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Small-scale reef fisheries are important commercial and subsistence activities that support the livelihoods of millions of people in tropical regions. Tropical marine fisheries typically target a diversity of species caught with a matching diversity of fishing gears and practices. Here, we explored how multiple fishing gears select for distinct functional traits of fish assemblages inside a large multiple use marine environmental protected area off northeastern Brazil. In 1833 landing interviews with local fishers, we identified 101 species, which were categorized according to six traits: body size, schooling behavior, mobility, position in the water column, diet and period of activity. Our research is the first to explore the broad patterns of gear selectivity with regards to fish functional traits for different habitat types. While gears used in reef habitats were highly selective of sedentary and benthic species that form schools with few individuals, gears used in coastal lagoons were selective of highly mobile pelagic species that form large schools. We found a low competitive interaction between different gear types, meaning there was a low overlap in trait selectivity between fishing gears. We also found direct associations between gears and fish functional traits: hooks and line targeted species that exhibit limited mobility capabilities, making these species more vulnerable to local levels of fishing effort. In contrast, nets and fish corrals targeted mobile species that exhibited a greater diversity of functional traits. Some of our results contrasted with the current literature on the topic, with differences highlighting the need for more research to clarify global patterns of trait selectivity by gear type. Our results have implications for fisheries management in northeastern Brazil: gear bans and effort caps are commonly used management measures that can foster fisheries sustainability by minimizing impacts to fish assemblage functions.

The concept of mixed land uses emerged because of what cities have suffered because of the problems of segregation in land use, such as urban sprawl, the high cost of transportation to workplaces and services, and environmental pollution. Due to the many problems that cities face, especially the Egyptian ones, such as urban sprawl on agricultural lands, and the inefficiency of service provision, in addition to The difficulty of implementing detailed plans for cities because of the lack of state-owned land suitable for urban development, which corresponds to the areas required to provide the cities' current and future needs for services, so the multiple use of land can be an appropriate solution to overcome the problem of availability of land as well as to achieve maximum benefit from the value of land. The research problem is based on the absence of a current mechanism by which compatibility between services can be determined, and to decide their simultaneous or sequential coexistence in the same site within the context of multiple use of lands. The research deals with this problem by defining the main objective of the research, which is to uncover the theoretical framework that includes the current problems of Egyptian urbanization, then review and analyze the literature of the application of mixed land uses, as well as the compatibility between land uses and analyze previous studies that dealt with calculating the compatibility between land uses in order to determine the variables of calculating the degree of compatibility Between services in Egypt, and the preparation of a compatibility matrix between services in Egypt to assist the urban planners and decision-makers in identifying alternatives to services that are suitable for simultaneous or consecutive joint coexistence, as well as a participation matrix explaining the spaces that can be provided by each service to share with other services, whether similar or different service.

The deployment of blockchain technologies for multiple use cases has been widely investigated in the academic and business sectors over the last few years. The blockchain model has attained considerable attention due to its decentralized, persistent, anonymous, and auditable features. This review does a comprehensive literature analysis of broad blockchain implementations across several domains. The study’s key objective is to present a thorough overview of the widespread deployments of blockchain technology and demonstrate how particular aspects of this innovative technology can change the business community’s activities. Several papers are addressing the feasibility of using blockchain technologies in various fields. However, we include a description of blockchain concepts and comparative analysis of the application in six main fields: the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, supply chain, cloud, healthcare, and multimedia networks. For each area, we analyze in-depth the approaches proposed by the research community and industry. This paper also discussed the different problems involved in each area. Finally, we explore the critical issues needed for the broader implementation of blockchain technologies in these sensitive areas.

Multiple-use management of spatially heterogeneous arid ecosystems faces many challenges. In this study, an approach is introduced for multiple-use management of arid ecosystems in Esfandaqeh rangelands, south east of Iran. The ecological, social, and economic values of plant species were, respectively, determined using field data, the number of people consumption, and the market price for a given species. Determined ecological, social, and economic values were then weighted based on experts' opinion, and the total sum of weighted values was considered as the total value of each species. The value of plant communities was estimated with respect to their plant composition. Changes in plant communities due to different uses were plotted based on state and transition model. According to the results, the grazing intensity was lower in plant communities with diverse uses compared to the less diverse ones. There were significant relationships between species diversity and plant communities’ values (P

Building on recent insights in exploring material circularity, this study attempts to develop a methodological approach toward allocating an available circularity potential based on modeling the optimal chain of products in a manner that ensures utilizing the same material as many times as possible. The allocation of available circularity potential implies limitations on the use of specific primary materials for manufacturers of certain products by establishing access to the appropriate quality material used previously only for the modeled chain, thereby providing the greatest possible number of turns for a particular material in the economic system. This study adds to the current understanding of methods to maximize material looping in a circular economy by keeping the application range of specific materials as wide as possible, thereby preserving its long-term value. The findings contribute to the operationalization of a recycling strategy justified by its limitations on the use of primary materials for manufacturers of certain products to avoid wastage. Furthermore, the findings present a novel future research agenda for managing circularity potential with regard to continuous build-up and optimal allocation to save the value of material in the system as long as possible by increasing the number of its revolutions.

Multiple use water system (MUWS) is an approach to water services planning and design of new and rehabilitated systems. It is informed by input on people's multiple water uses, reuses, and needs at their preferred sites within communities. Although MUWS has been implemented in different parts of Nepal to address water security, the motivating factors in adoption of MUWS have not been previously clear. To better understand farmers' interests, the socio-economic context, and severity of water scarcity problems, we analyzed determinant factors in adoption of MUWS related to the extent of area under vegetable production in Annapurna rural municipality of Kaski district. We surveyed 150 households and conducted eight key informant interviews. A binary logistic regression model showed that five variables, namely: households sharing a tap, water tariff, water volume used, availability of a water storage system, and water sufficiency during the dry season have significant positive influences on the adoption of MUWS. In contrast, two variables, namely: caste and access to water have significant negative influences on the adoption behavior of farmers. Likewise, the linear regression model showed agricultural crops grown, total landholdings, and water quality influenced the extent of vegetable production. Thus the socio-economic condition, access to resources and the institution affect the adoption behavior of farmers. Agriculture policy intervention at provincial/national level should highlight the importance of adoption of MUWS and its benefit in terms of securing water, economy and food in a changing climate. Highlights MUWS has been successful in reducing water scarcity and enhancing economy of farmers in Himalayan country.; Various socio-economic, biophysical and institutional factors influence farmer's decisions about whether to adopt MUWS.; Policy intervention at provincial-national level needs to highlight the importance of MUWS, and multidisciplinary research addressing motivating factors, constraints and challenges must be across different agro-ecological conditions.

Introduction The effectiveness of tobacco-free campus policies in preventing and mitigating tobacco use relies on students' perceptions, opinions, and adherence to clean-air restrictions. The purpose of this study was to gather data regarding student attitudes, opinions and tobacco use behaviors, one year following implementation of the tobacco-free campus initiative. Methods Data were gathered using an anonymous, online survey of graduate and undergraduate students at a public university, one year following implementation of a tobacco-free campus policy. Survey items included tobacco use behaviors, nicotine dependence, opinions towards the policy, challenges in policy adherence among tobacco users, and awareness of tobacco cessation resources for students. Analysis primarily included descriptive statistics. Results Of 108 respondents, only 18 were habitual tobacco users with most using: cigarettes, cigars or cigarillos (38%), vaping (17.8%), hookah (11.9%), and smokeless tobacco (11.9%). Several reported multiple use. Common motives for tobacco use were relaxation and mood regulation. Tobacco users rated a moderate level of difficulty in adhering to the policy. Only half of the total respondents were aware of cessation resources, specifically peer counseling. Most tobacco users (71%) believed that they could quit without assistance. Conclusions Preliminary data show 21.8% prevalence of tobacco use within the sample. Information on student opinions and behaviors, including lower risk perception, dual use, and lack of awareness of cessation resources can inform more effective prevention and mitigation strategies, in addition to the tobaccofree campus policy. Further research is needed to monitor policy adherence and changes in student tobacco behaviors.

Multiple-use water services (MUS) can enhance the benefits communities receive from the productive use of water. This article uses household surveys, water samples, focus groups and key informant i...

Developing a new product requires understanding of consumers, conducting ethnography research, empathizing with the customers, finding their needs, looking at pain points . But more importantly, it is the adoption of the product by the consumer at the end of the day which matters. Estimating the product usage and his need satisfaction level is what helps the product to penetrate in market. Use innovativeness involves the use of previously adopted products in novel ways. As conceptualized by Price and Ridgway use innovativeness encompasses five factors: creativity/curiosity, risk preferences, voluntary simplicity, creative re-use and multiple use potential. Use innovativeness is measured by above scales and a conceptual model of post adoption process is developed. Understanding, the technology adaption life cycle by grouping consumers into Innovators, Early Adaptors, Early Majority, Late majority and Laggards, helps us strike a fine relation between product developed according to its use innovativeness and the stage of technology adoption cycle your product will mostly fall under. The conceptual model is then clubbed with framework for technology adaption cycle which will be useful for companies mainly product based, to understand its target consumers and the target market in hitting with highest probability of success. Companies looking at pivoting a product when the product doesn’t work in the market, is a painful task. Killing a product and it’s usage involves lot of time, effort and money. Developing a product understanding one’s target consumers and looking at their probable adoption is a difficult relation to strike. The Study and Analysis developed here after research of consumers and their use innovativeness in target segment helps us to put the product in right market, at right time and with right adoption purpose based on user innovativeness and will have a future scope of arriving at a framework that can help companies to launch a new product.

Circular Economy principles seek to apply a “multiple use” approach with focus on returning the resource to further systems. Water and wastewater treatment systems rarely consider all three dimensions of sustainability in terms of environmental, social, and economic parameters. Wastewater holds important resources that are useful for further use, for instance in irrigation for agriculture, groundwater recharge, sludge reuse, biomass harvesting, and energy production. We postulate that using circular economy principles in wastewater treatment systems, i.e., using treated wastewater for subsequent purposes, can increase the sustainability of wastewater treatment system, in particular for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 and one of its targets on increasing the proportion of safely treated wastewater. We further postulate that using treatment systems that allow for multiple (re)use options achieves higher sustainability. In two examples from Latin America and Asia (India) we illustrate how circular economy principals applied to wastewater treatments holds potential to address environmental, social, and economic development.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the economic value of fish (Nile Tilapia) in Lake Hawassa and determine the factors affecting the households’ willingness to pay for a quality improved fish product. The survey was conducted through face-to-face interview of 467 households consuming fish caught from the lake. The respondents were aware on the poor quality of the fish due to domestic and industrial effluents discharged into the lake. The consumers stated their preferences on quality improved fish product with the mean value of Birr 57.76 per kilogram, which was equivalent to USD3.20 per kilogram during the survey period. The analysis on the determinants of willingness to participate in the fish quality improvement program shows that education, annual income, frequency of fish consumption, marital status and multiple use of the lake influence the participation on the quality improvement program positively while family-size, residential-land and employee negatively influence the participation on the quality improvement program. The valuation of quality improved fish product shows that households who are aware of the poor quality of the lake, residential-land owners and those who earn high annual income are more likely to attach higher monetary value for the quality improved fish product. Therefore, identification of such variables and their relative importance in the valuation helps to obtain households who are willing to pay maximum level for the fish quality improvement. Key words: Contingent valuation, fish, Heckman model, Lake Hawassa, willingness to pay.

Integrated crop-livestock-forest (iCLF) systems are consolidated as alternatives for multiple use of agricultural lands to produce grains, meat, milk, timber and non-timber products. This a...

New tobacco and nicotine products have emerged on the market in recent years. Most research has concerned only one product at a time, usually e-cigarettes, while little is known about the multiple use of tobacco and nicotine products among adolescents. We examined single, dual, and triple use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and snus among Nordic adolescents, using data of 15–16-year-olds (n = 16,125) from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD) collected in 2015 and 2019 from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands. Country-specific lifetime use of any of these products ranged between 40% and 50%, and current use between 17% and 31%. Cigarettes were the most common product in all countries except for Iceland, where e-cigarettes were remarkably more common. The proportion of dual and triple users was unexpectedly high among both experimental (24%–49%) and current users (31–42%). Triple use was less common than dual use. The users’ patterns varied somewhat between the countries, and Iceland differed substantially from the other countries, with a high proportion of single e-cigarette users. More knowledge on the patterns of multiple use of tobacco and nicotine products and on the potential risk and protective factors is needed for targeted intervention and prevention efforts. This research was financially supported by the Nordic Cancer Union (R250-A14491), Juho Vainio Foundation (202010401), and Tampere University Hospital (State Research Funding numbers 9X048 and 9AA066).

Economic activities at sea are predicted to intensify and move further offshore as the global demand for food and energy continues to increase, this presents new technological and non-technological challenges. In order to ensure this expansion in a sustainable and ecological manner, different activities can be combined at the same location using multi-use offshore platforms. The Horizon 2020 funded MUSICA project aims to demonstrate the use of an innovative Multiple Use Platform (MUP) infrastructure for multiple Renewable Energy Sources, desalination and aquaculture services for small islands. Using the platform, the services can share the same space and work synergistically together, sharing Supply Chains and reducing costs associated with Operating and Maintenance. The platform will provide 3 forms of renewable energy. Electricity from the platform will be used to provide green support services for the island’s aquaculture and the desalination unit on the platform will provide up to one thousand meters cubed of water for a water stressed island. The pilot MUP will be installed on site at Inousses Island to test and demonstrate the validity in a real operating environment. The project will also address key non-technical barriers to MUPs including those that are environmental, regulatory and legal.

Natural disasters have altered the landscape of Montserrat’s marine environment significantly over the past 30 years, forcing rapid adaptation of marine species and the human population that relies upon them. Volcanic activity has led to an abundance of volcanic sediment, which has seen rise to the expansion of the island’s sand mining and aggregate industry. Similarly, a series of volcanic eruptions has resulted in smothered fishing grounds and maritime exclusion zones, increasing the pressure on the remaining accessible marine environment. Recent increases in shipping activity, due to the expanding aggregate sector, partnered with a lack of official marine spatial planning, has led to the west coast of the island becoming a stakeholder conflict hotspot. Regular interactions between fishing gear and shipping vessels were resulting in damaged and lost fish pots and causing physical damage and increased ghost-fishing on the coral reefs, with additional impacts on fisher livelihoods. This paper builds upon earlier work in Montserrat to engage fishers in fisheries data collection programmes. Here we use data from Montserrat’s fishing fleet to understand the distribution and intensity of fish pot activity within the conflict area. Maximum activity was distributed along the edge of the reef front, near the drop-off, with the greatest intensity toward the south. These data, and outcomes from stakeholder consultation, have allowed the relevant authorities and decision-makers to identify a suitable shipping route that avoids pot-based fishing grounds, while remaining as close inshore as feasible, to avoid unnecessary fuel costs for shipping vessels. As a result, the Montserrat Port Authority has implemented a restricted area around the identified fishing grounds, in which commercial vessels are not allowed to transit. This intervention represents a “win-win” solution, reducing the risk of commercial vessel-fishing gear conflict in the southwestern pot-based fishing grounds, without substantially increasing the burden of excess travel on commercial vessels. Here we show how engagement with the fishing community and voluntary participation in data collection has supported a conflict resolution deemed suitable to both parties; allowing the needs of the smaller traditional fishing sector to influence management of the rapidly expanding, high value aggregate sector.

In areas with inadequate improved water supply, irrigation water serves as an alternative water source for domestic uses in addition to its prime purpose of agricultural production. This increased water availability for the household can generate positive hygiene and health impacts, but poor irrigation water quality can be a source of domestic water contamination and can be harmful to human health. Using primary household survey data from two rural districts of Ethiopia, this study seeks to disentangle these opposite effects: the results show that irrigation is associated with poor household water quality (adjusted odds ratio 1.68, 95%, CI 1.07-2.66) and a lower risk of diarrheal disease (adjusted odds ratio 2.07, 95%, CI 1.24-3.44). Domestic use of irrigation water, however, does not further degrade the microbial quality of household water. On the other hand, the domestic use of irrigation water reduces the burden of water collection (p 0.01). Providing education and training programs to foster behavioral change towards sustainable improvements in water resource management, such as the safe use of irrigation water for domestic purposes through appropriate point-of-use water treatment, would be crucial to maximize the benefits of the domestic use of irrigation water and to minimize adverse environmental and health risks.

Unplanned urbanization is one of the main factors responsible for worsening flood-related problems in cities, increasing the frequency of flooding and flooding depths, consequently degrading both the natural and built environment. Considering this, the use of engineering techniques that reduce runoff and promote urban requalification are an efficient option for managing rainwater. This paper presents a case study of a flood control project using a storm water detention pond, designed to allow multiple uses of an urban space. The operation of the system is evaluated by an urban flow-cell model, known as MODCEL. This application seeks the best configuration for the layout of ‘Celso Peçanha’ Detention Basin, considering the local restrictions imposed by the City of Mesquita – Brazil, and optimized to damp storm flows resulting from rainfall events with return periods up to 50 years. The solution proposed considers the possibility of social urban space uses in flood control projects, revitalizing degraded areas and giving them multiple functions.

AIM: To assess the effectiveness of protected areas in two catchment scales (local and network) in conserving regionally common fluvial fishes using modelled species distributions. LOCATION: Conterminous United States. METHODS: A total of 150 species were selected that were geographically widespread, abundant, non‐habitat specialists and native within nine large ecoregions. Species distribution models were developed using boosted regression trees, and modelled distributions were assessed for protection status under two alternatives: lands strictly managed for biodiversity (Highly Restricted Use) and those allowing multiple uses (Multiple Use), with protection target levels (i.e., the amount of protected area required for protection) for local and network catchments being developed from ecoregion‐based urban and agricultural land use thresholds from fish responses. RESULTS: Overall, less than 2% of fluvial catchments in the conterminous USA are meeting both local and network catchment protection target levels under the Highly Restricted Use alternative, whereas 16% of catchments met protection levels for the Multiple Use alternative, with protection largely concentrated in the western USA. For common native species distributions within ecoregions, only one species had >10% of streams meeting combined local and network catchment protection target levels under the Highly Restricted Use alternative, whereas 50 distributions (~14% of species distribution models) met this level under the Multiple Use alternative. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Even for fishes considered widespread and abundant, protection levels are lacking, particularly when considering only lands that are actively managed for biodiversity. Given the increasing intensification of anthropogenic activities and substantial uncertainty associated with climate change, considering the conservation status for all species, including those currently considered common, is warranted.

Planning and management of forest parks have been contentious and challenging, as multiple and sometimes conflicting uses must be accommodated, especially in urban and peri-urban areas. Methodologies are thus needed to explore and evaluate development and conservation initiatives as a crucial part of sustainable planning and management process. In China, urban forest parks have been increasingly established aiming at satisfying the recreational demand of citizens in tandem with preserving diverse natural resources to safeguard the ecological resilience and adaptability of urban ecosystems. The transition from the traditional focus on recreational use (emphasizing the improvement of visitors’ visual quality and landscape aesthetics) to multiple uses including ecological and biological preservation (highlighting the minimization of ecological vulnerability) poses an urgent challenge for the planning and management of urban forest parks worldwide. In this study, a geographic information system (GIS) combined with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach is explored to objectively quantify and integrate the visual sensitivity and ecological sensitivity of the Tianzhu Mountain National Forest Park, Fujian province, South China. The visual sensitivity is evaluated based on three dimensions: slope, distance and visibility. And the ecological sensitivity is measured with regard to elevation, slope, aspect, forest type, and distance to river. By overlapping of the visual sensitivity and ecological sensitivity maps for the study site, three functional zones are pinpointed, including nature restoration/conservation zone (with high ecological sensitivity and low visual sensitivity or invisible), level 1 development zone (with high visual sensitivity and low/very low ecological sensitivity), as well as level 2 development zone (with moderate visual and ecological sensitivities). Compared with the existing long-term development plan, obvious discrepancies can be identified. Our results can provide scientific decision support for multiple use planning of the study site, and also demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology, which is comprehensive yet convenient, for the sustainable planning of urban and peri-urban forest parks.

The concept of ecological integrity has been applied widely to management of aquatic systems, but still is considered by many to be too vague and difficult to quantify to be useful for managing terrestrial systems, particularly across broad areas. Extensive public lands in the western United States are managed for diverse uses such as timber harvest, livestock grazing, energy development, and wildlife conservation, some of which may degrade ecological integrity. We propose a method for assessing ecological integrity on multiple-use lands that identifies the components of integrity and levels in the ecological hierarchy where the assessment will focus, and considers existing policies and management objectives. Both natural reference and societally desired environmental conditions are relevant comparison points. We applied the method to evaluate the ecological integrity of shrublands in Nevada, yielding an assessment based on six indicators of ecosystem structure, function, and composition, including resource- and stressor-based indicators measured at multiple scales. Results varied spatially and among indicators. Invasive plant cover and surface development were highest in shrublands in northwest and southeast Nevada. Departure from reference conditions of shrubland area, composition, patch size, and connectivity was highest in central and northern Nevada. Results may inform efforts to control invasive species and restore shrublands on federal lands in Nevada. We suggest that ecological integrity assessments for multiple-use lands be grounded in existing policies and monitoring programs, incorporate resource- and stressor-based metrics, rely on publicly available data collected at multiple spatial scales, and quantify both natural reference and societally desired resource conditions.

Although still controversial among some fisheries management stakeholders, marine protected areas (MPAs) are used worldwide to address fisheries crises. This study focused on the perspectives of fishers in evaluating the effectiveness of an MPA to address their management propositions. The study analysed the drafting and implementation of a multiple-use MPA management plan in the southern coast of Brazil. It evaluated the outcomes in fulfilling the small-scale fishers' proposals, raised and collectively agreed to in a participatory drafting process. Four years after the release of the MPA management plan half of the fishers' proposals were fulfilled. Most of the fishers' fulfilled proposals were related to regulations within the MPA and to strategies to improve their political representativeness, while the majority of the proposals on fishing licensing and on public policies to foster the activity have not yet been achieved. Scale mismatches, authority limitations, and options for innovative institutional arrangements are discussed here as key elements of the results. Additionally, fishers and managers agreed on the increased management performance and learning opportunities created through the participatory process of drafting the management plan, enabling an environment for fulfilling the proposals over the medium and long terms.

Overlapping land use allocations, in which one parcel of land is allocated two or more times for different uses, either intentionally or unintentionally, are common globally. We assess how overlapping land use allocations impact forest cover change using Peruvian government data for the lowland Amazon. Results are based on propensity score matched difference-in-differences methods using 1-ha resolution forest loss data for 2000–2014, along with Peruvian government land use allocation data. We find that deforestation is lower in overlapping than in same-type, non-overlapping allocations. This finding is consistent across all types of overlapping land use allocations. These results support the hypothesis that multiple use management decreases deforestation, and provide no evidence indicating that overlapping allocations are a form of tenure insecurity that might increase deforestation. Our findings inform conservation policy related to multiple use management, land tenure security, and conflict avoidance.

Environmental consideration is an important facet of modern forestry. However, its perceptions by those who own and manage the forest are seldom investigated. After reviewing the evolution of pertinent legislative requirements, this study scrutinizes the attitudes towards environmental consideration, based on qualitative interviews of Lithuanian private forest owners (PFOs), state forest managers, forest management planners and other local forest stakeholders. We find a considerable increase of environmental consideration since 1990, with emphasis on forestland zoning at landscape level. Most of the interviewed forest managers and PFOs are aware of and compliant with the legal demands, however, their judgement of environmental consideration appears to be strongly affected by the degree of the faced restrictions. Informants who manage forest areas with a high share of non-commercial forest zones assess the current restrictions as excessive. Though the Lithuanian forestland zoning overall can be seen as a successful example of implementing multiple use forestry at landscape level, deep qualitative interviews expose several critical issues. Hastily performed zoning entails many mistakes, where the forest or landscape characteristics do not match the intended purpose. Even more critically, severe forest management restrictions around the nests of rare birds lead to widespread destructions of nests in private forests. The most important recommendations of our study are: (i) introducing a fair system of compensations for the economic losses inflicted on PFOs; and (ii) gradual rezoning of forestland, with radically improved consideration of local specifics, including on site assessments and genuine involvement of the local stakeholders.

The Multiple Use Reserve of Valle Fertil (San Juan province, Argentina) is a protected area with particular climatic features that includes a large segment of xeric environments. It harbors numerous endemic and protected species. Despite the conspicuous presence of a cacti and succulent community in the area, a formal survey of species richness had been lacking. Moreover, as this region has been declared at risk of degradation due to soil erosion driven by high deforestation rates the importance of carrying out biodiversity surveys with interest on conservation raises. During the last decade, and product of several field trips to the Reserve, seven genera of Cactaceae were observed. Thus, we present the first formal list of cacti and succulent species in the Multiple Use Reserve of Valle Fertil gathering relevant information for scientific and conservational purposes.

Increasing number of internet connected devices has paved a path for smarter ecosystems in various sectors such as agriculture, aquaculture, manufacturing, healthcare, etc. Especially, integrating technologies like big data, artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, etc. with internet connected devices has increased efficiency and productivity. Therefore, fishery farmers have started adopting smart fisheries technologies to better manage their fish farms. Despite their technological advancements smart fisheries are exposed and vulnerable to cyber-attacks that would cause a negative impact on the ecosystem both physically and economically. Therefore in this paper, we present a smart fisheries ecosystem where the architecture describes various interactions that happen between internet connected devices. We develop a smart fisheries ontology based on the architecture and implement Attribute Based Access Control System (ABAC) where access to resources of smart fisheries is granted by evaluating the requests. We also discuss how access control decisions are made in multiple use case scenarios of a smart fisheries ecosystem. Furthermore, we elaborate on some AI applications that would enhance the smart fisheries ecosystem.

Internationally, evidence-based assessments of the sustainability of cultivation in seasonal wetlands are lacking despite such areas, including dambos in southern Africa, providing key areas for cultivation. The Striking a Balance project, which supported multiple use, including cultivation, of dambos, was undertaken in Zambia and Malawi between 2006 and 2008. Using the baseline WET-SustainableUse assessments made in 2008 in four of these dambos, the procedures were repeated in 2019 to explore the ecological sustainability of current use based on the concept of Thresholds of Potential Concern (TPC). This concept was applied to the five components of ecological health, namely hydrology, geomorphology, soil organic matter, nutrient retention and vegetation composition. In all four dambos, despite ten years of multiple use including cultivation, the change in ecological health between 2008 and 2019 was generally small, and overall, the ecological health of the four dambos has largely been maintained. However, there are some concerns, particularly with respect to vegetation composition, which had fallen below the TPC for two of the dambos. The methods used and the findings appear to have wider application in Africa for long-term monitoring the ecological health of seasonal wetlands and determining the ecological bounds for wetland cultivation.

Background: Aquatic environments close to cities are frequently used as sources for water and at the same time overloaded with a variety of pollutants either through direct or indirect discharges of untreated wastes and sewage. This condition is also worsened by the indiscriminate disposal of untreated wastes and sewage vigorously into used water. Sewage contaminated waters are known to carry microorganisms, some of which are pathogenic to humans. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the extent of temporal and spatial levels of microbial pollution and sources of pollution in Lake Hawassa. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Lake Hawassa, which was sampled twice during 2017. A total of 26 samples of lake water were collected from 14 stations using a boat. Entry points of incoming streams, waste receiving sites, and areas upstream of anthropogenic impact, recreational and bathing sites were considered. Microbiological characterisation was performed using selective media and basic biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity was tested with different antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer agar disk diffusion method. Result: All samples were positive for pathogenic bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Enterobacteriaceae were the most common bacteria identified from the samples, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Proteus spp and Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus. The predominant bacteria found in the samples include E. coli, which constituted 22/26 (84.6%) of the total samples, followed by Salmonella and Shigella spp. All bacterial isolates were resistant to penicillin and ampicillin. The Salmonella spp were sensitive only to norfloxacin and gentamicin. Conclusion: A spatial variation with the occurrence of bacterial isolates has been observed. High concentrations and many different species were found in areas of human activities and in areas receiving direct pollutants from the city. This study revealed that multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria are found in Lake Hawassa. There is a possibility of outbreak of diseases associated with the isolated antibiotic-resistant pathogens for which the antibiotic resistance genes are transportable within aquatic bacterial communities. We recommend that the city administration take care of the municipal wastewater or effluents from healthcare facilities that enter the lake. It is also recommended that the government take steps to control anthropogenic activities near the water body.

Protected areas (PAs) are the main global policy instrument to avert the current biodiversity crisis by conserving important species and habitats on site. Yet important pressures around PAs and in PAs, notably land use-land cover (LULC) changes, jeopardise the conservation role of these tools. In Spain, as well as in most developed countries, land development is the main pressure on its rich biodiversity. Here, we used a semi-experimental Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) research design with covariates to ascertain whether three categories of multiple-use PAs including Nature Parks, Sites of Community Importance (SCIs) and Special Protection Areas (SPAs) have been effective to prevent land development in Atlantic Spain between 1987 and 2017 using CORINE Land Cover (CLC) data. We split our census sample of PAs according to two geographic zones: coastal zone and inland zone, and four administrative sub-zones (regions with distinctive governance systems): Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria and the Basque Country. We created and tested the validity of three types of controls specific to each PA category: standard 5-km buffer controls, bio-physically adjusted standard controls, and bio-physically adjusted random controls across zones. Multiple-use PAs reduced, though not completely avoided, land development in all zones and sub-zones compared with controls. An effectiveness gradient among PA categories was apparent: NPs ≥ SCIs > SPAs. Coastal areas, both protected and unprotected, experienced greater land development rates than inland areas, with coastal SPAs showing poor effectiveness results. The Basque Country was the best-performing region regarding PA effectiveness, with the remaining regions showing similar PA performance results regardless of the prevailing political party in power for most of the study period. Random controls had the greatest bio-physical similarity to their cases and produced larger control areas than standard buffer controls. The limited effectiveness of multiple-use PAs, especially of SPAs, at preventing land development in highly pressured coastal areas suggests the need for enhanced legal protection of these areas if long-term biodiversity conservation is to be ensured. Governance and political factors are likely to have influenced the effectiveness of PAs in Spain and should thus be further considered in environmental studies.

Oregional is a cooperative association of (organic and conventional) farmers in the Arnhem - Nijmegen region. Oregional sells products of the affiliated members directly to customers such as the catering industry, healthcare institutions and corporate caterers in the same region (regionally is defined here as within a radius of 50 km in the Arnhem - Nijmegen region). Oregional has a wide range of fresh and non perishable products. Some of the products come from members affiliated to the cooperative and some are purchased from non-members, so-called suppliers. The aim of the research project is to make recommendations for Oregional for the realisation of a climate-neutral regional food chain. It can be concluded that the aim for a fully climate-neutral food chain is not feasible in the short term. However, a number of steps can be taken towards a climate neutral food chain. These are in order of effectiveness: 1. Reducing sales of meat products and encouraging meat substitutes A shift to more vegetable products and/or meat substitutes can be explored via consolation with buyers and consumers; 2. Use and production of sustainable energy An easy first step for both suppliers/cooperative members and Oregional is the purchase of 100% sustainable energy and, where possible, the own production of sustainable energy, ideally aiming for a mix of solar and wind energy. A “back-of-the-envelope calculation” shows that installing one wind turbine of 3 to 4 MW is enough to offset the total greenhouse gas emissions of Oregional. 3. Regulations for suppliers and/or cooperative members Oregional can impose requirements on the production methods of its cooperative members or suppliers or have them use quality marks such as "On the way to Planet Proof". 4. Food waste reduction 5. Limit food waste in the chain as much as possible. Short lead times, good stock management, regular deliveries, cooling throughout the chain. Finding the balance between packaging reduction and increasing product shelf life through packaging. Encourage consumers to combat food waste. This can be done by listening to customers regarding their stocks and developing products specifically tailored to them together with customers; 6. Oregional transport There are two ways to make the transport of products more sustainable. First of all, replace diesel and/or petrol drive with electric drive. Logistic wise, a general recommendation is to strive for the highest possible load factor with as few kilometres as possible; 7. Oregional packaging The use of packaging with paid-deposits on, such as with beer bottles, ensures the multiple use of packaging. Other options are minimising the use of (packaging) material, the use of sustainable material and choosing material that can be recycled; 8. Carbon sequestration in wood and in the soil In addition to solar panels and wind energy, it is also possible to opt for using carbon storage via forestry for building materials and for carbon storage in the soil. Eleven hectares of forestry for construction material is enough to offset the total greenhouse gas emissions from Oregional. Oregional is een coöperatieve vereniging van (biologische en gangbare) boeren in de regio Arnhem - Nijmegen. Oregional verkoopt producten van de aangesloten leden rechtstreeks aan afnemers zoals horeca, zorginstellingen en bedrijfscateraars in dezelfde regio (regionaal is hier gedefinieerd als binnen een straal van 50 km in de regio Arnhem - Nijmegen). Oregional heeft een breed assortiment verse en houdbare producten. Een deel van de producten is afkomstig van bij de gebiedscoöperatie aangesloten leden en een deel wordt bij niet-leden, zogenaamde leveranciers, ingekocht. Het onderzoek heeft tot doel te komen tot aanbevelingen voor Oregional voor het realiseren van een klimaatneutrale regionale voedselketen. Geconcludeerd kan worden dat de wens voor een volledig klimaatneutrale voedselketen op korte termijn niet haalbaar is. Er kunnen wel een aantal stappen worden genomen richting een klimaatneutrale voedselketen. Deze zijn in volgorde van effectiviteit: 1. Vermindering verkoop vleesproducten en stimuleren vleesvervangers In samenspraak met afnemers en consumenten kan een verschuiving naar meer plantaardige producten en/of vlees vervangers worden verkend; 2. Gebruik en productie duurzame energie Een makkelijke eerste stap voor zowel leveranciers/coöperatieleden als Oregional is de inkoop van 100% duurzame energie en waar mogelijk zoveel mogelijk eigen productie van duurzame energie, waarbij idealiter een mix van zonne- en windenergie wordt nagestreefd. Uit een ‘sigarendoosberekening’ blijkt dat het plaatsen van één windturbine van 3 à 4 MW genoeg is om de totale uitstoot van broeikasgasemissies door Oregional te compenseren. 3. Maatregelen bij leveranciers en/of coöperatieleden Oregional kan bij haar coöperatieleden of leveranciers eisen stellen aan de productiewijzen of ze gebruik laten maken van keurmerken zoals ‘On the way to Planet Proof’. 4. Vermindering voedselverspilling 5. Beperkt zoveel mogelijk de voedselverliezen in de keten. Door korte doorlooptijd, goed voorraadbeheer, regelmatige belevering, een goede koeling in de keten en balans tussen reductie van verpakking en producthoudbaarheid door verpakking. Stimuleer het tegengaan van voedselverspilling bij afnemers. Dit kan door met klanten mee te denken over hun voorraden en samen met klanten specifiek op hen toegesneden producten te ontwikkelen; 6. Vervoer Oregional Het verduurzamen van het vervoer van producten kan op twee manieren. Allereerst het vervangen van diesel en/of benzine aandrijving door elektrisch aandrijving. Een algemene aanbeveling qua logistiek is het streven naar een zo hoog mogelijke beladingsgraad met zo min mogelijk kilometers; 7. Verpakking Oregional Het gebruik van statiegeld verpakkingen, zoals pool-fust, zorgt voor meermalig gebruik van verpakkingen. Andere opties zijn het minimaliseren van het gebruik van (verpakkings)materiaal, het gebruik van duurzaam materiaal en de keuze voor te recyclen materiaal; 8. Vastlegging van koolstof in hout en in de bodem Naast zonnepanelen en windenergie kan ook gekozen worden voor koolstofopslag via bosbouw in bouwmateriaal en voor koolstofopslag in de bodem. Elf hectare bosbouw voor bouwmateriaal is genoeg om de totale uitstoot van broeikasgasemissies door Oregional te compenseren

5G networks are expected to be a key enabler to support autonomous driving. During the past years, multiple use cases have been defined and several standardized solutions have been specified. Although significant breakthroughs have been achieved, it is still under investigation if existing solutions are able to fully support all requirements for all levels of autonomous driving automation. This paper provides a harmonized view of the requirements for the latest and most advanced autonomous driving use cases. It also investigates the extent of support 5G networks can offer to these use cases in terms of delay and spectrum. The paper identifies open issues and discusses trends and potential solutions that could tackle them.

Although natural resource managers are concerned about climate change, many are unable to adequately incorporate climate change science into their adaptation strategies or management plans, and are not always aware of or do not always employ the most current scientific knowledge. One of the most prominent natural resource management agencies in the United States is the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), which is tasked with managing over 248 million acres (>1 million km2) of public lands for multiple, often conflicting, uses. Climate change will affect the sustainability of many of these land uses and could further increase conflicts between them. As such, the purpose of our study was to determine the extent to which climate change will affect public land uses, and whether the BLM is managing for such predicted effects. To do so, we first conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature that discussed potential impacts of climate change on the multiple land uses the BLM manages in the Intermountain West, USA, and then expanded these results with a synthesis of projected vegetation changes. Finally, we conducted a content analysis of BLM Resource Management Plans in order to determine how climate change is explicitly addressed by BLM managers, and whether such plans reflect changes predicted by the scientific literature. We found that active resource use generally threatens intrinsic values such as conservation and ecosystem services on BLM land, and climate change is expected to exacerbate these threats in numerous ways. Additionally, our synthesis of vegetation modeling suggests substantial changes in vegetation due to climate change. However, BLM plans rarely referred to climate change explicitly and did not reflect the results of the literature review or vegetation model synthesis. Our results suggest there is a disconnect between management of BLM lands and the best available science on climate change. We recommend that the BLM actively integrates such research into on-the-ground management plans and activities, and that researchers studying the effects of climate change make a more robust effort to understand the practices and policies of public land management in order to effectively communicate the management significance of their findings.

The province of Santa Fe is located between 28° and 34° S and 59° and 63° W. Saline and alkaline soils are found in the center of the province and especially in the region known as Bajos Submeridionales. These soils present processes of hydromorphism, salinization, and sodification, which generally occur superimposed or sequentially and are influenced by poor-quality water tables, frequent floods, and droughts. Natural drainage varies from drained to poorly drained. These limitations are a challenge for productive activities and the management of native plant species, both grassland and forest. The introduction of the “sustained multiple use of the territory” approach, i.e., the use of natural resources in a combination best suits the needs of the population without damaging those resources. The technology of management by environments would allow for production increases while maintaining the sustainability of the vulnerable environments of the Bajos Submeridionales.