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Despite the urgency and interest in cryptocurrencies in the recent years, its research within the academia is mostly limited to data-based non-experimental studies on crypto’s price and volatility, related to the Effective Market hypothesis – EMH – (e.g., see Yang, 2019; Juwita et al., 2022). While some researchers find its fluctuations to be compliant with the EMH and driven by supply and demand, and few macro-finance factors (e.g., Gonçalves et al., 2022), others suggest that Bitcoin price does not correlate with stocks or commodities (Hidajat, 2018), and that it is significantly predicted by sentiment and speculative investment (Castro, 2019). Moreover, Steinmetz (2021) finds that cryptocurrencies have more technological features than those of a currency or a security. A typical investor’s profile also vastly differs between crypto and stock market users (Johnson et al., 2023). At the same time, crypto is largely used as a payment method (Steinmetz, 2021), and there is evidence that loss realization with crypto might be less hurtful for an individual than a loss from a regular stock (Castro, 2019). On the other hand, the author also suggests that the opposite may be true: investors exhibit more self-control with bitcoin, because they are aware of its volatility. Therefore, a cryptocurrency with negative profit might cause more negative feelings, such as regret, than a regular stock would (Castro, 2019). Although the first attempts to investigate the behavioural and psychological factors that are usually applied in relation to money and stock have been made towards the study of cryptocurrencies (e.g., Andrade & Newall, 2023; Ballis & Verousis, 2022), research in this area is rather incipient. The current research aims to understand how cryptocurrencies are perceived, taking as a comparison point, money. It aims to provide exploratory evidence of effects of mental accounting on cryptocurrencies. The topic’s relevance is underlined by many investigators, who call for crypto-related studies, and/or its intersection with mental accounting and its correlates (e.g., see Muehlbacher & Kirchler, 2019; Fettahoğlu & Sayan, 2021; Gonçalves et al., 2022; Mai et al., 2020). It aims to do so by focusing on quantitative gathering of preliminary empirical data on the perceived similarities and differences between money and cryptocurrencies, such as how easy/hard to use, how fungible, how hedonically-pleasing they are perceived to be, among others. We hope this study will allow for a better understanding of the perception of cryptocurrency, as well as the base for future studies on mental accounting of cryptocurrency we plan on conducting.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how investor's money attitudes shape their stock market participation (SMP) decisions. This study followed the theory of planned behavior (TPB), and a survey was conducted to collect the responses from active investors. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used for the analysis of proposed relationships among the constructs, and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to check the interrelation of the variables and validity of the constructs. This research has concluded that investor's money attitudes are significant to affect their stock market participation decisions. Further, it was found that risk attitudes partially mediate the relationship between money attitudes and stock market participation. Moreover, financial knowledge and financial self-efficacy positively moderated the relationship between money attitudes and stock market participation. This research is one of the early attempts at studying the money attitudes of investors and introduces financial self-efficacy as a moderating construct between money attitudes and stock market participation. The sample size for this study was 250 respondents which can be increased in future research, and the same relationships can be tested by using a larger sample. Moreover, this study has used money attitudes as predictors of stock market participation. Still, many other variables, like personal value, can also be taken to investigate their influence on stock market participation.

This paper examines financial literacy level among a sample of 1.087 Italian college students; final aim is the assessment of possible differences in terms of knowledge and attitude towards financial subject. The survey is based on a 27 multiplechoice questionnaire submitted to a random sample of first- and third-year undergraduate students. Results show that students' average level of financial literacy is not high and it appear to vary across gender. Indeed, female students are substantially less financially literate than their male counterparts. Girls also seem to be less interested and less confident in financial issues. Conversely, male students show greater ability to keep themselves informed about personal finance topics, but they are less interested in attending financial education programs.

Few contemporary, empirically-based instruments exist to assess attitudes and beliefs about money despite a large research base linking mental health outcomes to financial beliefs. An abbreviated form of the Klontz Money Script Inventory (KMSI), the Klontz Money Script Inventory-Revised (KMSI-R), has been developed to inform mental health practitioners and financial advisors about the money attitudes and beliefs of their clients using an empirically-based instrument. This study examined the technical adequacy of the KMSI-R among a sample of college students (n = 326). Results indicate high reliability for the KMSI-R as well as weak-to-moderate positive correlations when compared to the Money Attitude Scales.

The field of the research is psychology of money. The main aims were to identify the structure of money attitudes, to identify the specific types of money attitudes, and to indicate its determinants in the scope of individual differences (i.e. temperament, personality and temporal orientation). The statistical analysis consisted on structural equation modelling and cluster analysis. First of all, original polish money attitudes scale was constructed and validated, its structure was tested in the group of n=1792. Then, four types of money attitudes were found. Finally, money attitudes are weakly influences by temperamental features (FCB-TI, n=612), moderately – by personality features (NEO-FFI; n=605). Temporal orientation has the strongest influence on money attitudes (AION-2000; n=722).

This paper examines a model of economic status satisfaction (money satisfaction) that controls attitudes toward money, income level and gender. Money attitudes were measured with SPP scale (Gąsiorowska, 2003), fully developed in Polish environment, and better adjusted to Polish conditions than other money attitudes scales. In the first study, path analysis showed that gender is the strong moderator of money attitudes - money satisfaction relationship. Money attitudes presented by females do not influence significantly their economic status satisfaction, while in case of males, financial anxiety and power connected with money explained 13% of variance of dependent variable. In the second study, in addition to the previous, income data were also collected. In the group of females, income was found to be a better predictor of financial situation assessment than money attitudes, and the anxiety dimension of money attitudes was slightly mediating income - financial situation relationship. In the group of males, the effect of money attitudes in predicting financial assessment is primarily additive to the effect of income.