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Patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) often tolerate ventricular arrhythmias (VA). We aim to assess the frequency and outcomes of ICD therapies averted by ultraconservative ICD programming (UCP) in LVAD patients.This single center, retrospective cohort study included patients with LVADs and ICDs implanted from 2015 to 2019 that had UCP. The aim for UCP was to maximally delay VA treatments and maximize anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP) prior to ICD shocks. VA events were reviewed after UCP and evaluated under prior conservative programming to assess for potentially averted events (that would have resulted in either ATP or defibrillation with prior programming).Fifty patients were included in the study with follow-up of median 16 ± 10.2 months after UCP. The median time from LVAD implantation to reprogramming was 7 days (IQR 5-9 days). Fourteen patients (28%) had potentially averted VA events that would have been treated with their prior ICD programming (82 total events, median two events per patient, IQR 1-10 events). Treated VA events occurred in 15 patients (30%). Eleven of the 14 patients with potentially averted VAs had treated events as well. Only one patient reported definitive symptoms of self-limited "dizziness" during a potentially averted event that did not result in hospitalization. No patients died of complications from or needed emergent care/hospitalization due a potentially averted VA.UCP in LVAD patients likely prevented unnecessary VA treatments in many patients with minimal reported symptoms during these potentially averted events. Prospective studies are necessary to confirm these findings.

Introduction Electromagnetic interference (EMI) from left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) can cause implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) oversensing. We sought to assess the frequency of inappropriate shocks/oversensing due to LVAD-related EMI and prospectively compare integrated (IB) versus dedicated bipolar (DB) sensing in patients with LVADs. Methods Single-center study in LVAD patients with Medtronic or Abbott ICDs between September 2017 and March 2020. We excluded patients that were pacemaker dependent. Measurements were obtained of IB and DB sensing and noise to calculate a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Device checks were reviewed to assess appropriate and inappropriate sensing events. Results Forty patients (age 52 ± 14 years, 75% men, 38% ischemic cardiomyopathy) were included with the median time between LVAD implantation and enrollment of 6.7 months [2.3, 11.4 months]. LVAD subtypes included: HeartWare (n=22, 55%), Heartmate II (n=10, 25%), and Heartmate III (n=8, 20%). Over a follow-up duration of 21.6 ± 12.9 months after LVAD implantation, 5% of patients (n=2) had oversensing of EMI from the LVAD (both with HeartWare LVADs and Abbott ICDs) at 4 days and 10.8 months after LVAD implantation. Both patients underwent adjustment of ventricular sensing with resolution of oversensing and no further events over 5 and 15 months of further follow-up. The SNR was similar between IB and DB sensing (50 [29-67] and 57 [41-69], p=0.89). Conclusion ICD oversensing of EMI from LVADs is infrequent and can be managed with reprogramming the sensitivity. There was no significant difference in the R-wave SNR with IB versus DB ICD leads. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Objective: To assess the influence of body-mass index (BMI) on the association of ankle-brachial index (ABI) with mortality. Patients and Methods: We conducted a prospective study of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants enrolled from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2002 with BMI and ABI data available. ABI categories were 1.3 (high). BMI categories were

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a leading cause of death in the United States. Despite improvements in therapy, the incidence of SCD as a proportion of overall cardiovascular death remains relatively unchanged. This article aims to answer the question, "Who is at risk for SCD?" In the process, it reviews the definition, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and risk factors of SCD. Patients at risk for SCD and appropriate treatment strategies are discussed.

James L. Januzzi Jr, MD, FACC, Chair Tariq Ahmad, MD, MPH, FACC Brendan Everett, MD, FACC William Hucker, MD, PhD Dharam J. Kumbhani, MD, SM, FACC Joseph E. Marine, MD, FACC Pamela B. Morris, MD, FACC Robert N. Piana, MD, FACC Sunil V. Rao, MD, FACC Marielle Scherrer-Crosbie, MD, PhD

Objectives The present study describes the use of octreotide (OCT) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) receiving oral anticoagulation (OAC) who have gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding related to arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), as well as its effect on OAC tolerance and subsequent rebleeding. Background AVMs cause significant GI bleeding, especially in patients with AF who are receiving OAC for stroke prevention. OCT has been shown to minimize recurrent GI bleeds related to AVMs. Methods In a multicenter, observational study, 38 AF patients with contraindications to OAC because of AVM-related GI bleeding were started on 100 μg of subcutaneous OCT twice daily. OAC was resumed in all patients within 48 h. Incidence of recurrent GI bleeds was calculated, and hemoglobin levels were recorded at enrollment and at 3 and 6 months’ follow-up. Results After a median follow-up of 8 months, 36 patients (mean age 69 ± 8.0 years; mean CHA2DS2-VASc score 3 ± 1 and mean HAS-BLED score 3 ± 1) were available for analysis. All were able to successfully resume OAC, and 28 of 36 (78%) remained on OAC at the conclusion of the study, whereas 8 underwent left atrial appendage closure with subsequent OAC discontinuation. No systemic thromboembolic events occurred in follow-up. Of the 28 patients who continued receiving OAC, 19 (68%) were free of recurrent GI bleed, 4 had minor GI bleeds, 4 required transfusion, and 1 required colectomy for GI bleeding. Mean hemoglobin levels in all patients receiving OAC were significantly higher at 3- and 6-month follow-up than at baseline (p Conclusions Subcutaneous OCT therapy is an attractive option in AF patients receiving OAC who have AVM-related GI bleeds. It allows successful reinitiation of OAC as a bridge to left atrial appendage exclusion or short-term relief from bleeding.

Background: Coronary button reimplantation can represent a technical challenge of aortic root reconstruction that can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. With the goal of simplifying coronary reimplantation and reducing the incidence of related complications, we designed a new Dacron graft with prefabricated coronary branches to minimize coronary artery mobilization and prevent the potential mechanical complications of reattachment to the body of the graft. Methods: Between June 2010 and May 2012, we implanted the graft in eight patients (six males, two females) ranging in age from 42-68 years (mean, 54 years). Six procedures were modified Bentall reconstructions, and two procedures were valve-sparing root replacements using the reimplantation technique. Results: There were no complications and no morbidity or mortality related to coronary reattachment. All patients were alive and doing well at a mean follow-up of 26 months (range, 17-38 months). At an extended mean follow-up of 42 months (range, 25-56 months), one patient died of stroke-related complications. No radiologic or clinical evidence of impairment of coronary perfusion was identified in any patient. Conclusions: The use of this new graft model may simplify the technique of root reconstruction and potentially lower the incidence of mechanical complications related to coronary button reimplantation.

Background There have been an increasing number of atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with Watchman® left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) device, requiring catheter ablation (CA) for maintenance of normal sinus rhythm. In this study, we describe our experience with the feasibility and safety of CA in patients with a preexisting Watchman LAAO device. Methods This was a retrospective multicenter AF registry of 60 patients with Watchman® LAAO device who underwent CA for AF. Baseline clinical and procedural characteristics of the included subjects were retrieved from review of medical records and were analyzed. Results The mean age was 72.7±4.9 years and the mean CHADS2 score was 2.3±0.6. All patients had successful pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). The left atrial appendage (LAA) was electrically active in 34 (56%) while reentrant tachycardia and AF triggers were seen in 17 (28%) patients. Electrical isolation was attempted in these 17 patients with only 10 achieving complete LAA isolation. Repeat imaging showed new peri-device leaks in 30% (12/40) patients, while new significant peri-device leaks (≥5 mm) were noted in 10% (10/40) of patients after RFA, respectively, requiring continuation of oral anticoagulation. There were a higher proportion of patients with severe peri-device leaks (≥5 mm) after LAA isolation. However, >50% of those leaks sealed off on follow-up TEE. Conclusion AF ablation is a feasible and safe in patients with preexisting Watchman LAAO device. Electrical isolation of the LAA could be difficult and when attempted can result in increased risk of short-term peri device leak and recurrence of AT/AF in almost all patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Fluoroless catheter ablation of all endocardial cardiac arrhythmias is feasible using current, and often standard, electrophysiology laboratory equipment. This article lays out a road map for performing fluoroless ablations, safely and efficaciously. We outline optimizing intracardiac echocardiography, performing complex ablations with radiofrequency and cryoballoon technology.

Background Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a leading cause of death in the United States (US), claiming up to 450,000 lives annually and accounting for ∼25% of deaths following orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT), Purpose We sought to characterize OHT patients suffering SCA and their subsequent management, in comparison to the general, native heart (NH) population, using a large national inpatient database. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was performed among US OHT & NH patients hospitalized with incident SCA or ventricular fibrillation/flutter. We analyzed demographics, baseline characteristics, procedural utilization and outcomes. Groups were compared with standard statistical techniques. A P-value Results From 2007–2015, 920 SCA admissions were identified among 121,083 (0.8%) OHT hospitalizations, compared to 1,731,658 (0.6%) in the general population (P Table 1. SCA in OHT & general populations Orthotopic Heart Transplant General Population P-value (N=121,083) (N=278,463,550) Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) events, n (%) 920 (0.8%) 1,731,658 (0.6%) Conclusions SCA hospitalizations occur more often and with higher mortality in OHT patients compared to the general population. Earlier recognition of at-risk patients may result in improved utilization of potentially life-saving therapies.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a leading cause of death in the United States. Despite improvements in therapy, the incidence of SCD as a proportion of overall cardiovascular death remains relatively unchanged. This article aims to answer the question, "Who is at risk for SCD?" In the process, it reviews the definition, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and risk factors of SCD. Patients at risk for SCD and appropriate treatment strategies are discussed.

The effect of normalization of serum testosterone levels with testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of recurrent MI and all-cause mortality in subjects with a history of MI and low total testosterone (TT) with and without TRT. We retrospectively examined 1,470 men with documented low TT levels and previous MI, categorized into Gp1: TRT with normalization of TT levels (n = 755) Gp2: TRT without normalization of TT levels (n = 542), and Gp3: no TRT (n = 173). The association of TRT with all-cause mortality and recurrent MI was compared using propensity score-weighted Cox proportional hazard models. All-cause mortality was lower in Gp1 versus Gp2 (hazard ratio [HR] 0.76, confidence interval [CI] 0.64 to 0.90, p = 0.002), and Gp1 versus Gp3 (HR 0.76, CI 0.60 to 0.98, p = 0.031). There was no significant difference in the risk of death between Gp2 versus Gp3 (HR 0.97, CI 0.76 to 1.24, p = 0.81). Adjusted regression analyses showed no significant differences in the risk of recurrent MI between groups (Gp1 vs Gp3, HR 0.79, CI 0.12 to 5.27, p = 0.8; Gp1 vs Gp2 HR 1.10, CI 0.25 to 4.77, p = 0.90; Gp2 vs Gp3 HR 0.58, CI 0.08 to 4.06, p = 0.58). In conclusion, in a large observational cohort of male veterans with previous MI, normalization of TT levels with TRT was associated with decreased all-cause mortality compared with those with non-normalized TT levels and the untreated group. Furthermore, in this high-risk population, TRT was not associated with an increased risk of recurrent MI.

Left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) is a promising site-directed therapy for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) who are ineligible or contraindicated for long-term oral anticoagulation. A variety of LAAC modalities are available, including percutaneous endocardial occluder devices such as WATCHMAN TM (Boston Scientific Corp., Marlborough, MA, USA), and an ever-increasing body of evidence is helping to define the optimal use of each technique. Similarly increased experience with LAAC has revealed challenges such as device-related thrombi and peri-device leaks for which the long-term significance and appropriate management are areas of active investigation. We review the evolution and long-term outcomes with the WATCHMAN TM device with particular emphasis on the nuances of its use and its role in the broader landscape of appendageology.

Academic medical centers are commonly referred challenging cases from the community. Fragmented and ultra-specialized care may introduce biases in medical decision-making. A 64-year-old white male with a history of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, severe diastolic dysfunction

Objective To assess the influence of body-mass index (BMI) on the association of ankle-brachial index (ABI) with mortality. Patients and Methods We conducted a prospective study of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants enrolled from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2002 with BMI and ABI data available. ABI categories were 1.3 (high). BMI categories were

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and its sequelae are among the largest economic and healthcare burdens in the United States and worldwide. The relationship between active smoking and atherosclerosis is well-described in the literature. However, the specific mechanisms by which ETS influences atherosclerosis are incompletely understood. In this paper, we highlight the definition and chemical constituents of ETS, review the existing literature outlining the effects of ETS on atherogenesis and thrombosis in both animal and human models, and briefly outline the public health implications of ETS based on these data.

Catheter ablation is proven to be an effective strategy for drug refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT) in ischemic cardiomyopathy. However, the appropriate timing of VT ablation and identifying the group of patients that may receive the greatest benefit remains uncertain. There is limited data on the effect on prophylactic catheter ablation (PCA) in the prevention of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy, electrical storm, and mortality. We performed a comprehensive literature search through November 1, 2017, for all eligible studies comparing PCA + ICD versus ICD only in eligible patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Clinical outcomes included all ICD therapies including ICD shocks and electrical storm. Additional outcomes included all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and complications. Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (N = 346) met inclusion criteria. PCA was associated with a significantly lower ICD therapies (OR 0.49; CI 0.28 to 0.87; p = 0.01) including ICD shocks [OR 0.38; CI 0.22 to 0.64; p = 0.0003) and electrical storm (OR 0.55; CI 0.30 to 1.01; p = 0.05) when compared with ICD only. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (OR 0.77; CI 0.41 to 1.46; p = 0.42), cardiovascular mortality (OR 0.49; CI 0.16 to 1.50; p = 0.21), and major adverse events (OR 1.45; CI 0.52 to 4.01; p = 0.47) between two groups. These results suggest prophylactic catheter ablation decreases ICD therapies, including shocks and electrical storm with no improvement in overall mortality. There is a need for future carefully designed randomized clinical trials.

Introduction: Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA), an effective treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF), is rarely complicated by severe pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) requiring intervention. We sought to evaluate the safety of repeat RFCA in AF patients with moderate PVS after index RFCA. Hypothesis: We hypothesized, in patients with moderate PVS, repeat RFCA would not result in significant progression of PVS. Methods: We performed a retrospective, observational study of all patients who developed moderate PVS (decrease in the PV cross sectional area ≥50% but Results: Of a total of 2550 AF patients who underwent RFCA from 2011-2016, 165 (6.4%) developed moderate PVS of at least one PV. Mean age was 65 ± 11 years, with 130 (79%) males and 113 (68%) with paroxysmal AF. Right superior, right inferior, left superior and left inferior PVs were involved in 31%, 29%, 41%, and 20% of patients, respectively. Of these 165 patients, 78 (47%) underwent repeat CT scan (with or without redo ablation), and 48 (29%) underwent redo RFCA in the antrum of the involved PV. Mean times between CT1-CT2 and CT2-CT3 were 6 and 11 months, respectively. On repeat CT, 6 (8%) developed severe PVS of at least one PV. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of severe PV stenosis between those who underwent repeat ablation compared to those who did not (4.2 vs. 14.3 respectively; p = 0.185) Conclusions: Repeat RFCA for AF in patients with prior moderate PV stenosis appears to be safe with an acceptable risk (4.2%) of developing severe PV stenosis.

Introduction: There is limited real world data evaluating the role of hemodynamic support (HS) during ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation in congestive heart failure (CHF) patients. Hypothesis: We sought to investigate the annual trends, gender and racial disparities in utilization of HS and hospital mortality after VT ablation with HS in CHF population. Methods: Using the U.S. National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2010-2014, we identified all discharge records with CHF (CCS code 108) and a primary diagnosis of VT (ICD-9-CM diagnosis code 427.1) undergoing catheter ablation (ICD-9-CM procedure code 37.34). Records with diagnosis of supraventricular arrhythmia and cardiogenic shock were excluded. Patients receiving HS on the day of VT ablation were identified using respective ICD-9-CM procedure codes, percutaneous ventricular assist device [pVAD] 37.68, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation [ECMO] 39.65. Statistical analyses were performed using R (Vienna, Austria). To account for the single cluster stratified random sampling design of NIS, R survey package was used to obtain national estimates. Proportions were compared with Chi-Square test, and p trend computed using Mann-Kendall test. Results: Of 6,837 VT ablations, 353 (5.1%) were performed with HS. Use of HS consistently increased over the study period (0.37% vs. 3.64%; p trend (Figure) . Conclusion: Utilization of HS for VT ablation is increasing in this nationally representative population. Unadjusted rates show disparities in the use of HS, with lower use in women and caucasians. Hospital mortality was higher in patients receiving HS, with disproportionately high rates in women and minorities.

Background Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) is a viable option for AF patients who are unable to tolerate long-term oral anticoagulation (OAC). Objective We sought to assess the safety of two commonly used percutaneous devices for LAA closure in the United States by analysis of surveillance data from the FDA Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database. Methods The MAUDE database was queried between May 1, 2006 and May 1, 2016 for LARIAT® (SentreHEART Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA) and WATCHMAN™ (Boston Scientific Corp., Marlborough, MA, USA) devices. Among 622 retrieved medical device reports, 356 unique and relevant reports were analyzed. The cumulative incidence of safety events was calculated over the study period and compared between the two devices. Results LAAC was performed with LARIAT in 4,889 cases. WATCHMAN was implanted in 2,027 patients prior to FDA approval in March 2015 and 3,822 patients postapproval. The composite outcome of stroke/TIA, pericardiocentesis, cardiac surgery, and death occurred more frequently with WATCHMAN (cumulative incidence, 1.93% vs. 1.15%; P = 0.001). The same phenomenon was observed when comparing the WATCHMAN pre- and postapproval experiences for the composite outcome, as well as device embolization, cardiac surgery, and myocardial infarction. Conclusions MAUDE-reported data show that postapproval, new technology adoption is fraught with increased complications. Improved collaboration between operators, device manufacturers, and regulators can better serve patients through increased transparency and practical postmarket training and monitoring mechanisms.

We read with great interest the article by Fender et al.1 Severe pulmonary vein (PV) stenosis is a major complication of catheter ablation, which can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Its nonspecific symptoms and delayed onset from the time of ablation underscore the importance of a high index of suspicion for successful diagnosis and prompt management. The authors describe their approach to diagnosis using dedicated contrast computer tomography (CT) timed for optimal PV enhancement, noting a high concordance with ventilation-perfusion scan findings and superior spatial resolution compared with magnetic resonance imaging.2 However, given the inherent anatomic variability and lack of a standardized approach …

Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) represents the most common thoracic venous anomaly and is an important clinical entity for cardiologists and electrophysiologists, among others. In approximately 30% of cases, a bridging innominate vein connects the left superior vena cava to the right. The present report highlights the value of defining the venous anatomy with a case of dual-chamber pacemaker implantation in the PLSVC with the right ventricular lead placed via the innominate vein. Pertinent considerations for device implantation in the setting of this anomaly are discussed and relevant venography reviewed.

Studies assessing direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) have excluded those with bioprosthetic heart valves (BPHV). Data on the safety and efficacy of DOACs is limited in this population We queried the electronic medical records (EMR) of our institution for

Cryoballoon pulmonary vein (PV) isolation/ablation is an efficacious treatment of paroxysmal and early persistent atrial fibrillation (AF), including in patients with left common (LC) PV anatomy. The efficacy of cryoballoon ablation is unknown in patients with right middle or accessory (RMA) PVs.

Introduction: Restoration of normal sinus rhythm by radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients can result in a reduction of left atrial (LA) volume and pulmonary vein (PV) dimensions. It is not clear if this PV size reduction represents a secondary effect of overall LA volume reduction or true PV stenosis. We assessed the relationship between LA volume reduction and PV orifice area pre- and post-RFA. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary care academic hospital. Pre- and post-RFA cardiac computed tomography (CT) studies of 100 consecutive AF patients were reviewed. Studies identifying obvious segmental PV narrowing were excluded. Left atrial volumes and PV orifice cross-sectional areas (PVOCA) were measured using proprietary software from the CT scanner vendor (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI). Results: The cohort had a mean age of 60 ± 8 years, 73% were male, and 90% were Caucasian. Non-paroxysmal AF was present in 76% of patients with a mean duration from diagnosis to RFA of 55 ± 54 months. Mean procedural time was 244 ± 70 min. AF recurred in 27% at 3 month follow-up. Pre-RFA LA volumes were 132 ± 60 ml and mean PVOCA was 2.89 ± 2.32 cm2. In patients with successful ablation, mean LA volume decreased by 10% and PVOCA decreased by 21%. PVOCA was significantly reduced in patients with successful RFA compared to those who had recurrence (2.18 ± 1.12 vs. 2.8 ± 1.9 cm2, p = 0.04) but reduction in LA volume between groups was not significant (118 ± 42 vs. 133 ± 54 ml, p=0.15). Conclusions: The study demonstrates that both PV orifice dimensions and LA volume are reduced after successful AF ablation. These data warrant a reassessment of criteria for diagnosing PV stenosis based on changes in PV caliber alone, ideally incorporating LA volume changes.

Purpose of review The authors reviewed the seminal and more recent literature surrounding the major modalities for percutaneous left atrial appendage closure used in contemporary practice, with particular emphasis on safety and efficacy, technical challenges, and future developments. Recent findings Along with the continued practice of surgical left atrial appendage closure, which has evolved substantially with the advent of clipping techniques, a number of percutaneous methods have been developed to close the left atrial appendage with endocardial, epicardial, and hybrid approaches. The last 18 months has seen the Food and Drug Administration approval of the WATCHMAN device for stroke prevention in the United States, the initiation of a randomized controlled trial to further examine the LARIAT device, and an increasing body of literature surrounding use of the AMPLATZER Amulet in Europe. Summary Left atrial appendage closure is a promising alternative to systemic anticoagulation for stroke prevention in appropriate atrial fibrillation patients. The wealth of available data for the various modalities sheds light on the strengths and limitations of each, postprocedural complications and their management, and new areas for exploration. With a plethora of new devices on the horizon, it is a very exciting time in the field of 'appendage-ology' as we pursue new avenues to optimize care for atrial fibrillation patients.

There have been an increasing number of atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with Watchman left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) device, requiring catheter ablation (CA) for maintenance of normal sinus rhythm. In this study, we describe our experience with the feasibility and safety of CA in patients with a preexisting Watchman LAAO device.This was a retrospective multicenter AF registry of 60 patients with Watchman LAAO device who underwent CA for AF. Baseline clinical and procedural characteristics of the included subjects were retrieved from review of medical records and were analyzed.The mean age was 72.7 ± 4.9 years and the mean CHADS2 score was 2.3 ± 0.6. All patients had successful pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). The left atrial appendage (LAA) was electrically active in 34 (56%) while reentrant tachycardia and AF triggers were seen in 17 (28%) patients. Electrical isolation was attempted in these 17 patients with only 10 achieving complete LAA isolation. Repeat imaging showed new peri-device leaks in 30% (12/40) patients, while new significant peri-device leaks (≥5 mm) were noted in 10% (10/40) of patients after RFA, respectively, requiring continuation of oral anticoagulation. There were a higher proportion of patients with severe peri-device leaks (≥5 mm) after LAA isolation. However,50% of those leaks sealed off on follow-up transesophageal echocardiogram.AF ablation is a feasible and safe in patients with preexisting Watchman LAAO device. Electrical isolation of the LAA could be difficult and when attempted can result in increased risk of short-term peri-device leak and recurrence of AT/AF in almost all patients.

The authors report on the case of a 6-week-old boy who presented with infantile spasms. At 2.5 months of age, the patient underwent a right hemispherectomy. Approximately 3 months postoperatively, the patient presented with left coronal craniosynostosis. Subsequent cranial vault remodeling resulted in satisfactory cosmesis. Four years after surgery, the patient remains seizure free without the need for anticonvulsant medications. The authors believe this to be the first reported case of iatrogenic craniosynostosis due to hemispherectomy, and they describe 2 potential mechanisms for its development. This case suggests that, in the surgical treatment of infants with intractable epilepsy, minimization of brain volume loss through disconnection techniques should be considered, among other factors, when determining the best course of action.

Significant uncertainty exists surrounding adverse outcomes in patients receiving testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). We examined the incidence of recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) and all-cause mortality in patients with low total testosterone (TT) levels and a prior history of MI. We

Readmissions after syncope are common and contribute to increased healthcare utilization and costs. Data on its thirty-day readmissions are limited. Hospitalizations with primary diagnosis of syncope (ICD 9 CM code: 780.2], between January and November 2014, who survived index hospitalization were

Symptomatic renal fibromuscular dysplasia (RFMD) occurs in 0.4% of the general population and presents most frequently as renovascular hypertension. Revascularization is generally considered in patients with medically refractory hypertension. A 51-year-old woman with multifocal FMD of bilateral

Recent increase in the torch flame use for cannabis inhalation is concerning because of its higher butane content and risk of myocarditis. A 36-year-old healthy male presented with myalgias, and suffered an in-hospital asystolic arrest. Coronary angiogram and 2D-Echocardiogram were normal. He

Patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) frequently have arrhythmias warranting catheter ablation (CA). The risk of lead dislodgement with CA in patients with CIED implant within 1 year is uncertain. We retrospectively evaluated patients undergoing CA of arrhythmias at an

Background: Rapid and significant rise in esophageal temperature (ET) during radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for atrial fibrillation (AF) can be an indicator of an esophageal injury and limits our ability to achieve pulmonary vein isolation(PVI) by incomplete left atrial posterior wall (PW)ablation.

Background: The survival benefit of Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in ischemic cardiomyopathy with an ejection fraction (EF) of ≤35% is well established. However, there remains controversy regarding its benefit in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM). We performed a meta-analysis

Background: Very recently St Jude Medical (SJM) released an advisory regarding premature battery depletion in a family of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) including biventricular cardiac defibrillators (CRTDs). There have been reported cases of loss of pacing and inability to

Background: The LARIAT device is a percutaneous endo-epicardial left atrial appendage (LAA) exclusion system that is currently performed in high risk atrial fibrillation (AF) patients intolerant to oral anticoagulation for stroke prevention and maybe reduction of AF burden. Methods: A comprehensive

Background: Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have been found to be safe and effective for the prevention of systemic thromboembolim (STE) in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) but their experience in patients undergoing cardioversion (CV) is limited. Methods: A comprehensive literature search