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The recent ocean-warming events along the California coast have extended the northern range of several elasmobranch species. The Banded Guitarfish, Zapteryx exasperata, is a poorly known shallow-water batoid, typically found in warm-temperate to tropical waters of southern California, USA and the Gulf of California, Mexico. During a Baited Remote Underwater Video Station (BRUVS) survey in October 2020, an unusual batoid identified as Z. exasperata was observed at a depth of 2.5 m. This individual was within the Point Lobos State Marine Reserve in Monterey County, central California, extending its range by at least 260 km northwards. A key to the California species of guitarfishes and Thornback Ray is provided.

Author(s): Satterthwaite, Erin V; Ryan, John P; Harvey, Julio BJH; Morgan, Steven G | Abstract: Larval dispersal phases are a key determinant of population dynamics in recruitment-limited, coastal upwelling regions. Larvae were long considered to be highly susceptible to offshore transport, except in the lee of headlands where eddies form during upwelling conditions. We examined the spatial variation of benthic invertebrate larval assemblages in relation to the retentive upwelling shadow in northern Monterey Bay (California, USA) during strong upwelling (August 2013) and weak upwelling (October 2013). We characterized the spatial variation in physical characteristics of the water column, determined the cross-shore and depth distributions of invertebrate larvae in relation to the upwelling shadow, and examined how these physical and biological patterns change with upwelling strength. Larval abundances and environmental data (water temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a concentration) were collected simultaneously using a plankton pump and profiling CTD at 3 depths: above, within, and below the chlorophyll a maximum layer. Larvae were primarily detected near the bottom. Larvae of most taxa were positively associated with a subsurface chlorophyll a maximum layer in August, but not in October when this layer was near the surface. Adult habitat distribution was related to the spatial distribution of larvae. Larvae of nearshore taxa occurred in the inner bay, while larvae of predominately offshore taxa occurred in the outer bay. Taxa with similar adult habitat (nearshore versus offshore) co-occurred in water samples. In addition, larvae of offshore taxa were commonly associated with offshore water types. Thus, the distribution of larvae within northern Monterey Bay appears to be strongly influenced by adult habitat distribution, vertical positioning of larvae in the water column, and upwelling strength.

Common ravens (Corvus corax; ravens) are known nest predators that have the ability to negatively impact nesting birds, including imperiled species of seabirds and shorebirds. We conducted systematic necropsies of ravens that were lethally controlled in Monterey Bay, California, USA during 2013–2015, in or near western snowy plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) nesting areas, in an effort to better understand body condition, overall health, and diet of individual ravens. Raven predation of snowy plover nests has increased over the years in the Monterey Bay study area, and lethal removal of ravens has been employed to reduce predation. Most ravens examined in this study were in moderate to excellent body condition and also exhibited good organ health. There were statistically significant differences between male and female morphometrics (mass, culmen length, and wing length; P < 0.05). Stomach content analysis indicated a varied diet with consumption of animal remains and eggshell fragments, and anthropogenic sources of food (e.g., human food items and human-produced non-food items). Our study provides evidence that lethal control of ravens targeted some individual ravens that were responsible for depredating snowy plover nests

Understanding sources of variability in larval supply and transport is integral to the dynamics, structure and effective management of marine populations and communities. Yet, a barrier to this understanding is the high variability in the supply and transport of marine larvae, especially in upwelling regions where wind forcing causes dynamic circulation. Since larvae of many species complete development close to shore, resolving the relationship between oceanographic processes and nearshore larval assemblages is essential to better understand larval transport in highly productive upwelling regions. The goal of our study was to examine the effects of variation in upwelling and relaxation dynamics on the nearshore larval assemblage in northern Monterey Bay. To determine how seasonal and daily upwelling and relaxation dynamics influence the nearshore larval assemblage, we surveyed distributions of marine larvae and physical, environmental factors along a cross-shelf transect in northern Monterey Bay, USA, during August and October of 2013. Conditions in August and October differed in temperature, salinity, stratification, and chlorophyll-a fluorescence. Richness and diversity of the larval assemblage did not change appreciably, but the abundance and composition of species shifted after the influx of offshore waters. Specifically, nearshore taxa were more abundant during August, which was characterized by strong upwelling conditions, and especially more abundant with increased wind forcing leading to a retentive upwelling shadow in the northern bay. Conversely, offshore taxa were more abundant during October, which was characterized by weakened upwelling and the persistent influx of offshore water. Our study suggests that relationships between larval taxa, life history characteristics, and water types provide insights into water mass history, circulation and larval recruitment in highly dynamic upwelling regions.

Coastal upwelling regions are hotspots of biological productivity, supporting diverse communities of microbial life and metabolisms. Monterey Bay (MB), a coastal ocean embayment in central California, experiences seasonal upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich waters that sustain episodes of high phytoplankton production in surface waters. While productivity in surface waters is intimately linked to metabolisms of diverse communities of Archaea and Bacteria, a comprehensive understanding of the microbial community in MB is missing thus far, particularly in relation to the distinct hydrographic seasons characteristic of the MB system. Here we present the results of a two-year microbial time-series survey in MB, investigating community composition and structure across spatiotemporal gradients. In deciphering these patterns, we used unique sequence variants (SVs) of the 16S rRNA gene (V4-V5 region), complemented with metagenomes and metatranscriptomes representing multiple depth profiles. We found clear depth-differentiation and recurring seasonal abundance patterns within planktonic communities, particularly when analyzed at finer taxonomic levels. Compositional changes were more pronounced in the upper 0 - 40 m of the water column, whereas deeper depths were characterized by temporally stable populations. In accordance with the dynamic nutrient profiles, the system appears to change from a Bacteroidetes- and Rhodobacterales-dominated upwelling period to an oceanic season dominated by oligotrophic groups such as SAR11 and picocyanobacteria. The cascade of environmental changes brought about by upwelling and relaxation events thus impacts microbial community structure in the bay, with important implications for the temporal variability of nutrient and energy fluxes within the MB ecosystem. Our observations emphasize the need for continued monitoring of planktonic microbial communities in order to predict and manage the behavior of this sensitive marine sanctuary ecosystem, over projected intensification of upwelling in the region.

Diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) are produced by the marine dinoflagellate, Dinophysis, as well as select species of benthic Prorocentrum. The DSTs can bioaccumulate in shellfish and cause gastrointestinal illness when humans consume high levels of this toxin. Although not routinely monitored throughout the U.S., recent studies in Washington, Texas, and New York suggest DSTs may be widespread throughout U.S. coastal waters. This study describes a four-year time series (2013-2016) of Dinophysis concentration and DST level in California mussels (Mytilus californianus) from Santa Cruz Municipal Wharf (SCMW) in Monterey Bay, California. Results show a maximum Dinophysis concentration of 9404 cells/L during this study and suggest Dinophysis persists as a member of the background phytoplankton community throughout the year. In California mussels, DSTs were found at persistent low levels throughout the course of this study, and exceeded the FDA guidance level of 160 ng/g 19 out of 192 weeks sampled. Concentrations of Dinophysis alone are a positive but weak predictor of DST level in California mussels, and basic environmental variables (temperature, salinity, and nutrients) do not sufficiently explain variation in Dinophysis concentration at SCMW. This study demonstrates that Dinophysis in Monterey Bay are producing DSTs that accumulate in local shellfish throughout the year, occasionally reaching levels of concern.

Navies have been operating with unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) for decades. Recently, these platforms are assigned more and more complicated tasks. Compared to other domains, the underwater domain offers substantial additional challenges. One of these challenges is accurate navigation of these UUVs. In this thesis, the use of directional acoustic modems integrated onto autonomous platforms is evaluated, specifically in the role they can play in improving underwater navigation accuracy of submerged assets. The main research effort within this thesis was the evaluation of data from sea trials in the shallow parts of Monterey Bay in September 2017 and April 2018. Two directional acoustic modems were installed in tow bodies that were tethered to two unmanned surface vehicles (USVs). These USVs were then directed on multiple missions in an area surrounding the deployment of a bottom-moored acoustic echo repeater, which acted as a surrogate underwater platform. Data collected during the sea trials is then compared between measured and best-estimated ranges and bearings. Using the Bellhop ray-tracing model and beam pattern analysis, the actual accuracy of these systems was extensively evaluated. Results indicate that, when operating properly, these modems can provide accurate data to assist in underwater navigation. http://archive.org/details/evaluatingeffect1094559609 Outstanding Thesis Lieutenant, Netherlands Navy Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

This paper describes the use of machine learning methods to build a decision support system for predicting the distribution of coastal ocean algal blooms based on remote sensing data in Monterey Bay. This system can help scientists obtain prior information in a large ocean region and formulate strategies for deploying robots in the coastal ocean for more detailed in situ exploration. The difficulty is that there are insufficient in situ data to create a direct statistical machine learning model with satellite data inputs. To solve this problem, we built a Random Forest model using MODIS and MERIS satellite data and applied a threshold filter to balance the training inputs and labels. To build this model, several features of remote sensing satellites were tested to obtain the most suitable features for the system. After building the model, we compared our random forest model with previous trials based on a Support Vector Machine (SVM) using satellite data from 221 days, and our approach performed significantly better. Finally, we used the latest in situ data from a September 2014 field experiment to validate our model.

In order to improve the forecasting ability of numerical models, a sequential data assimilation scheme, nudging, was applied to blend remotely sensing high-frequency (HF) radar surface currents with results from a three-dimensional numerical, EFDC (Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code) model. For the first time, this research presents the most appropriate nudging parameters, which were determined from sensitivity experiments. To examine the influence of data assimilation cycle lengths on forecasts and to extend forecasting improvements, the duration of data assimilation cycles was studied through assimilating linearly interpolated temporal radar data. Data assimilation nudging parameters have not been previously analyzed. Assimilation of HF radar measurements at each model computational timestep outperformed those assimilation models using longer data assimilation cycle lengths; root-mean-square error (RMSE) values of both surface velocity components during a 12 h model forecasting period indicated that surface flow fields were significantly improved when implementing nudging assimilation at each model computational timestep. The Data Assimilation Skill Score (DASS) technique was used to quantitatively evaluate forecast improvements. The averaged values of DASS over the data assimilation domain were 26% and 33% for east–west and north–south velocity components, respectively, over the half-day forecasting period. Correlation of Averaged Kinetic Energy (AKE) was improved by more than 10% in the best data assimilation model. Time series of velocity components and surface flow fields were presented to illustrate the improvement resulting from data assimilation application over time.

To estimate the degree of spatial heterogeneity of benthic deep-sea communities, we carried out a multiple-scale (from m's to 200 km) investigation in the Congo-Angola margins (Equatorial West African margin, 3150–4800 m) in which we examined the metazoan meiofauna at a variety of habitats along the Congo Channel system and in the associated cold seep. We investigate the structure, density, vertical distribution patterns in the sediment and biomass of meiofaunal communities in the Gulf of Guinea and how they are controlled by hydrologic and biogeochemical processes. The meiofaunal communities in the Gulf of Guinea were shaped by heterogeneous conditions on the margin, and reflect the multiple-scale spatial variability that corresponds with the different identified habitats. The two control sites, located at >100 km away from the canyon, were inhabited by very dense and the most diverse meiobenthic communities. Similar meiobenthic communities inhabited the transition zone between the canyon and the cold seep. Sites located along the Congo Channel were obviously affected by the local high-velocity bottom currents and unstable sedimentary conditions in this active submarine system. Extremely low meiobenthic densities and very low proportions in the most surficial sediment layers provided evidence for recently highly disturbed sediments at these sites. The remote operated vehicle (ROV) Victor 6000 provided images of the cold seep, showing a patchy distribution of several types of patchy distributed megafaunal communities dominated by three key symbiotic taxa (Mytilidae, Vesicomyidae and Siboglinidae). These cold seep sediments were colonised by a unique meiobenthic community, characterised by a high small-scale (m's) patchiness, low species richness and the prominent dominance of two large-sized nematode species: Sabatieria mortenseni, which is a cosmopolitan nematode known from littoral habitats, and an undescribed Desmodora species. The high individual body weight of S. mortenseni and its dominance at the cold seep site resulted in a significantly higher nematode biomass at the seep compared to the surrounding sites. In addition, the vertical nematode profiles, with maximum proportions in subsurficial layers, points to a chemosynthesis-based meiobenthic community in this cold seep, in contrast to the phytodetritus-based communities at the control sites and at the transition zone.

Microplankton community, production, and respiration were studied alongside physical and chemical conditions at Sagres (SW Portugal) during the upwelling season, from May to September 2001. The sampling station was 5 km east of the upwelling centre off Cabo S. Vicente, and 2 km west of an offshore installation for bivalve aquaculture. Three major periods were distinguished according to sea surface temperature (SST): period 1 (P1; May and June), characterised by high temperature values (17.0±1.8°C); period 2 (P2; July), characterised by lower temperatures (14.6±0.3°C), identified as an upwelling-blooming stage; and period 3 (P3; August), characterised by a high temperature pattern (16.25±1.14°C). Chaetoceros spp., Thalassiosira spp., Lauderia spp., Detonula spp. and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were the major taxa contributing to the dissimilarities between P2 (July) and the other periods. In July (P2), the average gross production (GP; 52.5±12.3 µM O2 d-1) and net community production (NCP; 46.9±15.3 µM O2 d-1)) peaked with the maximal concentrations of diatom-chl a. Dark community respiration (DCR) remained low and more constant throughout (4.6±3.6 µM O2 d-1). The plankton assemblage was dominated by diatoms throughout the survey. Physical events were the primary factors determining the microplankton structure and distribution at this location. La comunidad microplanctónica, la producción y la respiración, fueron estudiadas en Sagres (SE Portugal) durante la época de afloramiento, de Mayo a Septiembre 2001, junto con parámetros físicos y químicos. La estación de muestreo está a 5 km Este del centro de afloramiento del Cabo S. Vicente, y a 2 km Oeste de una instalación para el cultivo de bivalvos. Según los patrones de la temperatura del agua de superficie (SST) se diferenciaron tres periodos: periodo 1 (P1; Mayo y Junio), caracterizado por temperaturas altas (17.0±1.8ºC); periodo 2 (P2; Julio), caracterizado por temperaturas más bajas (14.6±0.3ºC), identificado como un estado de -afloramiento; periodo 3 (P3; Agosto), caracterizado por un patrón de temperaturas altas (16.25±1.14ºC). Chaetoceros spp., Thalassiosira spp., Lauderia spp., Detonula spp. y Pseudo-nitzschia spp., fueron los principales grupos que contribuyeron a la diferenciación entre P2 (Julio) y el resto de periodos. Durante Julio (P2) la media de producción primaria bruta (GP; 52.5±12.3 ?M O2 d-1) y de producción primaria neta (NCP; 46.9±15.3 ?M O2 d-1) alcanzaron sus valores máximos, simultáneamente con el pico de diatomeas-chl a. La respiración de la comunidad en la oscuridad (DCR) permaneció baja y constante durante el muestreo (4.6±3.6 ?M O2 d-1). La comunidad estaba dominada por diatomeas durante todo el muestreo. Los eventos físicos fueron el factor principal en la determinación de la estructura de la comunidad microplanctónica en esta localidad.

Hydrographic measurements from ten Naval Oceanographic Office cruises during 19972002 were analyzed. Data included CTD soundings to 1000 dbar and shipboard ADCP current measurements. Water properties (pressure, spiciness, acceleration potential) were optimally interpolated onto the 26.0 kg/m3 and 26.8 kg/m3 isopycnal. Steric heights for the sea surface relative to 1000 dbar are compared with satellite altimeter measurements. Mean fields and their variability were described. The 26.8 kg/m3 isopycnal shoaled offshore, forming a ridge about 100 km from shore that divided low offshore and high inshore spiciness. The 26.0 kg/m3 isopycnal sloped upward toward the coast due to upwelling. Acceleration potential on the 26.0 kg/m3 isopycnal showed persistent poleward inshore flow for all cruises and with indication of weak circulation of offshore waters toward the coast to the north of Monterey Bay and weak circulation of inshore waters to the west near Point Sur. The 26.8 kg/m3 isopycnal showed a similar pattern but with stronger poleward flow along the coast. Data from individual cruises provided details on the variability of the mean fields. The most robust properties were the spiciness distributions. A distinct gradient of spiciness occurred near 12312W on both isopycnals, separating high spiciness inshore water from lower spiciness offshore. http://archive.org/details/analysisofinshor1094517434 Lieutenant, United States Navy Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

The calyptoblast hydroids Aglaophenia struthionides (Murray, 1860), Eucopella (= Campanularia) everta (Clark, 1896), and Abietinaria spp. in the low intertidal zone at Mussel Point, Pacific Grove, Monterey Bay, California, often bear the adult pycnogonids Tanystylum duospinum Hilton, 1939 and Ammothea hilgendorfi (Böhm, 1879). Larval stages of these pycnogonids were found living and feeding on Eucopella everta. The larvae of Tanystylum duospinum are ectoparasitic. Those of Ammothea hilgendorfi are endoparasitic in the gastrovascular cavities of hydranths. Larvae of both species feed on the gut contents of Eucopella everta, often on the same hydroid colony.

15 páginas, 5 figuras, 4 tablas, In the mesopelagic zone, at depths of 200–1000m in the Monterey Submarine Canyon, CA, medusae in three genera of scyphozoa, Atolla, Periphylla and Poralia, were observed, videotaped and collected over a 9-year period (1990–1998). Environmental data were obtained simultaneously using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) with sensors for depth, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen. Shipboard measurements of these same properties at two reference stations in the region defined the local water masses and helped identify species niches using the metric of spiciness and oxygen levels of the waters in which medusae were visually ‘‘captured’’. The most abundant genus of mesopelagic scyphomedusae was Atolla, found associated most strongly with the spicy (warm, salty) waters of the California Undercurrent, usually above the core of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ; O240.5 ml/l). The least abundant mesopelagic scyphomedusa was Periphylla, which occurred in more variable waters, including those with a greater contribution of fresher, colder (less spicy), subarctic water and, hence, most like those at the offshore California Current station in the most depleted oxygen zone (averaging O2o0.3 ml/l). Poralia was mostly confined to the densest, coldest water, with peak abundance at the lower boundary of the OMZ (i.e., 0.3o O2o0.5 ml/l). These spiciness measures on local isopycnal surfaces within the mesopelagic zone, supported by data on dissolved oxygen concentrations, indicate highly significant but fine-scale habitat differences in species habitats in Central California waters. This in situ investigation appears to be one of only a few studies to document fine-scale, water mass affinities of mesopelagic zooplankton., This project was supported by the David and Lucile Packard foundation through MBARI, grants to D.A. Osborn from the Myers Marine Biology Trust, Friends of Long Marine Lab and the University of California Santa Cruz Ocean Science Department.

Large beach cusps with wavelengths O(200m), sometimes termed mega-cusps, were measured along 18km of the Southern Monterey Bay coastline from October 2004 to April 2005 to investigate the cuspate shoreline response to rip current systems. Monterey Bay is a unique location for the study of rip current systems, which has with well defined rips that are present all year long, a large dune erosional rate, and incident wave energy that is primarily shore-normal with a large alongshore gradient. Contours of the coastline were extrapolated from the surveys using an all-terrain vehicle equipped with Kinematic GPS. Cusp spacing was inferred from the data using a zero up-cross technique and found to be O(230m) for low wave energy beaches and O(250m) for high wave energy beaches. Migration rates of the cusps were found to be 1-5m/day owing to the quasi-uniform erosion of the dune system. Cusps were found to be semi-permanent features with length scales dependant upon the local wave climate. http://archive.org/details/cuspateshoreline109451924 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

The Monterey Bay sea breeze varies because of the influence of features such as inversions, clouds, synopticscale flow, and topography. The sea breeze is important because it impacts fire weather, air pollution, agriculture, and aviation operations, among other things. Analyses are conducted using a multi-quadric based program, which incorporates aircraft data, surface observations, and profiler data, to investigate the Monterey Bay sea breeze during 01-31 August 2003. Factors including inversions, cloud cover, amount of heating, distribution of heating, synoptic-scale flow, and topography are studied to determine their influence on the sea breeze. Six days are selected that best illustrate the factors that influence the structure of the Monterey Bay sea breeze. Results show that offs hore flow weakened the strength of the sea breeze and decreased the depth. A cooling trend in surface temperatures at the end of August also weakened the strength of the sea breezes and decreased the depth. Clouds are present during this period, which influenced the amount of heating, and consequently, the sea breeze response. The presence of a marine layer weakened the thermal gradient that in turn, weakened the sea breeze circulation. http://archive.org/details/factorsinfluenci109451687 Lieutenant Junior Grade, United States Naval Reserve Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

The coastal cliff top line recession has historically been used to calculate erosion along the Southern Monterey Bay. Digital photogrammetry is used in this work to produce Digital Terrain Models (DTM), representing the coastal cliff top line of 1984. This links the historical recession data sets with the LIDAR measurements of 1997 and 1998 and a 2003 cliff top line measured using Kinematic DGPS. Recession time series starting in the 1940's are produced for several locations. Least square linear fits of the recession data are computed for the periods 1940-84, 1940-98 and 1940-03. At Fort Ord and Sand City the resulting slopes show a persistent erosion trend of 1meter/year, unchanged in the last 19 years. The mean sea level (MSL) evolution is studied using historical San Francisco MSL data because of its high correlation with Monterey MSL. Higher MSL during El NinÌ o years, coincident with higher erosion rates show the correlation between erosion and MSL. In the long term, high-erosion El NinÌ o years combine with normal years averaging to a near constant erosion trend. For Phillips Petroleum and Beach Lab a significant decrease in the erosion rate is observed after sand mining stopped in Sand City. Digital Photogrammetry provides a high-quality representation of the shoreline topography, offering useful information to the warfighter in terms of detailed beach or landing zone characterizations. http://archive.org/details/erosioninsouther109451692 Lieutenant Commander, Spanish Navy Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

As part of the Innovative Coastal-Ocean Observing Network (ICON), a receiver located on Sur Ridge monitored transmissions of low frequency tomography signals from a sound source on Davidson Seamount. The received signals were transmitted via underwater cable to the Point Sur Ocean Acoustics Observatory (OAO) from July 1998 through December 1999. Processed signals revealed a stable, resolvable arrival pattern. Subsequent analysis included forward acoustic modeling to calculate predicted raypaths. Observed arrivals were then associated with modeled raypaths, extracting observed travel times over the 17-month time series. Using a stochastic inverse approach, the extracted travel times were inverted for spatial and temporal variations of sound speed. Sound speed perturbation estimates were converted to temperature perturbations and compared to in situ mooring data, CTD transects along the acoustic path, and TOPEX/POSEIDEN satellite altimetry. Comparisons revealed that the tomographic estimate is in general agreement with the in situ point measurements and the altimeter data. The methods discussed in this paper demonstrate the application of ocean acoustic tomography to study temperature variability along the central California coast. http://archive.org/details/analysisoftemper109455866 Lieutenant Commander, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

A high resolution, data assimilating ocean model of the Monterey Bay area (ICON model) is under development within the framework of the project ‘‘An Innovative Coastal-Ocean Observing Network’’ (ICON) sponsored by the National Oceanographic Partnership Program. The main objective of the ICON model development is demonstration of the capability of a high resolution model to track the major mesoscale ocean features in the Monterey Bay area when constrained by the measurements and nested within a regional larger-scale model.

A first order description of tidal heights and currents in Monterey Bay is provided. Analysis of sea level records indicate that a mixed, predominantly semidiurnal tide nearly co-oscillates within the bay. Analysis of month-long moored ADCP records obtained in the winter and summer of 1992 reveals that tidal-band currents account for approximately 50 percent of the total current variance in the upper ocean (20-200 m). A relatively strong (7 cm/s) fortnightly tide (MSf) is present in both seasons. Considerable rotation of the semidiurnal ellipse orientations occurs with depth during both seasons. A month- long record of surface current measurements obtained with CODAR, an HF radar system, during September 1992 reveals that the Monterey Submarine Canyon clearly influences the strength and direction of semidiurnal (M2) tidal currents. Good agreement exists between the strength and orientation of ADCP- and CODAR-derived tidal ellipses, with the exception of the constituent K1. Large, spatially uniform K1 surface currents (20-30 cm/s) appear to be the result of diurnal sea breeze forcing. http://archive.org/details/characterization1094544439 Lieutenant, United States Navy Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

A one year record of AVHRR satellite images, beginning October 1, 1988, was processed and evaluated to determine the source of cold, nutrient-rich water in Monterey Bay. Wind records indicated a strong correlation with the intensity of upwelling at Afio Nuevo and Point Sur as seen in numerous satellite images. Close quantitative agreement between satellite derived multi-channel sea surface temperature and in situ observation of sea surface temperature by oceanographic research ships support remote sensing as a valid tool for observing thermal gradients. http://archive.org/details/sourceofcoldwate1094544334 Commander, NOAA Corps Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

The calyptoblast hydroids Aglaophenia struthionides (Murray, 1860), Eucopella (= Campanularia) everta (Clark, 1896), and Abietinaria spp. in the low intertidal zone at Mussel Point, Pacific Grove, Monterey Bay, California, often bear the adult pycnogonids Tanystylum duospinum Hilton, 1939 and Ammothea hilgendorfi (Böhm, 1879). Larval stages of these pycnogonids were found living and feeding on Eucopella everta. The larvae of Tanystylum duospinum are ectoparasitic. Those of Ammothea hilgendorfi are endoparasitic in the gastrovascular cavities of hydranths. Larvae of both species feed on the gut contents of Eucopella everta, often on the same hydroid colony.

International audience; Diel vertical migration (DVM) is a common zooplankton behavior in which organisms reside in surface or near-surface waters at night and at deeper depths during the day. In many upwelling regions, DVM reduces the transport of organisms away from the region. It is unclear, however, what role DVM plays in recruitment (the arrival of larvae or juveniles to locations where they will become reproducing adults) to upwelling regions. In this study, we estimate the influence of DVM on zooplankton transport, the level of recruitment of locally produced propagules (self-recruitment), and sources of recruits in the upwelling region near Monterey Bay, California, by simulating the trajectories of fixed-depth and vertically migrating organisms with a drifter-tracking algorithm driven by climatological velocity fields from a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. Our simulations suggest that DVM into subsurface poleward and onshore currents during the day does not fully compensate for equatorward and offshore transport in the surface Ekman layer at night and does not retain zooplankton in the Monterey Bay region. Our simulations also suggest that DVM decreases the ability of zooplankton to return to the region after being transported away and shifts source regions for recruits closer to the bay. While DVM does not appear to substantially increase the potential for self-recruitment to the region, this study indicates that other mechanisms, such as transport during non-upwelling periods, continuous transport below the surface, increases in mean transport depth over time, or seasonal changes in hydrography, may still enable relatively high levels of self-recruitment to this highly advective region.

Mr. Stagnaro's father, a native of Genoa, Italy, arrived in Santa Cruz in 1874 and began commercial fishing. Toward the end of the century he brought his family and relatives to Santa Cruz, and they in turn encouraged others to come; eventually sixty Genovese families comprised the Santa Cruz fishing fleet. His son, Malio, headed the C. Stagnaro Fishing Corporation's various operations (two restaurants, deep-sea fishing trips, and an excursion boat) and was widely regarded as the "mayor" of the wharf. In this volume, Mr. Stagnaro discussed the arrival of the Genovese; the Italian life in Santa Cruz; the operations of the old fishing fleet; early methods for wholesaling and retailing fish; the changes in the tourist industry from 1900 to the present; the effects in Santa Cruz of Prohibition, the Depression, and World War II; the new Santa Cruz Yacht Harbor; and the post-war development of the family corporation.