken from participants to assay for angiotensin II. Blood pressure was measured for all patients. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Data was presented as means, frequencies, percentages. The relationship between variables was examined using independent T-test. Significance was considered at alpha level 0.05). Conclusions: living in high altitude is associated with increased potential to have increased levels of cardiac parameters independently of the level of angiotensin II and the therapeutic options for patients with hypertension should be taken into account.

This paper deals with the creation, growth and current decline of the Sudanese capital, Khartoum, since the early nineteenth century. It describes the distinct ways in which the two main settlements in the conurbation — Umm-Durman and Khartoum — have been planned, the former along Arab-Islamic lines and the latter as a British Colonial town. After independence in 1956, the capital enjoyed a prominent, if brief, period of flourish in most aspects of life. In the mid-1970s chaos set in. The `deplanning’ process was initially prompted by various motives and, since the early 1980s, has gradually been institutionalised. The positive planning features were obliterated after the town planning machinery was marginalised and almost dismantled. The once-beautiful town was vulgarised, vandalised, ruralised and `censored’ by the state under various labels and excuses. But towns, we know, have their own ways of saying things and it is all the more interesting when what the town says is in direct opposition to what the state officially declares. This paper tries to document the `deplanning’ of Khartoum by interpreting the messages the town sends, tracing the symptoms of this process and suggesting remedies for what has not been irretrievably lost.

2012 KONDISI RUANGAN RADIOGRAFI GIGI PADA INSTALASI KESEHATAN DI KOTA MAKASSAR ABSTRAK Standar ruangan radiografi gigi pada dasarnya harus berkiblat pada peraturan BAPETEN. Hal ini merupakan patokan dalam hal pembanguan ruangan yang sesuai standar agar terhindar dari bahaya radiasi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan kondisi ruangan radiografi pada instalasi kesehatan yang ada di kota makassar. Sampel dari penelitian ini adalah instalasi kesehatan yang termasuk dalam anggota BPFK (Balai Pengawasan Fasilitas Kesehatan) dengan menggunakan teknik convinience sampling dengan total 13 sampel. Setiap sampel diberikan kuisioner dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Hasil penelitian menunjukan masih terdapat beberapa intalasi yang belum memenuhi standar dalam hal pembanguan ruangan radiografi. Kata Kunci: Standar ruangan radiografi, peraturan BAPETEN, Instalasi kesehatan CONDITION ROOM OF DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY AT INSTALLATION OF HEALTH IN THE MAKASSAR CITY ABSTRAK In a way to build a standardized dental radiology area, it must fulfil the procedure and regulations set by BAPETEN. These approach should be done to prevent radiation hazard in the working area. Thus, this research aim to analyse the condition of radiology area at installation of health in Makassar. The means of collecting data is by taking sample from the installation of health, incorporate with BPFK (Balai Pengawasan Fasilitas Kesehatan) committee which using convinience sampling technique with total 13 samples. Each sample will be given questioner with cross-sectional approached. The result from the research revealed that there is a few number of radiology area at installation of health that does not meet the standard set by the authority. Key words : Standardization of radiology area, BAPETEN procedure and regulations, Health service unit

This paper considers the growth of poverty in Khartoum, including the “new poor” and the historic and contemporary factors that contributed to this growth. It begins by considering the Islamic perspective on poverty.