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Questa raccolta di saggi si propone di indagare sul lungo periodo, dalla fine del Settecento agli anni Quaranta del secolo scorso, e in vari contesti geografici un tema alquanto trascurato dalla storiografia: si tratta dei bambini ‘diversi’ con particolare attenzione a quelli qualificati ‘discoli’ e folli. L’obiettivo è di delinearne meglio il profilo, senza però volerli ingabbiare in rigide definizioni; di avere maggiore contezza dei luoghi preposti al ricovero e/o alla reclusione di questi minori, delle loro finalità e modalità organizzative; e del rapporto, spesso collaborativo, ma talvolta conflittuale, tra genitori e autorità di governo per gestire i figli difficili. This collection of essays aims to focus on a topic – 'different' children with particular attention to those qualified as naughty and fool children - almost neglected by historiography, considering it in a long-term, from the end of XVIII century to the forties of XXth century, and in the various geographical milieu. The objectives are to delineate their identities, avoiding fixed and rigid definitions, and to improve the knowledge of the places where minors were hospitalized and/or cloistered, including their aims and organizational methods. Furthermore, the dossier examines the relation, mostly collaborative, but sometimes conflicting, between parents and public authorities related to the management of the ‘different’ children.

A lo largo del s. XVIII y primera mitad del XIX el sílex se convirtió en materia prima estratégica para la fabricación de piedras de chispa utilizadas en distintas armas de fuego. El ejército español obtuvo buena parte de sus suministros del Reino de Granada y, a partir de 1760, de las canteras situadas cerca de Zaragoza, en el entorno del río Huerva, comarca que se convirtió en uno de los principales centros de producción como resultado del sistema de contratas establecido por la Corona para el suministro de más de un millón de piedras anuales. En el artículo presentamos las impresionantes huellas arqueológicas de aquellas explotaciones mineras –trincheras, galerías, pozos, escombreras...–, los lugares de transformación y la tecnología de talla empleada, junto con algunos datos documentales de la producción de estos ‘pedernaleros’, un oficio especializado y gremial, que se extinguió hacia mediados del XIX cuando las armas con llave de chispa quedaron obsoletas. Pero sobre todo queremos dar cuenta de un patrimonio extraordinariamente conservado y prácticamente desconocido que demanda su reconocimiento y puesta en valor., Throughout the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century, flint became a strategic raw material due to its use in the manufacture of gunflints for different firearms. The Spanish army obtained a large part of its supplies from the Kingdom of Granada –roughly the present day Province of Granada– and, since 1760, from the quarries located near Zaragoza around the Huerva River. This region became one of the main production centers as a result of the contracting system established by the Crown for the supply of more than one million stones per year. In the article we present the impressive archaeological footprints of those exploitations –trenches, galleries, pits, dumps…–, the processing places and the knapping technology used and some documentary data on the production and the specialized craftsmen known as pedernaleros. Pedernaleros craft and union trade died out in the mid-19th century when weapons with flintlock mechanism became obsolete. But, above all, we want to give an account for an extraordinarily preserved and practically unknown heritage that demands its recognition and enhancement.

This is a study undertaken at the interface between behavior analysis, history, and social sciences. The aim was to present a historical interpretation of schooling as a cultural practice to produce certain types of aggregate products as schooled subjects in Western civilization’s modern and contemporary ages. We used concepts of the social sciences, history, and behavior analysis to interpret three canonical works in the field of history of education here assumed to be cultural cusps. We propose that schooling in the modern and contemporary ages shaped different ideal types of aggregate products as a result of successive alterations to the cultural system metacomponents: (a) the Catholic and erudite courtier of the upwardly mobile mercantile society of the sixteenth century; (b) the literate and citizen of the world of the emerging machine manufacturing society of the eighteenth century; (c) the ethical and pragmatic individual of the technological society in place in the twentieth century. Changes in shapes of ideal types of aggregate products along these centuries may be used as important variables to understand educational challenges now faced in the twenty-first century.

La dignidad de la persona constituye el fundamento vital de la idea de los derechos humanos, y aunque ha sido comunicado y continúa difundiéndose en nuestro tiempo, no pasa de ser un ideal en todos los países. Por lo tanto, el propósito de este artículo es reflexionar críticamente el valor de dignidad humana, desde un enfoque filosófico, ganando claridad al respecto, según el aporte de algunos pensadores como Aristóteles, Immanuel Kant, Martin Heidegger, Hannah Arendt, entre otros. Se parte de las categorizaciones pluridisciplinares y pluridimensionales, con las cuales se vincula el concepto de dignidad humana para su conformación, que nos lleva a la comprensión de este como el valor interno de la propia persona, por el hecho de serlo. Se incorporan, también, los avances notables respecto a la dignidad, con base una transición entre la edad moderna y contemporánea, como resultado de lo que el propio ser humano ha sido capaz de realizar. De tal manera, se precisa su consideración, porque actualmente la sociedad atraviesa por una decadencia de apreciación hacia la propia dignidad humana; conductas indeseables, específicamente en la sociedad guatemalteca, revelan que la persona se desvaloriza, evitando, incluso, que se le dé el honor debido como alguien individual y social. The dignity of the person constitutes the vital foundation of the idea of ​​human rights, and although it has been communicated and continues to diffuse in our time, it is still an ideal in all countries. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to critically reflect on the value of human dignity, from a philosophical approach, gaining clarity in this regard, according to the contribution of some thinkers such as Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, Martin Heidegger, Hannah Arendt, among others. It starts from the multidisciplinary and multidimensional categorizations, with which the concept of human dignity is associated for its conformation, which leads us to understand it as the internal value of the person, due to the fact of being a person. Notable advances with respect to dignity are also incorporated, based on a transition between the modern and contemporary ages, as a result of what the human being himself has been able to accomplish. In this way, its consideration is required, because currently society is going through a decline in appreciation of its own human dignity; undesirable behaviors, specifically in Guatemalan society, reveal that the person devalues ​​himself, even preventing himself from being given the honor due as an individual and social person. A dignidade da pessoa constitui o fundamento vital da ideia dos direitos humanos e, embora tenha sido comunicada e difundida em nosso tempo, ainda é um ideal em todos os países. Portanto, o objetivo deste artigo é refletir criticamente sobre o valor da dignidade humana, a partir de uma abordagem filosófica, ganhando clareza a esse respeito, conforme a contribuição de alguns pensadores como Aristóteles, Immanuel Kant, Martin Heidegger, Hannah Arendt, entre outros. Parte-se das categorizações multidisciplinares e multidimensionais, às quais se vincula o conceito de dignidade humana para a sua conformação, o que nos leva a entendê-la como o valor interno da pessoa, pelo fato de ser. Também se incorporam avanços notáveis ​​no que diz respeito à dignidade, a partir de uma transição entre as idades moderna e contemporânea, a partir do que o próprio ser humano tem sido capaz de fazer. Dessa forma, sua consideração se faz necessária, pois atualmente a sociedade vive um declínio na valorização da própria dignidade humana; Comportamentos indesejáveis, especificamente na sociedade guatemalteca, revelam que a pessoa é desvalorizada, impedindo até de receber a homenagem que lhe é devida como pessoa individual e social.

La presente ricerca affronta l’analisi del mito di fondazione della nazione spagnola, la battaglia di Covadonga, e del culto della Vergine delle Battaglie ad essa vincolato nei secoli dell’Età Moderna e Contemporanea. In primo luogo, occupandosi delle rielaborazioni nazionaliste del mito delle origini della Spagna, lo studio ha l’ambizione di inserirsi nelle analisi costruttiviste sul nazionalismo culturale; in secondo luogo, attraverso lo studio del culto di Nostra Signora di Covadonga, l’indagine si pone l’obiettivo di costituire un contributo alla conoscenza generale del cattolicesimo europeo fra l’età liberale e l’era dei totalitarismi. In linea generale, infine, come contributo alla storia religiosa, la ricerca si propone di mettere in discussione il paradigma della secolarizzazione, dimostrando la vitalità e la centralità del cattolicesimo sociale e politico nella modernità europea. La prima parte della ricerca si occupa della disamina del mito delle origini della nazione spagnola nella storiografia e nella letteratura prodotte fra la metà del Cinquecento e gli anni Cinquanta del Novecento. Attraverso l’analisi del racconto della fondazione e della discendenza lo studio evidenzia le successive risignificazioni e i variegati usi pubblici della mitologia delle origini ai fini di legittimare ordinamenti politici e progetti di nazione anche antitetici. Nella seconda parte, lo studio ripercorre l’imposizione dell’egemonia sacra della devozione di Nostra Signora di Covadonga nelle Asturie e la costruzione simbolica del culto, associato a caratteristiche antiliberali e conservatrici, nel secondo Ottocento. L’uso politico della devozione mariana asturiana in funzione controrivoluzionaria nel quadro generale della seconda fase delle guerre culturali europee costituisce l’argomento dell’ultima sezione della disamina. Lo studio ha cercato di fare della comparazione e della multidisciplinarità i suoi punti di forza, confrontando il caso di studio con altre esperienze europee contemporanee e ponendosi all’incrocio fra storia culturale, antropologia religiosa, sociologia della religione, storia dell’arte e della letteratura e storia locale., This research faces the analysis of the myth of the foundation of the Spanish nation, the battle of Covadonga, and the cult of the Virgin of the Battle linked to it in the Modern and Contemporary Ages. First, dealing with the nationalist re-workings of the myth of the origins, the study is part of the constructivist analyses on cultural nationalism; second, through the study of the cult of Our Lady of Covadonga, the investigation contributes to the general knowledge of European Catholicism between the liberal age and the era of totalitarianisms. Finally, as a contribution of religious history, the research questions the paradigm of secularization, demonstrating the vitality of Catholicism in European modernity. The first part of the research is dedicated to the examination of the myth of the origins of the Spanish community in the historiography and literature produced between sixteenth century and twentieth century. In this section, the study highlights the re-significations and the public uses of the mythology of the ancestry in order to legitimize political systems even antithetical. In the second part, the study retraces the imposition of the sacred hegemony of the devotion of the Virgin of Covadonga in Asturias in the second half of the nineteenth century and investigates the symbolic construction of the cult, associated with anti-liberal and counter-revolutionary characteristics. The political uses of Mount Auseva Marian cult in the context of the mobilization of the Spanish Catholicism against the secularizing policies of the republican government is the topic of the last section of the examination. The research has tried to make of comparison and multidisciplinary approach its core points, comparing the case study with other experiences from Latin Europe and placing itself at the intersection of cultural history, religious anthropology, sociology of religion, history of art and literature, and local history.

Education has always been a much discussed theme and continues to be so. Based on this idea, the goal of this article is to discuss the theoretical pressupositions of education, beginning with the idea itself of human intellectual development and passing through the Ancient, Medieval, Modern and Contemporary Ages. It is important to point out that the article does not have the intention of covering the whole of this theme, nor even all of the theoretical pressupositions, which would be impossible. But it intends to begin or at least continue this discussion. For this the research made use of the descriptive method and its technical procedures took place in a bibliographic way. We conclude that it is important to discuss the theoretical pressupositions of education in history since, without this, it is not even possible to understand current education.

This issue of Revista Română pentru Studii Baltice şi Nordice [The Romanian Journal of Baltic and Nordic Studies, RRSBN] carries selected papers presented in approximately half of the panels of the second international conference for Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania entitled Black Sea and Baltic Sea Regions: Confluences, influences and crosscurrents in the modern and contemporary ages. The general aim of this conference was to investigate the encounters between the Baltic and the Black Sea regions’ societies since the Middle Ages. The goal was to unearth the complexity of these bonds not only at state level (political, diplomatic, military, trade relations), but also the encounters, forms of syncretism or networks of a commercial, social, cultural, religious nature which are beyond or beneath the state relations and are presumably not only richer, but more interesting and challenging for a researcher as well. Additionally, parallels between the two regions as two buffer zones situated in-between the great empires or great powers of modernity were also assessed. Papers dealing with the effects of world wars, totalitarianism and the Cold War either as comparative approach or in terms of relations, confluences and influences were also invited. Furthermore, the conference also welcomed research results dealing with diasporas, émigré communities or individual destinies in the frame of the general theme of the conference. As such, this conference constituted a real change of research paradigm, relatively little having been previously achieved in this respect. The results of the conference as the two issues of our review will prove were notable.

Les expressions de temps transcorregut en català (p. ex. Fa temps que no el veig) experimentaren uns canvis sintacticosemàntics molt complexos al llarg de l’edat moderna i contemporània, fins al punt que el verb amb el qual es constituïen des dels orígens de la llengua, haver, se substituí per un altre: fer. En el marc d’aquest procés de transformació, documentem, a començaments del període modern, determinats exemples en què haver apareix conjugat amb el pronom locatiu. Aquest fenomen, tot i no haver-se generalitzat, és certament interessant, atès que les referències temporals no es pronominalitzen en català. Així, el fet que hi irrompa en els enunciats de temps transcorregut amb haver deu estar relacionat amb el procés de gramaticalització del clític en contextos presentacionals. Expressions referring to elapsed time in Catalan (e.g. Fa temps que no el veig) underwent some highly complex construal changes during the Modern and Contemporary ages, to such an extent that the verb with which they were constituted from the origins of our language, haver, was replaced by another verb: fer. Within the framework of this transformation process, our paper documents a number of specific examples where haver appears conjugated with a locative pronoun in the early modern period. Despite not having become widespread, this phenomenon is certainly interesting, insofar as time references are not pronominalized in Catalan. Thus, the fact that hi breaks into elapsed-time utterances with haver must have to do with the grammaticalization process experienced by the clitic in presentational contexts. Aquest estudi ha estat desenvolupat al si de l’Institut Superior d’Investigació Cooperativa IVITRA [ISIC-IVITRA] de la Generalitat Valenciana (Programa de la Generalitat Valenciana per a la Constitució i Acreditació d’Instituts Superiors d'Investigació Cooperativa d'Excel·lència [Ref. ISIC/012/042]), i en el marc dels projectes de recerca següents: “Gramàtica del Català Modern (1601-1834)” (MINECO, Ref. FFI2012-37103); “Constitució d’un corpus textual per a una gramàtica del català modern (Gcm)” (IEC [PT 2012-S04-MARTINES]); Digicotracam (Programa PROMETEU per a Grups d’Investigació en I+D d’Excel·lència, Generalitat Valenciana [Ref.: PROMETEOII-2014-018], finançat per FEDER de la UE; i el “Grup d’Investigació en Tecnologia Educativa en Història de la Cultura, Diacronia lingüística i Traducció” (Universitat d’Alacant [Ref. GITE-09009-UA]).

International Congress of History of Science, Technology and Medicine (24º. 2013. Manchester), Wetlands are complex ecosystems which importance have increased in recent times (for instance, Ramsar Convention in 1971). However, the perception that society has had of wetlands has changed along the time, and can be traced back by considering how they have been perceived through the most famous literature works. By reading these books, one can understand the perception of wetlands along the centuries: hazardous areas, sources of infections and sickness, places of leisure and recreation, refuge areas of wildlife, places for fishing and hunting, unproductive areas that had to be gained for agriculture, unique mystery places, etc. References to wetlands are abundant in Spanish literature. For example, in the most famous work of Spanish literature, Don Quijote de La Mancha, there is an extensive description of the origin of the Lagunas de Ruidera. Earlier, in the Middle Ages, important Spanish writers quoted some of these ecosystems as Las Tablas de Daimiel, Laguna de Sanabria, etc. This last wetland has also a great reception in Spanish folklore. This study discovers the different Spanish social perception about wetlands throughout the history, especially in the Modern and Contemporary Ages, from the point of view of the great works of Spanish literature. Thus, we have studied some writers that belong to the Spanish Golden Age (16th and 17th centuries), as well as others belonging to the Romantic period and Realistic one. At the end of the 19th century, there is a new boom of Spanish literature named “Generation of the 98”, for many experts considered as a second golden age. In the 20th century, some literary works of the so-called “Generation of 27” and other most recent writers, have been analysed., Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, España

[cat] Aquesta tesi doctoral té com a objecte l’estudi dels monuments de Setmana Santa, és a dir les cases de reserva, on entre el Dijous i el Divendres Sant es guardava el Sant Sacrament per a la comunió dels fidels. Partint de l’exemple específic de la catedral de Barcelona, s’explica la història d’aquestes obres, una de les majors manifestacions de l’art efímer en l’època moderna i contemporània. La tesi no només es planteja com un estudi històrico-artístic, sinó que aporta interpretacions tant sociològiques com teològiques, sobre el sentit i ús d’aquestes peces, sotmeses als canvis i transformacions operades en el sí de la societat dels darrers segles. La ritualització de la missa també té protagonisme en tant que el monument hi jugava un paper cabdal en la litúrgia religiosa dins l’església. La rellevància d’aquestes obres d’art queda palesa amb la participació d’artistes tan notables dins el nostre panorama com: Antoni Viladomat, Josep Sunyer i Raurell, Josep Oriol Mestres, August Font i Carreras i Enric Sagnier, entre d’altres. A més de donar a conèixer copiosa informació inèdita sobre aquest camp de recerca, poc atès al nostre país, la tesi s’enriqueix mercès a la troballa i recuperació d’algunes obres d’art que es donaven per desaparegudes i que, per fortuna, s’han conservat i estudiat. A tal efecte, la tesi també pretén obrir nous camps de recerca i ajudar a conèixer més sobre aquesta matèria., [eng] This work is focused on the study of Monuments of Easter in Barcelona’s Cathedral along modern and contemporary ages. We call “monument” as the liturgical and artistic piece that is dedicated to keep the Holy Sacrament from Thursday to Friday inside churches and that later, is given to remember the Sacrifice of Christ to catholic community. The study is based on Barcelona’s cathedral, and it explains all the ephemeral structures (most of them made of woodworks, paintings, sculpture pieces and architectonic designs) that were used to look after the Holy Form for this important calendar days. This thesis is presented not only as an study of historical and artistic meaning, but provides both sociological and theological interpretations around this sort of pieces. Besides, our study explains the prominence of the monument that played a crucial role in the religious liturgy inside Church. The relevance of these works is shown with the participation of important Catalan painters, sculptors and architects such: Antoni Viladomat, Josep Sunyer, Josep Oriol Mestres, August Font, Enric Sagnier, etc. Finally this work unveil new information coming from archives and gets enriched of some additional artistic pieces that were given for missing but that luckily have been saved and studied. To sum up, this research tries to open new fields of study about this subject.

In this work we present a study of the different conceptual, physiopathological, anatomical and clinical aspects that cerebrovascular pathology has had throughout history, from the early pre scientific beginnings of religious medicine, through the Renaissance period up to the Modern and Contemporary Ages. In the second part we emphasise its social importance and economic cost, and new methodologies are proposed for use in its study and pursuit. We also highlight the need for the creation of stroke units.

Following a brief introduction, where the fundamentals of the various cryptogram composition methods are explained, the author elaborates on the historical evolution of cryptography in Latin America, analysing the chief methods used by several famous personages as Hernán Cortés, Pedro de la Gasca, José de Sucre, Simón Bolivar, etc., from Modern and Contemporary Ages, given that despite the fact. That the genesis of Spanish-American cryptography occurs on Spanish soil its most splendorous period takes place during Emancipation. Tras una breve introducción, en la que se explican los fundamentos de los sistemas utilizados en la composición de criptogramas, el autor se centra en la evolución histórica de la criptografía en Hispanoamérica, analizando los principales métodos que emplearon diversos personajes, tan conocidos como Hernán Cortés, Pedro de La Gasca, Antonio José de Sucre, Simón Bolivar, etc., para cifrar sus comunicaciones, tanto en la Edad Moderna como en la Contemporánea, ya que, si bien la génesis de la criptografía indiana se encuentra en tierras hispanas, la época de mayor esplendor se sitúa durante la Emancipación.

In this work we present a study of the different conceptual, physiopathological, anatomical and clinical aspects that cerebrovascular pathology has had throughout history, from the early pre scientific beginnings of religious medicine, through the Renaissance period up to the Modern and Contemporary Ages. In the second part we emphasise its social importance and economic cost, and new methodologies are proposed for use in its study and pursuit. We also highlight the need for the creation of stroke units.

From the VII century B.C., the artistic representations frequently recreated the encounter between Odysseus and the Cyclops Polyphemus, as well as the scorn the sanguinary monster was made object of. These representations have been distinguished for their eminently narrative character, expression of two contradictory civilization and barbarism. Greece, as far as Etruria, frequently associated this topic to the funeral contexts and the victory over Death, while the Roman world increased its theatrical character and propagandistic use, whose meaning was transforming, until being subverted, in the Modern and Contemporary Ages in parallel to the historical development. Desde el siglo VII a.C., las representaciones artísticas recrearon con frecuencia el encuentro de Odiseo y el cíclope Polifemo, así como el escarnio de que fue objeto el sanguinario monstruo. Dichas representaciones se han distinguido por su carácter eminentemente narrativo, expresión de dos estadios contradictorios: civilización y barbarie. Tanto Grecia como Etruria asociaron frecuentemente el tema a los contextos funerarios y al triunfo sobre la muerte, mientras que el mundo romano acrecentó el carácter teatral y la utilización propagandística del mismo, cuyo signifi cado se fue transformando, hasta subvertirse en la Edad Moderna y Contemporánea, paralelo al devenir histórico.