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Background: The goal of the current study was to investigate the safety of a single dose of IV Amikacin given a period of three days as compared to a single dose of one and two days, when used as a surgical prophylactic antibiotic prior to transurethral prostate resection. Study Design: This was a randomized and prospective study conducted at Urology Department of Niazi Medical & Dental College Sargodha for the duration of six-months from May 2022 to October 2022. Methods: There were 300 men who participated in total and had their prostates transurethral resected (TURP). Three groups, A, B, and C, each with 100 participants, were created randomly from among the participants. The participants will either be assigned at random to receive a single dose of Amikacin that complies with recommendations for groups A, B, and C on days 1, 2, and 3. Follow Up until day 30 following surgery, routinely gathered data from TURP will be the end of the study. Within 60 minutes of the incision, all patients received a single dose of prophylactic antibiotics. Results: The Groups A and B had higher rates of significant bacteriuria than Group C, the intention-to-treat analysis determined that this difference was not statistically significant. The results of a per-protocol analysis were similar. (p=0.88; 0.13). This suggests that postoperative bacteriuria poses a significant risk for the emergence of UTI symptoms (p=o.oo2**). Antibacterial drug resistance has a significant relationship with the progression of infectious complications and was associated with a history of diabetes (95% [CI]]: 0.08-3.11, OR=0.33; p=0.01*) and surgical history and ESBL positivity were indicate infection-related issues (95% [CI]: 1.51-1.86, OR=5.1; p=0.023 and 95% [CI]: 2.55-13.1, OR=4.90; p

The aimed of this study was to determine the effect of chicken manure application on red chili plants using conventional and floating cultivation techniques. The research was carried out on the experimental farm for conventional cultivation techniques and in research pond for floating cultivation located in the Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya Campus, Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra with an altitude of 10 m above sea level from July to November 2022. The experiment used a randomized block design with one factor, namely chicken manure (0, 10, 20 and 30 tons/ha) with three replications. While the floating experiment used 200 cm x 100 cm of bamboo rafts. Parameters observed included plant height, number of leaves, crown diameter, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight per fruit, and total fruit weight per plant. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at the 5% level. The results showed that increasing the dose of chicken manure up to 30 tons/ha in both cultivation techniques increased plant height and number of leaves. Likewise for the number and weight of fruit, obtained at the same dose in conventional techniques, namely 30 tons/ha. However, fruit length and diameter parameters were higher in floating cultivation at all doses of chicken manure treatments. Therefore, it was concluded that the use of chicken manure could increase the growth of chili plants in both cultivation techniques, although the size of the polybags used could not support the growth and yields optimally.

Background: COVID-19 is essentially an illness brought about by corona virus. COVID-19 is transmitted primarily by close contact between infected individuals. COVID-19 has been related to myalgia and general weakness in one-quarter to one- portion of suggestive patients. Aim: To recognize the number of Covid-19 recovered patients who at present complain of musculoskeletal impairments. Methods: This was an observational study in which 181 covid-19 recovered patients were surveyed. Data was collected from different hospitals of Pakistan, through self-made questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS version 21. Results: After the collection of data, gender differences exist in musculoskeletal disorders after comparison of both genders with age group 20 to 50 years with 48% are males 58% are females and pie chart shows prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among covid-19 recovered patients. According to the findings, around 35% of 181 healed patients (with pain in their body parts) have seen a doctor in the last 6 months, while 65% have not visited a hospital to consult a doctor for MSK disease Practical Implication: Musculoskeletal impairments are leading cause of pain and disability that can lead to deformity if remain untreated or left without prior notice. As Covid-19 infection rate is getting higher day by day and till date vaccination is not available to everyone here. We must ensure that anyone getting infected by the novel Corona can have least negative effects even after patients get cured. Conclusion: Gender differences exist in musculoskeletal problems. We have to compare it with Covid. Here we may say that it may be due to more stress among females, there are more chances of MSK issue among females as compared to males Keywords: Covid-19, musculoskeletal impairments, restriction of activities

Technology makes times change, this change will be followed by increasing needs and different desires in the future, especially shopping needs. Online shopping is becoming popular, especially in groups of people who usually use internet services. Online shopping activities can be done through smartphones, tablets, and laptops that are connected to the internet network. Consumer satisfaction is also one of the most important factors in doing business online to be able to win the competition. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of online shopping on consumer shopping satisfaction accompanied by the factors that make online shopping able to provide satisfaction for consumers. The method used in this research is the literature review method. That is a literature search conducted through Google Scholar. In the early stages of the article search, 52,200 scientific articles were obtained using the keywords "online shop, consumer satisfaction". From the many findings after being selected based on the criteria, only 5 journals were included in this study. The results of this study also show that the influence of the online shop on consumer shopping satisfaction greatly determines the development of the online shop. Shopping that becomes easy and practical does not need to spend a lot of time and energy, making consumers choose to shop online and related to the satisfaction felt by consumers, which can be seen from various things, one of which is according to the needs and tastes they want.

Urban development including water and sanitation infrastructure is critical for mental health. Lack of access to water supply and sanitation can provoke unrest and conflict among the households. However, extant literature has not paid much attention to such association. This study uncovers the impact of improved access to safe drinking water and sanitation on the subjective wellbeing of men and women of the same households in the most populous province, Punjab, of Pakistan. The study extracted data from the latest multiple indicator cluster survey of Punjab and employed a two-level mixed effects logistic regression method due to data hierarchy. The results revealed a positive relationship between piped and bottled water access with the subjective wellbeing of adult men (OR=1.113 and OR=1.274, respectively) and women (OR=1.092 and OR=1.416, respectively). However, improved sanitation was found to have a positive association with the subjective wellbeing of just women (OR=1.169), implying that poor sanitation infrastructure is a particular source of mental stress for women. Improved sanitation was associated with higher self-reported life satisfaction among both men and women (OR=1.194 and OR=1.156 respectively). Our findings provide avenues for policymakers to intervene to improve household water and sanitation infrastructure, which has far-reaching impacts on the life satisfaction.

To provide fresh and highly nutritive food, automated greenhouses and smart farming systems had proved to be helpful for growing world population. The smart greenhouse house monitoring system not only helpful in exploiting the production but also helpful to bridge up the quality of the produce. The current study was designed to explore the potential use of a smart greenhouse monitoring system using Raspberry-Pi microcontroller. The aim of the study was to create a smart automation system to control the microclimate of greenhouse. Two varieties of tomato (Roma and cherry tomato) were used both in smart greenhouse system as well as in conventional greenhouse system to compare the agronomic and quality parameters. Temperature and humidity were set according to the production technology of tomato using automation system. Proper fertilization and irrigation requirements were considered equal in all aspects in smart greenhouse and conventional greenhouse. The smart greenhouse monitoring system worked better in maintaining the microclimate inside the greenhouse with a difference of about 5-6 ℃ temperature and 20-30% humidity higher than the conventional greenhouse. The results predicted a progressive increase in agronomic parameter with a difference of 10-15% in plant height, number of leaves, number of fruits and weight of fruit as compared with growth parameters in conventional greenhouse. Similarly the quality parameters were effective with maximum size of fruit in Roma variety that was 75 mm as compared to fruit size 65 mm in conventional farming. The over average yield of tomato per plant (5.5 kg/plant) was also recorded in smart greenhouse that was significantly increased as compared with conventional greenhouse. The results predicted that the yield of tomato was positively affected using smart greenhouse monitoring system and consequently, the smart technologies could be used for the potential crop production and monitoring of cultivation activities.

This research revolves around how plant soil potential can be further discovered and used for farming through detection of relevant nutrients and chemicals within the soil landscapes within areas and even desert climates and how we can improve land soil fertility of the purpose of farming both using Convolutional neural networks which process of imagery in layers and predictive detections of objects within image backgrounds and frontal lobes. When we view layers for farming beneath the surface to understand suitability of farming done on top. The general model applied can be summarized as follows: As shown In Appendix 1a, we can see the various layers soil has to assess the possibility of nutrient provision for farming [2]. The Objective is to examine availability of plant nutrients using convolution of Nueral networks to classify open farmlands through image analysis and layering. Convolution Nueral networks is divided into four steps starting with input of images, drafting a convolution layer, creating a pooling layer and flattening the Nueral network. It can be performed as a machine learning Algorithmic procedure with Python as well as R programming. CNN divides the images into pixels, edges, frontal lobes and shading through the support of power machine learning libraries and packages like Tensorflow and Keras.

Does Blue Ocean become the perfect mantra for reaching desired developmental goals? Blue Economy is an essential sustainable development framework for coastal and island states who rely on the ocean and marine resources as a source of livelihood. The concept of a Blue Economy merges economic development and conservation for coastal and island states. The Seychelles and Mauritius are two Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Western Indian Ocean, faced with economic development and conservation dilemmas. Identifying and understanding the challenges and limitations of Blue Economy for SIDS are required to understand the vulnerability of those nations, which is essential to the future outcomes of sustainable development in the Seychelles and Mauritius. Adopting library research methods and online focus group conversations with different stakeholders in both countries, and over two years, during pre-and post-Covid lockdown periods, provide this paper with fascinating findings. Further identification and understanding of vulnerability, overcoming challenge and paradox of Blue Economic ideals in these two cases of SDIS refine the authors’ scepticism upon the myth of the SDG. The authors’ preliminary findings explain the difficulty of the Covid-19 pandemic in allowing both states to realise their SDG targets.

Hepatitis-C is one of the most common viral diseases caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV). It is responsible for millions of deaths each year in the developing world. The common dissemination paths of HCV include the use of contaminated water and transfusion of infected blood. Control of this virus has become a challenge for scientists and health professionals due to its versatility and adaptability in different host environments. Along with other problems, lack of efficient diagnosis, quantification and genotyping of viral strains are the major hindrances in a management of this notorious epidemic. The knowledge of HCV genotype and an amount of virus in patient’s blood are pre-requisites to determine the duration and method of treatment. In this review, we discuss the implications of HCV molecular diagnostic methods and their clinical applications. We conclude that while, several commercial and home-brewed methods are available for this purpose, and there is a visible vacuum for cost effective, robust, sensitive assays that can detect multiple viral genotypes in a single reaction. We are of the view that the level of sensitivity offered by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique is unequivocal as compared to other techniques. Therefore, researchers may explore further possibilities using this technique in the management of HCV. Key words: Hepatitis C virus, Genotyping, Mixed infection, Fluorescence melting curve analysis, Viral Load, Quantification

Penelitian bertujuan mendapatkan data pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman cabai merah pada kondisi suboptimal secara terapung dengan berbagai dosis pupuk NPK. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Embung Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sriwijaya Kecamatan Indralaya Ogan Ilir selama 5 bulan pada tahun 2022. Bahan yang digunakan adalah cabai merah varietas Gada F1, pupuk NPK, tanah jenis alluvial, rakit bambu serta bahan pendukung lainnya. Penelitian disusun berdasarkan Rancangan Acak Kelompok menggunakan satu faktor perlakuan yaitu dosis pupuk NPK yang terdiri dari empat dosis perlakuan, yakni P0 = 0 g NPK/polybag; P1 = 5 g NPK/polybag; P2 = 10 g NPK/polybag dan P3 = 15 g NPK/polybag dan tiga kelompok. Pupuk diberikan satu minggu sebelum tanam. Peubah yang diamati adalah karakter pertumbuahn meliputi tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, diameter tajuk, panjang buah, diameter buah, berat buah per buah, berat buah per panen, dan Total berat buah per tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanaman cabai merah secara terapung belum menunjukkan respon dengan penggunaan pupuk NPK. Data tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun dan diameter belum optimal serta terjadi penurunan masa produktif tanaman sehingga frekuensi panen lebih sedikit dan hasil yang diperoleh tidak optimal. Kesimpulan tanaman cabai merah varietas Gada F1 mengalami penurunan pertumbuhan dan hasil jika dibudidayakan secara terapung sehingga masih diperlukan penelitian untuk mendapatkan varietas cabai dataran rendah yang dapat dibudidayakan secara terapung.

Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM) saat ini diakui dan banyak digunakan sebagai metadisiplin yang menjembatani berbagai displin ilmu untuk menciptakan pengetahuan secara keseluruhan. Pembelajaran STEAM berperan penting dalam menghasilkan sebuah produk dengan mengintegrasikan lima disiplin ilmu. Namun, pembelajaran STEAM di Indonesia belum banyak diterapkan untuk mempelajari matematika dengan menghasilkan sebuah produk STEAM. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi persepsi calon guru matematika terhadap pembelajaran STEAM melalui proyek Straw Bridge (Jembatan dari Sedotan Plastik) yang diterapkan di sekolah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui angket tertutup yang terdiri dari empat item pertanyaan. Subjek penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 15 mahasiswa calon guru matematika yang sebelumnya telah terlibat langsung dalam pembelajaran STEAM. Analisis deskriptif dilakukan untuk mengetahui persepsi mahasiswa calon guru matematika terhadap proyek Straw Bridge (Jembatan dari Sedotan Plastik) yang diterapkan di sekolah. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa melalui pembelajaran STEAM, mahasiswa calon guru matematika berkeyakinan mampu meningkatkan keaktifan, kreativitas, dan konsentrasi belajar peserta didik sehingga peserta didik dapat menemukan dan mengembangkan ide-ide baru dalam mendesain dan menyelesaikan proyek STEAM-Straw Bridge (Jembatan dari Sedotan).

Saat ini, perkembangan teknologi dan informasi sangat pesat seiring dengan berjalannya waktu. Salah satu terobosan pendidikan Indonesia yang bertujuan untuk membangun masyarakat yang mampu menciptakan ekonomi berbasis ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi adalah pendidikan STEAM. Pendidikan STEAM-Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics merupakan sebuah integrasi dari berbagai bidang disiplin ilmu yang berada dalam satu kesatuan pendekatan pembelajaran. Salah satu produk STEAM yang dapat diimplementasikan dalam pembelajaran adalah katapel (slingshot). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana persepsi calon guru matematika terkait dengan katapel dalam pembelajaran STEAM di Sekolah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan teknik observasi dan wawancara terstruktur, untuk melihat dan mendeskripsikan bagaimana persepsi calon guru matematika terkait dengan pembelajaran STEAM di tingkat sekolah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produk STEAM berupa katapel dapat diimplementasikan di tingkat sekolah melalui pendekatan pembelajaran STEAM dan boleh meningkatkan keterampilan abad-21.

Pelatihan ini lebih didasari oleh kendala yang dialami mitra. Banyakn sistem penulisan sitasi dan daftar pustaka pada template setiap jurnal yang berbeda-beda style. Ada yang menerapkan style Harvard, APA, IEEE, dan lain-lain. Sementara itu, mitra masih banyak yang belum mampu mengikuti bentuk style tersebut dengan cepat dan tepat. Hampir seluruh deskripsi atau penjelasan tentang tata cara (selingkung) penulisan sitasi dan daftar pustaka tersebut menggunakan bahasa Inggris. Tujuan pelatihan ini adalah untuk: 1) meningkatkan pengetahuan guru SMA/MA Kabupaten Pangkep dalam menggunakan Mendeley; 2) meningkatkan kesadaran peserta tentang pentingnya Mendeley dalam penulisan sitasi dan daftar pustaka; 3) meningkatkan wawasan, kemampuan, dan keterampilan peserta dalam mengoperasikan Mendeley sebagai aplikasi yang lebih informatif dan inovatif; dan 4) mengurangi jumlah guru SMA/MA yang menuliskan sitasi dan daftar pustaka secara manual. Metode yang digunakan adalah direct interactive paired training. Peserta yang mengikuti pelatihan ini adalah 13 orang yang sedang tertarik untuk menyusun karya tulis ilmiah seperti buku atau artikel berpontensi terbit dijurnal nasional. Hasil survey menggunakan google-form menunjukkan bahwa pelatihan ini sangat baru dan dibutuhkan bagi peserta. Sehingga, dampak yang terjadi adalah mereka tertantang dan terbantukan untuk mencoba menggunakan dan mengenal lebih jauh aplikasi Mendeley dalam menulis sitasi dan daftar pustaka.

Servicing operations in the marine and oilfield industries cover a wide range of tasks, including the removal of biofoulings from ship surfaces, re-painting, and inspection of ship and oil tank surfaces, as both are exposed to the environment. With the rate at which technology has advanced, a modern solution to this challenge may be attainable in assisting manual labour. This paper outlines the development of a robot that climbs a wall at an angle adopting a permanent magnet as the primary adhesion mechanism. Attachable and detachable permanent magnets are used in the robot design to demonstrate how the increments of magnet number affect the climbing of the robot at an angle. The analysis of this experiment includes static and dynamic movement of the robot and a discussion related to the experiment is included in the paper.

Organic Hydroponics is cultivation on a planting medium without soil with a source of nutrients obtained from the decomposition of organic materials by microorganisms. Catfish cultivation wastewater and agricultural waste can be used as an alternative planting medium and a source of nutrients in organic hydroponic cultivation systems. This study aimed to determine the plant nutrient content in catfish culture wastewater added with cow dung, chicken manure, trash fish waste, and catfish waste; and to determine the growth of mustard greens and lettuce which were cultivated hydroponically in a growing medium of catfish wastewater added with cow dung, chicken manure, trash fish waste, and catfish waste. The results showed that the solution of catfish culture wastewater added with catfish waste contained nutrients N 220.0 ppm, P 166.3 ppm K 154.4 ppm Ca 65.9 ppm Fe 4.4 ppm; catfish culture wastewater added with trash fish waste contains 50.0 ppm N; P 10.8 ppm; K 173.4 ppm; Ca 219.4 ppm and Fe 3.2 ppm; catfish culture wastewater added with cow dung contained nutrients N 300.0 ppm, P 293.4ppm K 1026.8 ppm Ca 413.6 ppm Fe 64.9 ppm, while those given chicken manure included N 100.0 ppm; P 76.1 ppm; K 471.1ppm; Ca 299.9ppm and Fe 27.3ppm. While catfish culture wastewater contains 55.2 ppm of N nutrients; P 6.4 ppm; K 7.0 ppm; Ca 14.2 ppm; Fe 0.4 ppm. The growth of lettuce in the growing media of catfish culture wastewater given trash fish and catfish was relatively the same, namely 37.7% and 37.9%, respectively. Meanwhile, the growth of mustard pakcoy grown on planting media given chicken manure (47.6%) was higher than the growth of mustard pakcoy grown on cow dung (33.3%). The addition of 50% ABmix nutrients increased the growth of mustard pakcoy on media that was given chicken manure by 81.7%; pakcoy on media that was given cow dung waste by 74.8%; Meanwhile, the addition of ABmix 50% nutrients increased the growth of lettuce on media that was given catfish meal by 64.4%, and on media that was given trash fish meal by 61.9%. Research shows a high potential for using organic waste as a medium and source of organic hydroponic cultivation fertilizer.

Ethnic violence has long been prominent in India, especially among Hindus and Muslims. Debates have taken place over the value of India’s secularist principle, as Muslims in India are continuously faced with discrimination. They are subjected to hate crimes with the rise of Hindu Nationalism. The government’s legislature and policies must embody national unity rather than fuelling the already existing divisions among Hindus and Muslims as a secular state. This study examines India’s Citizenship Amendment Act of 2019 and how it has led to anti-Muslim sentiments in the country. Drawing from the concept of Nationalism, the research will focus on the relation between Hindu nationalistic ideals and the Citizenship Amendment Act. The analysis results revealed that the Citizenship Amendment Act was flawed and had overtones of anti-Muslim sentiments. Further analysis revealed that the Citizenship Amendment Act had violated Articles 13,14, and 25 of the Indian constitution directly and indirectly. In addition to this, the study also showed the link between ultra Hindu Nationalism and the Citizenship Amendment Act. It also found that the intention of the Act to protect minorities facing religious persecution has failed as India lacks proper refugee laws. The overall research of this study concludes that the Citizenship Amendment Act has led to anti-Muslim sentiments in the country and furthered the identity crisis Muslims face in India.

This work demonstrates a mixed-dimensional piezoelectric-gated transistor in the microscale that could be used as a millinewton force sensor. The force-sensing transistor consists of 1D piezoelectric zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) as the gate control and multilayer tungsten diselenide (WSe 2) as the transistor channel. The applied mechanical force on piezoelectric NRs can induce a drain-source current change (Δ I ds) on the WSe 2 channel. The different doping types of the WSe 2 channel have been found to lead to different directions of Δ I ds. The pressure from the calibration weight of 5 g has been observed to result in an ∼30% I ds change for ZnO NRs on the p-type doped WSe 2 device and an ∼-10% I ds change for the device with an n-type doped WSe 2. The outcome of this work would be useful for applications in future human-machine interfaces and smart biomedical tools.

The aim of the study was to obtain proper technique for cultivating shallots of Bima Brebes variety through the use of chicken manure and NPK fertilizer on tidal land. The research was located on tidal land in Sukatani Village, Tanjung Lago District, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Province, located at a position of 1.30° – 4.0° South Latitude and 104° 00' – 105° 35' East Longitude. The study used a randomized block design with one treatment factor and three replicates. The treatment was the dose of organic chicken manure with 5 levels, namely P0 = no chicken manure; P1 = 10 tons of manure per hectare; P2 = 15 tons of manure per hectare; P3 = 20 tons of manure per hectare; P4 = 25 tons of manure manure per hectare. Each treatment was mixed with NPK fertilizer at a dose of 200 kg NPK ha-1 (M). Data analysis was carried out by analysis of variance using F test and least significance difference (LSD) test. The variables observed were leaf length, leaf number, plant dry weight, specific leaf area, specific leaf weight, root-shoot ratio, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, bulb fresh weight, bulb number, bulb diameter, bulb dry weight, and percentage of bulb shrinkage. The results showed that the use of chicken manure 10 tons/ha and 200 kg NPK/ha affected the growth of shallots on leaf length, root-shoot ratio, relative growth rate, bulb fresh weight and bulb dry weight. It was then concluded that it can increase the growth and yield of shallots of Bima Brebes variety on tidal land.

This paper focuses on factory and clinic emergency supplies UPS system using solar energy with a solar tracking system. Solar energy and UPS system are two rapidly growing technologies due to the demand for electricity and to reduce the carbon footprint in the atmosphere. The main reason for this system to be chosen is UPS system can invert and rectify the electricity that’s the solar power can be delivered to DC part of the system instead of an AC grid which may avoid the installation of excessive inverters in the system. The solar tracker is used to improve the energy gained by the panel or payload so that the system produces more power at high efficiency.

Introduction: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy that arises from the adrenal cortex. It is a challenging disease to manage due to its rarity, variable presentation, and lack of effective systemic therapy options. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to find the impact of multimodal therapy on margin status on overall survival for patients undergoing adrenalectomy for localized adrenocortical carcinoma. Material and methods: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of multimodal therapy on margin status and overall survival in patients who underwent adrenalectomy for localized adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) between March 2022 till November 2022 at a single tertiary care center. Results: Based on the analysis of 300 patients who underwent adrenalectomy for localized adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) between 2000 and 2022 at a single tertiary care center, the study found that multimodal therapy may improve margin status and overall survival in this patient population. Of the 300 patients included in the study, 150 received multimodal therapy (adjuvant radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy) and 150 received observation after surgery. The median follow-up time was 48 months. Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that multimodal therapy may be an effective treatment option for patients undergoing adrenalectomy for localized adrenocortical carcinoma. Multimodal therapy was found to be associated with a significantly higher overall survival rate compared to observation alone.

Purpose The security of applications, systems and networks has always been the source of great concern for both enterprises and common users. Different security tools like intrusion detection system/intrusion prevention system and firewalls are available that provide preventive security to the enterprise networks. However, security information and event management (SIEM) systems use these tools in combination to collect events from diverse data sources across the network. SIEM is a proactive tool that processes the events to present a unified security view of the whole network at one location. SIEM system has, therefore, become an essential component of an enterprise network security architecture. However, from various options available, the selection of a suitable and cost-effective open source SIEM solution that can effectively meet most of the security requirements of small-to-medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is not simple because of the lack of strong analysis. Design/methodology/approach In this work, the authors first review the security challenges faced by different SME sectors and then consider a comprehensive comparative analysis of the capabilities of well-known open source SIEM solutions. Based on this, the authors provide requirements based recommendations of open source SIEM solutions for SMEs. This paper aims to provide a valuable resource that can be referred to by SMEs for the selection of a SIEM system best suited to their organization’s security posture. Findings Security requirements of SMEs vary according to their network infrastructure; therefore, every open source SIEM solution would not be suitable for an SME. Selection of a SIEM solution from available open source solutions based upon the security requirements of an SME network is a critical task. Therefore, in this work, a meaningful insight for the selection of an appropriate SIEM solution for SMEs is provided. Originality/value Major contribution of this work is the mapping of the security requirements of the SME sectors under consideration, against the open source SIEM options to provide meaningful insight for SMEs in the selection of an appropriate solution.

Objective: To compare the recurrence rate in patients undergoing fistulectomy using tight setons with those using videoassisted anal fistula treatment (VAAFT). Study Design: Comparative prospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of General Surgery, MH Rawalpindi, Pakistan from May 2018 to Dec 2021. Methodology: We included 200 patients with high trans-sphincteric anal fistula (simple or complex) of age 18 to 60 years, having ASA I or II. Group- A comprised patients undergoing treatment with VAAFT, while Group- B included patients undergoing treatment with Tight Seton in conventional surgery. Patients were followed for three months after the procedure. Patients having a history of discharge around or in the vicinity of the previous external opening of the anal fistula were labelled as having a recurrence. Recurrence was confirmed on MRI Fistulogram. Results: The mean age of patients in Group-A was 42.10±8.26 years, and in Group-B was 42.17±7.91 years (p=0.95). There were 58 male patients in Group-A and 55 male patients in Group-B (p=0.67). The mean duration of the fistula was 5.30±1.64 months in Group-A and 5.22±1.61 months in Group-B (p=0.72). Recurrence was diagnosed in 24 patients in Group-B and only 06 patients in Group-A (p

An effective healthcare sector essentially relies on a strong primary healthcare system. The primary healthcare system governs all major aspects of preventive healthcare and family planning services including immunization, hygiene, communicable disease prevention, sanitation, etc. In addition to this, a major bottleneck limiting the quality of healthcare at secondary and tertiary health facilities is the very high patient footfall that these hospitals. The primary healthcare facilities are designed to be the first tier of facility that a patient falls onto, and hence is either treated there or referred to higher level facilities by screening and limiting patient flow to next levels. Supporting this tier hence helps reduce burden on secondary and tertiary facilities of patients that could have been treated at primary facilities and hence exponentially improve the quality of health services in these lager hospitals. The document discusses some of the major issues faced by the primary healthcare sector in Punjab. These issues were studied and analyzed in detail at South Punjab Health Department, which is an arm of the provincial health department governing 11 districts of Southern Punjab – districts where socio-economic conditions are generally much poorer than the rest of Punjab. This document discusses the initiative of Sehat Ghar, its model, potential to ensure basic health services delivery to the local population and its direct & indirect contribution to tackle major issues of primary healthcare in Punjab.

Responsiveness depends on properties of statistical analysis, commonly referred to being as, distribution-based responsiveness. Time Up and Go Test (TUG) is a common assessment to evaluate the mobilization in patients with complications pertaining to stroke. Objective: The major emphasis of this study was to analyse the improvement in functional mobility of the patients with symptoms related to stroke. Methods: This study is carried out in Fauji Foundation Hospital and National Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine (NIRM), Islamabad Pakistan. Sample size consisted of 116 patients including both genders, with age ranging between 45-65 years. Clinically, the diagnosis of stoke can be concluded in compliance with reported criteria and standards of World Health Organization (WHO). Out of total 116 sample size 25 were excluded and 91 patients were assessed to detect mobility response by using TUG test, pertaining to four different intervals. The overall procedure implemented for the conclusion of TUG test included the following points; a) patients were advised to stand on toes, b) walk 3 meters, c) turn around and walk back to the chair from which they initially started, and d) asked to sit down quickly. Results: Between the first 7 days and 12 weeks the median of TUG test, time (mobility) was reduced from 17s to 12s. The improvement in mobility is most seen in 1st week to 3rd month. Conclusion: Findings indicate that the TUG test is capable to evaluate the change in functional mobility in patients with stroke. Hence, the outcomes justify the use of TUG in stroke rehabilitation

Pajak menjadi sumber pendapatan negara yang terbesar yaitu 82,88% dari total pendapatan negara, sehingga pajak memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam pembangunan negara. Terdapat fenomena perusahaan menghindar dari pajak (tax avoidance) sehingga dapat mengurangi tingkat pendapatan pajak negara. Berdasarkan data tax ratio perusahaan sektor pertambangan 2016-2020 memiliki nilai yang rendah dan menurun dari waktu ke waktu jika dibandingkan secara nasional, hal ini sejalan dengan penemuan beberapa kasus kasus penghindaran pajak pada perusahaan sektor pertambangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa faktor yang mendeterminasi tax avoidance pada perusahaan sektor pertambangan di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kuantitatif, menggunakan purposive sampling didapatkan 26 perusahaan sektor pertambangan yang terdafta di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahu 2016 sampai 2020. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan return on asset (ROA) dan ukuran perusahaan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap tindakan tax avoidance perusahaan, sedangkan leverage tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap tindakan tax avoidance perusahaan.

Common Neck pain is one of the most common issues in this era. Every other working woman have been complaining about neck problems. Objective: To determine the effect of intensive isometric and mild endurance training of neck muscles in women with chronic neck pain. Methods: Female patients suffering from neck pain were randomly enrolled into three groups. Group A was of control patients and group B and C were Interventional group. Consent form was taken and participants were fully informed about the task. This process ensured that in each group patients distributed with equal severity of neck pain. These states were assessed mainly by medical history and clinical examination before entering the study. Results: In current study, exercise program was examined at different intervals of follow-up visits through interviews. Conclusion: Strength and Endurance training both methods are effectively improving discomfort and debility in females by nonspecific, long-lasting neckline discomfort. Aerobic exercises and stretching along with strength training are more effective as compare to perform alone aerobic exercise.

The emergence of different variants of concern of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in upsurges of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases around the globe. Pakistan faced the fourth wave of COVID-19 from July to August 2021 with 314,786 cases. To understand the genomic diversity of circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains during the fourth wave of the pandemic in Pakistan, this study was conducted. The samples from 140 COVID-19-positive patients were subjected to whole-genome sequencing using the iSeq Sequencer by Illumina. The results showed that 97% (n = 136) of isolates belonged to the delta variant while three isolates belonged to alpha and only one isolate belonged to the beta variant. Among delta variant cases, 20.5% (n = 28) isolates were showing B.1.617.2 while 23.5% (n = 25), 17.59% (n = 19), 14.81% (n = 16), and 13.89% (n = 15) of isolates were showing AY.108, AY.43 AY.127, and AY.125 lineages, respectively. Islamabad was found to be the most affected city with 65% (n = 89) of delta variant cases, followed by Karachi (17%, n = 23), and Rawalpindi (10%, n = 14). Apart from the characteristic spike mutations (T19R, L452R, T478K, P681R, and D950N) of the delta variant, the sublineages exhibited other spike mutations as E156del, G142D, T95I, A222V, G446V, K529N, N532S, Q613H, and V483A. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the introductions from Singapore, the United Kingdom, and Germany. This study highlights the circulation of delta variants (B.1.617.2 and sublineages) during the fourth wave of pandemic in Pakistan.

Masyarakat Desa Tanjung Utara sebagian besar tidak memanfaatkan lahan atau pekarangan karena sering terjadi banjir secara periodik setiap tahun. Saat ini, Indonesia bahkan dunia sedang mengalami covid-19 yang tidak hanya membawa masalah kesehatan masyarakat, tetapi juga berimplikasi luas, seperti kelancaran distribusi pangan. Pemerintah melalui Kementerian Pertanian telah membentuk program Pekarangan Pangan Lestari. Program ini sangat tepat untuk diwujudkan di masa covid-19. Kegiatan ini bertujuan 1) Memberdayakan masyarakat untuk memanfaatkan pekarangan dengan menanam berbagai tanaman sayuran untuk pemenuhan gizi keluarga dan memberi penyuluhan tentang manfaat tanaman sayuran, 2) Mensosialisasikan program Pekarangan Pangan Lestari (P2L). Melalui berbagai teknik budidaya yang dapat diterapkan dengan membuat demonstrasi plot (demplot) baik langsung lahan pekarangan maupun menggunakan metode-metode lain seperti small garden, hidroponik, vertikultur dan microgreens. Hasil kegiatan pengabdian telah meningkatkan pemahaman ibu-ibu mengenai budidaya sayuran di pekarangan dan program pekarangan pangan lestari.

Legionnaire’s disease (LD) is a severe form of atypical pneumonia caused by any species of Legionella. LD can rarely involve the heart and present as myocarditis, pericarditis, or endocarditis. We report a case of focal myocarditis secondary to Legionella. A 49-year-old male was admitted to the hospital for shortness of breath and found to have Legionella pneumonia. An echocardiogram was done because of elevated troponin and shortness of breath, which revealed the new onset of systolic heart failure and focal hypokinesis. The patient received a total of 10 days of levofloxacin 750 mg, and he was discharged home with a cardiology follow-up. This case highlights that Legionella infection should be suspected in patients with unexplained myocardial damage/inflammation.

Thyroid hormone regulates the body's metabolism, and its insufficiency can result in a wide variety of manifestations, including fatigue, lethargy, constipation, cold intolerance, and change in voice. Hypothyroidism also affects the cardiovascular system and can cause decreased cardiac output, increased systemic vascular resistance, pericardial effusion, bradycardia, and heart block. Hypothyroidism is a rare cause of complete atrioventricular block (AVB), which is generally thought to be reversible after thyroid replacement therapy. Here, we report a case of a 74-year-old female who presented to our hospital with lower extremity swelling and fatigue. She was diagnosed with hypothyroidism based on her thyroid function test. An electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed a complete AVB, and she was started on thyroid replacement therapy. During the second week of thyroid replacement therapy, she experienced episodes of bradycardia, and ECG still showed a complete AVB; despite normalization of her thyroid function, prompting placement of a pacemaker. The patient was discharged with endocrinology and electrophysiologist (EP) follow-upi

This paper presents an on-chip planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) implemented in TSMC 180 nm CMOS process technology. The antenna operates at a 5 G millimeter-wave center frequency of 38 GHz. The ultrathick metal (UTM) layer of the technology is utilized to implement the on-chip antenna (OCA). The OCA is positioned close to the edge of the microchip for improving the gain performance of the antenna. The open end of the antenna is folded to develop a top-loaded PIFA structure yielding better 50 Ω impedance matching and wider bandwidth. On-wafer measurements are conducted through the Cascade Microtech Summit 11K probe-station and ZVA-50 vector network analyzer to measure the return loss and gain of the fabricated on-chip antenna. The measurements are performed after placing the fabricated OCA over a 3D-printed plastic slab to minimize the reflections from the metallic chuck of the probe station. The measurement results show that the fabricated on-chip PIFA achieves a minimum return loss of 14.8 dB and a gain of 0.7 dBi at the center frequency of 38 GHz. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the presented OCA is the first on-chip PIFA designed, fabricated, and tested at the 5G millimeter-wave frequency of 38 GHz.

Aortic stenosis is the most common valvular heart disease in the elderly patient population. Surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) has been the standard of practice for treating aortic stenosis for years. But recently in the past decade, the minimally invasive procedure Transcatheter aortic valve replacement/implantation (TAVR/TAVI) has been a revolutionary treatment modality for aortic stenosis patients, particularly those who are at high risk of surgery. The patients who undergo TAVR are at high risk for bleeding and thromboembolic events afterward. The use of antiplatelet and anticoagulation after TAVR is to decrease the risk of thromboembolic complications such as stroke, but it comes with the risk of bleeding associated with antiplatelet and antithrombotic. Current guidelines recommend the use of dual antiplatelet (DAPT) for 3 to 6-month after TAVR in the absence of an indication for oral anticoagulation followed by lifelong single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT). However, the use of dual antiplatelet is associated with an increased risk of bleeding without significant ischemic benefits. Lifelong oral anticoagulation is recommended for patients who have other indications for anticoagulation. These treatment guidelines are driven by expert opinion, given the lack of large randomized control trials (RCT). In this review, we aim to discuss the need for antithrombotic and antiplatelets after TAVR and review important literature about current practice and expert recommendations about antiplatelet and anticoagulation after TAVR.

Every one seek to aspire to gain quality education. The biggest stake holders are students who labor through years acquiring knowledge and skill to help them prepare for their career. Parents spend fortune on their children’s education. Companies spend billions developing new education products and services. Quality education is the golden key to prosperity for the individual and the nation. However, education standards are continuously deteriorating and it has become a global phenomenon. Unfortunately, teaching is often described as a ‘popularity contest’ and those teachers who are usually popular with students are often those who compromise teaching to appease students. Some teachers also ‘teach-to-the-test ensuring high test scores. Such teachers hence, receive good student ratings. Teachers who are conscientious, rigorous and thorough are often the victims of good appraisal. Government and researchers are trying to capture the characteristics of a good teacher, but the results are vague and inconclusive. At present, there is no objective way to measure teaching effectiveness. We present an innovative method to objectively measure teaching effectiveness using a new Teaching Tool (TSquare). The TSquare used in the study is practical, easy to use, cost-effective and requires no special equipment to implement

An ambient air vaporizer (AAV) is an industrial heat exchanger equipment used in the vaporization process of liquefied gases before supplying to consumers. AAV utilizes the simple heat transfer principle that uses surrounding ambient air to vaporize the liquefied gases. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is one of the liquefied gases commonly associated with AAV applications. Due to a significant temperature difference between cryogenic fluid of LNG and ambient air, frost formation is inevitable to reduce the heat transfer rate. Fins geometry contributes a substantial impact on the performance of AAV and is the main element of heat transfer for AAV. This study aims to design a model of an AAV with a star 6-finned tube vaporizer with hexagon shape and to simulate the fluid flow on the vaporizer model to demonstrate the LNG vaporization process. The hexagon vaporizer model is designed using Solidworks, and heat transfer model is simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool, Ansys Fluent solver. Parameters such as fin geometry, LNG flowrate and wind speed were referred from previous studies. Methane and air are assumed as working fluids inside and outside of the vaporizer model. Wind temperatures of 300K (27°C), 303K (30°C), and 306K (33°C) are utilized in the simulation process based on geometrical weather in Malaysia. In the simulation model, methane entered from the bottom of the tube, while air entered horizontally at x-direction from the right side. The temperature contour shows that as the temperature of methane that flowed inside the tube increased as it entered the tube, the air temperature reduced as it entered and flowed passes through the finned tube. The analysis from the simulation model shows that higher air temperature with substantial wind speed can increase the outlet temperature of methane (LNG), thus improving the performance of AAV.

Undoubtedly, it is important to remain vigilant and manage invasive grasses to prevent their spread and mitigate their negative impact on the environment. However, these aggressive plants can also play a beneficial role in certain contexts. For example, several invasive grasses provide valuable forage for livestock and have disease control potential. Therefore, a research experiment was conducted to explore the pros and cons of this approach, not only for surrounding vegetation but also for human and animal disease control. The study is primarily focused on developing livestock feed, plant-derived herbicides, and an understanding of the phytotoxic effects of invasive species. All plant parts of Cenchrus ciliaris L., Polypogon monspeliansis L., and Dicanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf, were tested for their phyto-chemical screening, proximate, and toxicity analysis which was caused by the methanolic extract of these grass species. Qualitative phytochemical screening tests were performed for proximate composition analysis and toxicity assessment essays. The phytochemical analysis revealed the positive results for alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, phenols, saponins, and glycosides, while negative for tannins. Comparison of proximate analysis intimated maximum moisture (10.8%) and crude fat (4.1%) in P. monspeliensis, whereas maximum dry matter (84.1%), crude protein (13.95%), crude fiber (11%), and ash (7.2%) in D. annulatum. Five (10, 100, 500, 100, 10,000 ppm) and three (10, 1000, 10,000 ppm) different concentrations of methanolic extract prepared from C. ciliaris, P. monspeliansis, and D. annulatum were used respectively for root inhibition and seed germination essay. Furthermore, three different concentrations (10, 30, 50 mg) of plant fine powder were used for sandwich method test. There was a significant decline in the growth rate of experimental model radish seeds (P > 0.005), and results from sandwich method tests showed suppressed growth of root hairs, inhibiting the anchoring of the radish seed. In comparison, results manifest that; P. monspeliansis indicated an upsurge of inhibition (66.58% at 10,000 ppm), D. annulatum revealed soar germination (75.86% in controlled conditions), and C. ciliaris exhibited dramatic shoot up of inhibition because of sandwich method test (14.02% at 50 mg). In conclusion, although grasses are toxic, it is important to consider the beneficiary account.

Abstract: During the radiotherapeutic treatment of pediatric oncology patients, they would be at a latent risk of developing ionizing radiation-induced ototoxicity when the cochlea or auditory nerve is located within the radiation field. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is an irreversible late complication of radiotherapy, and its incidence depends on various factors such as the patient’s hearing sensitivity, total radiation dose to the cochlea, radiotherapy fractionation regimen, age and chemoradiation. Importantly, this complication exhibits serious challenges to adult survivors of childhood cancer, as it has been linked to impairments in academic achievement, psychosocial development, independent living skills, and employment in the survivor population. Therefore, early detection and proper management can alleviate academic, speech, language, social, and psychological morbidity arising from hearing deficits. In the present review, we have addressed issues such as underlying mechanisms of radiation-induced SNHL, audiometric findings of pediatric cancer patients treated with radiotherapy, and management and protection measures against radiation-induced ototoxicity.

Purpose To retrospectively analyse globe salvage rates in group D retinoblastoma (RB) with currently available treatment options in Pakistan over a period of nine years. Methods A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis including all patients who presented with Group D RB according to the International Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB), from April 2013 to December 2022 at Patel Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. Indirect ophthalmoscopy done under anaesthesia was used to visualise and evaluate tumour characteristics and clinical response to the treatment offered. Globe salvage was attempted with systemic chemotherapy, local consolidative therapy along with intravitreal melphalan. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves on SPSS version 26. Results The mean age at diagnosis was 17.2 months.14 (93%) patients had bilateral disease and one (7%) had unilateral disease. Globe salvage was achieved in 11 out of 15 eyes (73.33%) in a mean follow up time of 57.5 weeks (range 7–263 weeks). All eyes received laser therapy, 5 required additional cryotherapy and 1 eye was given adjuvant intravitreal melphalan. 4 eyes underwent secondary enucleation. All eyes amongst this group received systemic chemotherapy, laser, cryotherapy and 3 eyes received intravitreal melphalan (4 cycles). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed an overall globe salvage rate of 93%, 76%, and 65% at 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively. No metastasis or deaths were reported. Conclusion Intravenous chemotherapy (IVC) coupled with local therapy remains an effective mode of treatment in select patients with Group D RB despite advancements in treatment modalities like intra-arterial chemotherapy. This is especially promising for developing countries with limited resources and socioeconomic barriers.

Purpose: To assess the rate and factors associated with non-adherence of Rivaroxaban in patients with deep venous thrombosis. Methodology: An observational longitudinal study was conducted at the Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University & Hospital, Karachi between June 2022 to November 2022. Patients with known malignancy with or without chemotherapy, those with a known diagnosis of hypercoagulability disorder or a history of limb trauma leading to deep venous thrombosis were included in the study. Patients who have refused to start rivaroxaban treatment prescribed by vascular surgeons, those with cognitive disabilities, such as dementia, who need to rely on a caregiver for their medical care were excluded. The frequency of missed doses, side effects, and causes of non-adherence to the prescribed treatment were recorded. Results: A total of 180 patients were recruited with a mean age of 66.3 ± 8.2 years. Out of 180 patients, 111 (61.6%) missed at least one dose during treatment. We reported the self-reported adherence of 70%. 72 (30%) were non-adherent. Majority revealed that they forget to take medicine; 78 (43.3%) or experienced side effects; 60 (33.3%). Five patients were hospitalized due to serious adverse events (bleeding per rectal and gastrointestinal). Conclusion: A significant percentage of non-adherence among participants was found in our study. One of the primary causes of non-adherence was forgetfulness. We recommended that patients get appropriate counseling on the expected results and negative effects of the medicine in order to promote adherence to Rivaroxaban. Keywords: Adherence, compliance, deep venous thrombosis, Rivaroxaban

Objective: To determine role of diacerein among the patient with primary knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Study Design: An observational cohort study. Place and Duration: Department of orthopedic surgery, Sughra Shafi Medical Complex, Narowal from June 2021 to May 2022. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients of either gender visiting outpatient department with primary KOA aged 50-75 years were enrolled. Patients were assessed as per Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) and visual analogue scale (VAS). Diacerein was prescribed 100 mg two times a day for a total duration of six months. WOMAC and VAS were noted before and after completion of the 6 months follow up period. Results: In a total of 100 patients, 56 (56.0%) were female. Mean age was 63.58 ± 6.42 years while mean BMI was 29.46±3.42 kg/m2. There were 50 (50.0%) patients who belonged to middle socioeconomic status. Grade of KOA was II in 54 (54.0%) patients. Baseline WOMAC score was 45.12±6.68 while baseline VAS was noted to be 6.81±2.76. At the end of the 6-month treatment period, 83 patients completed the treatment span and so were included in the final analysis. It was found that significant reduction in both WOMAC score (p

This article provides an interpretation of the two worldviews of nature. The first one is the Euro-American orientation, which is naturalistic in its outlook towards the environment. This outlook provides the roots for Andro-Poetic epistemology; which is inclusive and exploitative in its ontology.The second one is the Native American orientation, which is bio-centric in its outlook on the environment. This outlook nourishes the ideology of deep ecology and provides the perspective of Oiko-Poetics; which has inclusive epistemology and a collective environmental ontology. Hence, this article reflects to provide a comparative analytical and critical approach to scrutinize the two selected fictions side by side. Which proves that the Native American Approach is inclusive towards the nature in comparison to the Euro-American approach which is exclusive towards the nature in its outlook.

Objectives: To identify levels of the physical activity and patterns of eating habits among medical students of Islamabad and to determine the association of BMI with physical activity and eating habits among medical students of Islamabad. Study Design and Setting: A cross-sectional survey was done in a private and public medical college of Islamabad. Methodology: A total of 463 MBBS students of 1st year to 5th year were included and data was collected by non-probability convenience sampling. Before initiating study enrolment an ethical approval for study was gained from the institutional ethical board. After signing the consent form, the questionnaire was filled formally. Data was analyzed by SPSS 22.0. P value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant Results: 236 of our population were normal and 117 of our population were overweight, whereas 59 were underweight and 51 were obese. Lack of time for physical activity in time table was the most common occurring barriers of physical activity. The most common occurring barrier to optimum eating practices were lack of money, tasty fast food and don't like home cooked food. Results showed statistically significant relationship between the hours of exercise per week and the BMI status. The Chi-Square value (P-Value) for physical activity and eating habits in association with BMI were 0.228 and 0.570 were insignificant. Conclusions: Results concluded that bad eating habits and lack of physical activity affects the BMI. Individuals in obese group had increased BMI, lack of physical activity and bad eating habits. Keywords: BMI, PAL, Obesity, Medical