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The ability to visualise the internal anatomical structures of fish provides important information on their reproductive status and body condition and has made important contributions to many areas of fish biology. Obtaining information about the internal anatomy of fish has traditionally required euthanasia and dissection. However, although ultrasonography is now increasingly used to study internal fish anatomy without the need for euthanasia, traditional techniques still require restraint and contact with the animal, both of which are known to cause stress. This has prompted the development of waterproof, contactless, and portable equipment to allow ultrasonographic examinations to be carried out in free-swimming individuals which also facilitates the application of this tool in wild populations of endangered species. This study reports the validation of this equipment using anatomical examinations of nine manta and devil ray (Mobulidae) specimens landed at fish markets in Sri Lanka. Species studied were Mobula kuhlii (n = 3), M. thurstoni (n = 1), M. mobular (n = 1), M. tarapacana (n = 1) and M. birostris (n = 3). The use of this equipment was further validated with ultrasonographic examinations in 55 free-swimming reef manta rays Mobula alfredi, which enabled maturity status to be quantified in 32 females. Structures successfully identified in free-swimming individuals were the liver, spleen, gallbladder, gastrointestinal tract, skeletal structures, developing follicles and uterus. The study demonstrated that ultrasonography provided a reliable method of determining both sexual maturity and gestational status in free-swimming M. alfredi. The methodology induced no detectable signs of disturbance to the animals involved and therefore offers a viable and practical alternative to invasive techniques currently used to study anatomical changes in both captive and wild marine organisms. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

To evaluate the species diversity and strengthen the taxonomic identification of elasmobranchs in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh, a study was conducted in the southeast coastal region between January 2016 and March 2018. Using morphological and genetic identification techniques, this study presents 22 species from the region. Thirteen of these are new records. The new records consist of eight species from the family Dasyatidae, and one each from Mobulidae, Rhinobatidae, Narcinidae, Hemiscylliidae and Triakidae. Furthermore, four occurrences are first verified reports, and five are potential new records requiring further taxonomic investigation.

Family Mobulidae Two species of Mobula have previously been recorded from Bangladesh; Mobula mobular and M. kuhlii ( Hoq et al. 2011; Roy et al. 2014a ). In this study, M. birostris, M. tarapacana, M. eregoodoo and M. thurstoni (Figure 13) were recorded following examination of 97 mobulid specimens. Genetic analysis confirmed species identification for M. tarapacana, M. kuhlii and M. mobular, and the presence of either M. alfredi or M. birostris, but the NADH2 sequences alone cannot distinguish between these two species due to overlapping sequence polymorphism (G. Naylor, unpubl. data). This study confirms the presence of at least six mobulid species in Bangladesh; M. alfredi or M. birostris, M. eregoodoo, M. kuhlii, M. mobular, M. tarapacana and M. thurstoni where M. thurstoni has been reported for the first time with possible presence of M. alfredi., Published as part of Haque, Alifa Bintha, White, William T., Cavanagh, Rachel D., Biswas, Aparna Riti & Hossain, Nazia, 2021, New records of elasmobranchs in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh: further taxonomic research is essential, pp. 211-230 in Zootaxa 5027 (2) on page 223, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5027.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5448230, {"references":["Hoq, M. E., Haroon, A. Y. & Hussain, M. G. (2011) Shark fisheries in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh: Status and potentialities. Support to Sustainable Management of the BOBLME Project, Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, 76 pp.","Roy, B. J., Alam, M. F., Rhaman, M. G., Singha, N. K. & Akhtar, A. (2014 a) Landing trends, species composition and percentage composition of Sharks and Rays in Chittagong and Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, 14, 070403 - 079999."]}

RHINOBATIDAE Glaucostegus cemiculus (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1817) Rhinobatos cemiculus: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009; Stern, 2010; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Rhinobatus cemiculus: Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.). Rhinobatos rhinobatos (Linnaeus, 1758) Rhinobatos rhinobatos: Hornell, 1935; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Ethad, 2004 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Rhinobates rhinobates: Bodenheimer, 1937. Rhinobatos rhinobatus: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Rhinobatus rhinobatus: Darom & Tsurnamal, 1992 (Heb.). RAJIDAE Dipturus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus 1758) Raja oxyrinchus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Pisanty & Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005. Dipturus oxyrinchus: Golani, 2006. Raja asterias Delaroche, 1809 Raja punctata: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Raja asterias: Liebman, 1934; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 Raja clavata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Diamant, 1977 (Heb.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983 b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758 Raja miraletus: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937; Ben-Tu- via, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Darom & Tsurnamal, 1992 (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.); Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja quadrimaculata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953 a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Raja montagui Fowler, 1910:468 Raja montagui: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Stern, 2010; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja radula Delaroche, 1809 Raja radula: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja undulata Lacepède, 1802 Raja undulata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. DASYATIDAE Dasyatis centoura Dasyatis apera: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Dasyatis centoura: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828) Dasyatis chrysonota: Golani and Capapé, 2004; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) Trygon pastinaca: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Dasyatis pastinaca: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Spanier et al., 1989a; Spanier et al, 1989b; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Gweta et al. 2008; Sonin, 2009; Diamant et al 2010 (paras); Stern, 2010; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis tortonesei Capapé, 1975 Dasyatis tortonesei: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. * Himantura uarnak (Forsskål, 1775):viii, 18 Dasyatis uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1955. Himantura uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1966; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Ben-Tuvia, 1978; Por, 1978; Ben-Tuvia, 1985; Golani, 1996; Golani & Ben-Tuvia, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 1998a; Golani, 1998b; Golani, 2002a; Golani, et al. 2002; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) Dasyatis violacea: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Pisanty & Sonin, 1991 (Fish., Heb.); Pisanty & Sonin, 1992 (Fish., Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.) Golani, 2005. Pteroplatytrygon violacea: Golani, 2006. Taeniura grabata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Taeniura grabata: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Schwartz, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.). GYMNURIDAE Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) Pteroplatea altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a. Gymnura altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI RAJIDAE Dipturus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus 1758) Raja oxyrinchus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Pisanty & Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005. Dipturus oxyrinchus: Golani, 2006. Raja asterias Delaroche, 1809 Raja punctata: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Raja asterias: Liebman, 1934; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 Raja clavata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Diamant, 1977 (Heb.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983 b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758 Raja miraletus: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937; Ben-Tu- via, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Darom & Tsurnamal, 1992 (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.); Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja quadrimaculata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953 a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Raja montagui Fowler, 1910:468 Raja montagui: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Stern, 2010; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja radula Delaroche, 1809 Raja radula: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja undulata Lacepède, 1802 Raja undulata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. DASYATIDAE Dasyatis centoura Dasyatis apera: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Dasyatis centoura: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828) Dasyatis chrysonota: Golani and Capapé, 2004; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) Trygon pastinaca: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Dasyatis pastinaca: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Spanier et al., 1989a; Spanier et al, 1989b; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Gweta et al. 2008; Sonin, 2009; Diamant et al 2010 (paras); Stern, 2010; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis tortonesei Capapé, 1975 Dasyatis tortonesei: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. * Himantura uarnak (Forsskål, 1775):viii, 18 Dasyatis uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1955. Himantura uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1966; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Ben-Tuvia, 1978; Por, 1978; Ben-Tuvia, 1985; Golani, 1996; Golani & Ben-Tuvia, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 1998a; Golani, 1998b; Golani, 2002a; Golani, et al. 2002; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) Dasyatis violacea: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Pisanty & Sonin, 1991 (Fish., Heb.); Pisanty & Sonin, 1992 (Fish., Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.) Golani, 2005. Pteroplatytrygon violacea: Golani, 2006. Taeniura grabata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Taeniura grabata: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Schwartz, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.). GYMNURIDAE Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) Pteroplatea altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a. Gymnura altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI DASYATIDAE Dasyatis centoura Dasyatis apera: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Dasyatis centoura: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828) Dasyatis chrysonota: Golani and Capapé, 2004; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) Trygon pastinaca: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Dasyatis pastinaca: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Spanier et al., 1989a; Spanier et al, 1989b; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Gweta et al. 2008; Sonin, 2009; Diamant et al 2010 (paras); Stern, 2010; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis tortonesei Capapé, 1975 Dasyatis tortonesei: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. * Himantura uarnak (Forsskål, 1775):viii, 18 Dasyatis uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1955. Himantura uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1966; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Ben-Tuvia, 1978; Por, 1978; Ben-Tuvia, 1985; Golani, 1996; Golani & Ben-Tuvia, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 1998a; Golani, 1998b; Golani, 2002a; Golani, et al. 2002; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) Dasyatis violacea: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Pisanty & Sonin, 1991 (Fish., Heb.); Pisanty & Sonin, 1992 (Fish., Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.) Golani, 2005. Pteroplatytrygon violacea: Golani, 2006. Taeniura grabata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Taeniura grabata: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Schwartz, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.). GYMNURIDAE Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) Pteroplatea altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a. Gymnura altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI GYMNURIDAE Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) Pteroplatea altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a. Gymnura altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI

RHINOBATIDAE Glaucostegus cemiculus (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1817) Rhinobatos cemiculus: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009; Stern, 2010; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Rhinobatus cemiculus: Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.). Rhinobatos rhinobatos (Linnaeus, 1758) Rhinobatos rhinobatos: Hornell, 1935; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Ethad, 2004 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Rhinobates rhinobates: Bodenheimer, 1937. Rhinobatos rhinobatus: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Rhinobatus rhinobatus: Darom & Tsurnamal, 1992 (Heb.). RAJIDAE Dipturus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus 1758) Raja oxyrinchus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Pisanty & Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005. Dipturus oxyrinchus: Golani, 2006. Raja asterias Delaroche, 1809 Raja punctata: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Raja asterias: Liebman, 1934; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 Raja clavata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Diamant, 1977 (Heb.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983 b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758 Raja miraletus: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937; Ben-Tu- via, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Darom & Tsurnamal, 1992 (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.); Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja quadrimaculata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953 a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Raja montagui Fowler, 1910:468 Raja montagui: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Stern, 2010; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja radula Delaroche, 1809 Raja radula: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja undulata Lacep��de, 1802 Raja undulata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. DASYATIDAE Dasyatis centoura Dasyatis apera: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Dasyatis centoura: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828) Dasyatis chrysonota: Golani and Capap��, 2004; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) Trygon pastinaca: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Dasyatis pastinaca: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Spanier et al., 1989a; Spanier et al, 1989b; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Gweta et al. 2008; Sonin, 2009; Diamant et al 2010 (paras); Stern, 2010; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis tortonesei Capap��, 1975 Dasyatis tortonesei: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. * Himantura uarnak (Forssk��l, 1775):viii, 18 Dasyatis uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1955. Himantura uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1966; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Ben-Tuvia, 1978; Por, 1978; Ben-Tuvia, 1985; Golani, 1996; Golani & Ben-Tuvia, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 1998a; Golani, 1998b; Golani, 2002a; Golani, et al. 2002; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) Dasyatis violacea: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Pisanty & Sonin, 1991 (Fish., Heb.); Pisanty & Sonin, 1992 (Fish., Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.) Golani, 2005. Pteroplatytrygon violacea: Golani, 2006. Taeniura grabata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Taeniura grabata: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Schwartz, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.). GYMNURIDAE Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) Pteroplatea altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a. Gymnura altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI RAJIDAE Dipturus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus 1758) Raja oxyrinchus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Pisanty & Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005. Dipturus oxyrinchus: Golani, 2006. Raja asterias Delaroche, 1809 Raja punctata: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Raja asterias: Liebman, 1934; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 Raja clavata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Diamant, 1977 (Heb.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983 b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758 Raja miraletus: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937; Ben-Tu- via, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Darom & Tsurnamal, 1992 (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.); Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja quadrimaculata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953 a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Raja montagui Fowler, 1910:468 Raja montagui: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Stern, 2010; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja radula Delaroche, 1809 Raja radula: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja undulata Lacep��de, 1802 Raja undulata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. DASYATIDAE Dasyatis centoura Dasyatis apera: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Dasyatis centoura: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828) Dasyatis chrysonota: Golani and Capap��, 2004; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) Trygon pastinaca: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Dasyatis pastinaca: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Spanier et al., 1989a; Spanier et al, 1989b; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Gweta et al. 2008; Sonin, 2009; Diamant et al 2010 (paras); Stern, 2010; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis tortonesei Capap��, 1975 Dasyatis tortonesei: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. * Himantura uarnak (Forssk��l, 1775):viii, 18 Dasyatis uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1955. Himantura uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1966; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Ben-Tuvia, 1978; Por, 1978; Ben-Tuvia, 1985; Golani, 1996; Golani & Ben-Tuvia, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 1998a; Golani, 1998b; Golani, 2002a; Golani, et al. 2002; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) Dasyatis violacea: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Pisanty & Sonin, 1991 (Fish., Heb.); Pisanty & Sonin, 1992 (Fish., Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.) Golani, 2005. Pteroplatytrygon violacea: Golani, 2006. Taeniura grabata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Taeniura grabata: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Schwartz, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.). GYMNURIDAE Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) Pteroplatea altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a. Gymnura altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI DASYATIDAE Dasyatis centoura Dasyatis apera: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Dasyatis centoura: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828) Dasyatis chrysonota: Golani and Capap��, 2004; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) Trygon pastinaca: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Dasyatis pastinaca: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Spanier et al., 1989a; Spanier et al, 1989b; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Gweta et al. 2008; Sonin, 2009; Diamant et al 2010 (paras); Stern, 2010; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis tortonesei Capap��, 1975 Dasyatis tortonesei: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. * Himantura uarnak (Forssk��l, 1775):viii, 18 Dasyatis uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1955. Himantura uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1966; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Ben-Tuvia, 1978; Por, 1978; Ben-Tuvia, 1985; Golani, 1996; Golani & Ben-Tuvia, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 1998a; Golani, 1998b; Golani, 2002a; Golani, et al. 2002; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) Dasyatis violacea: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Pisanty & Sonin, 1991 (Fish., Heb.); Pisanty & Sonin, 1992 (Fish., Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.) Golani, 2005. Pteroplatytrygon violacea: Golani, 2006. Taeniura grabata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Taeniura grabata: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Schwartz, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.). GYMNURIDAE Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) Pteroplatea altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a. Gymnura altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI GYMNURIDAE Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) Pteroplatea altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a. Gymnura altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI, Published as part of Golani, Daniel, 2021, An updated Checklist of the Mediterranean fishes of Israel, with illustrations of recently recorded species and delineation of Lessepsian migrants, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 4956 (1) on pages 10-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4956.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691195, {"references":["Steinitz, W. (1927) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Kustenfauna Palastinas. I. Publicazioni deella Stazzione Zoologica di Napoli, 8 (3 - 4), 311 - 353.","Spicer, I. J. (1931) Fisheries. In: Report of the Department of Agriculture and Forests for the Years 1927 - 30. Printing Office, Russian Building, Jerusalem, pp. 159 - 160.","Liebman, E. (1934) Contribution to the knowledge of Palestine sea fishes. Rapport et Proces-Verbaux des Reunion, 8, 317 - 327.","Ben-Tuvia, A. (1953 a) Mediterranean fishes of Israel. Bulletin of the Sea Fisheries Research Station, Haifa, 8, 1 - 40.","Ben-Tuvia, A. (1971 a) Revised list of the Mediterranean fishes of Israel. 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Plenum Publishing Corporation, pp. 367 - 375. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4899 - 2248 - 9 _ 17","Golani, D. (1998 a) Distribution of Lessepsian migrant fish in the Mediterranean. Italian Journal of Zoology, 65 (suppl.), 95 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250009809386801","Golani, D. (1998 b) Impact of Red Sea fish migrants through the Suez Canal on the aquatic environment of the easrern Mediterranean. Bullitin of the Yale School of Forestry and Environment Studies, 103, 375 - 387.","Golani, D. (2002 a) Lessepsian fish migration - charaterization and impact on the eastern Mediterranean. In: Ozturk, B. & Basusta, N. (Eds.), Workshop on Lessepsian Migration Proceedings. Turkish Marinre Research Foundation, Istanbul, 9, pp. 1 - 9.","Pisanty, S. & Sonin, O (1991) Fishing trials for swordfish Xiphias gladius off the Israeli coast during 1991. Fisheries and Fishbreeding in Israel, 24, 141 - 154. [in Hebrew]","Pisanty, S. & Sonin, O (1992) Fishing trials for swordfish Xiphias gladius off the Israeli coast during 1992. Fisheries and Fishbreeding in Israel, 25, 219 - 232. [in Hebrew].","Schwartz, F. J. (2005) Tail spine characteristics of stingrays (Order Myliobatiformes) found in the north Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Black Seas. Electronic Journal of Ichthyology, 1, 1 - 9.","Golani, D. & Levy, Y. (2005) New records and rare occurrences of fish species from the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Zoology in the Middle East, 36, 27 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 09397140.2005.10638124"]}

DASYATIDAE Dasyatis centoura Dasyatis apera: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Dasyatis centoura: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828) Dasyatis chrysonota: Golani and Capapé, 2004; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) Trygon pastinaca: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Dasyatis pastinaca: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Spanier et al., 1989a; Spanier et al, 1989b; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Gweta et al. 2008; Sonin, 2009; Diamant et al 2010 (paras); Stern, 2010; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis tortonesei Capapé, 1975 Dasyatis tortonesei: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. * Himantura uarnak (Forsskål, 1775):viii, 18 Dasyatis uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1955. Himantura uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1966; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Ben-Tuvia, 1978; Por, 1978; Ben-Tuvia, 1985; Golani, 1996; Golani & Ben-Tuvia, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 1998a; Golani, 1998b; Golani, 2002a; Golani, et al. 2002; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) Dasyatis violacea: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Pisanty & Sonin, 1991 (Fish., Heb.); Pisanty & Sonin, 1992 (Fish., Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.) Golani, 2005. Pteroplatytrygon violacea: Golani, 2006. Taeniura grabata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Taeniura grabata: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Schwartz, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.). GYMNURIDAE Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) Pteroplatea altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a. Gymnura altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI GYMNURIDAE Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) Pteroplatea altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a. Gymnura altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI

DASYATIDAE Dasyatis centoura Dasyatis apera: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Dasyatis centoura: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828) Dasyatis chrysonota: Golani and Capap��, 2004; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) Trygon pastinaca: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Dasyatis pastinaca: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Spanier et al., 1989a; Spanier et al, 1989b; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Gweta et al. 2008; Sonin, 2009; Diamant et al 2010 (paras); Stern, 2010; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis tortonesei Capap��, 1975 Dasyatis tortonesei: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. * Himantura uarnak (Forssk��l, 1775):viii, 18 Dasyatis uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1955. Himantura uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1966; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Ben-Tuvia, 1978; Por, 1978; Ben-Tuvia, 1985; Golani, 1996; Golani & Ben-Tuvia, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 1998a; Golani, 1998b; Golani, 2002a; Golani, et al. 2002; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) Dasyatis violacea: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Pisanty & Sonin, 1991 (Fish., Heb.); Pisanty & Sonin, 1992 (Fish., Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.) Golani, 2005. Pteroplatytrygon violacea: Golani, 2006. Taeniura grabata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Taeniura grabata: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Schwartz, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.). GYMNURIDAE Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) Pteroplatea altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a. Gymnura altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI GYMNURIDAE Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) Pteroplatea altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a. Gymnura altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI, Published as part of Golani, Daniel, 2021, An updated Checklist of the Mediterranean fishes of Israel, with illustrations of recently recorded species and delineation of Lessepsian migrants, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 4956 (1) on pages 11-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4956.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691195, {"references":["Ben-Tuvia, A. (1971 a) Revised list of the Mediterranean fishes of Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology, 20, 1 - 39.","Golani, D. & Capape, C. (2004) First record of the blue stingray, Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828) (Chondrichthyes: Dasyatidae), off the coast of Israel (eastern Mediterranean). Acta Adriatica, 45, 107 - 113.","Levitt, Y. (2012) The impact of depth gradient on the status of alien species along the Mediterranean Sea coast of Israel. M. Sc. Thesis. Tel-Aviv University, 90 pp.","Steinitz, W. (1927) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Kustenfauna Palastinas. I. Publicazioni deella Stazzione Zoologica di Napoli, 8 (3 - 4), 311 - 353.","Spicer, I. J. (1931) Fisheries. In: Report of the Department of Agriculture and Forests for the Years 1927 - 30. Printing Office, Russian Building, Jerusalem, pp. 159 - 160.","Liebman, E. (1934) Contribution to the knowledge of Palestine sea fishes. Rapport et Proces-Verbaux des Reunion, 8, 317 - 327.","Bodenheimer, F. S. (1935) Animal Life in Palestine. L. Mayer, Jerusalem. pp. 451 - 506.","Bodenheimer, F. S. (1937) Prodromus Faunae Palestinae. Mem. Inst. Egypt, 233, 271 - 275.","Ben-Tuvia, A. (1953 a) Mediterranean fishes of Israel. Bulletin of the Sea Fisheries Research Station, Haifa, 8, 1 - 40.","Baranes, A. & Diamant, A. (1983 b) Batoidea. In: Fischelson, L. (Ed.), Plants and Animals of the Land of Israel. Vol. 4, Ministry of Defense Publication, Tel-Aviv, pp. 36 - 39. [in Hebrew]","Spanier, E., Pisanty, S., Tom, M. & Almog-Shtayer, G. (1989 a) The fish assemblage on a coralligenous shallow shelf off the Mediterranean coast of northern Israel. Journal of Fish Biology, 35, 641 - 649. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1989. tb 03016. x","Spanier, E., Tom, M., Pisanty, S. & Almog-Shtayer, G. (1989 b) Comparison between Lessepsian migrants and local species in the fish community of the shallow shelf of northern Israel. In: Spanier, E., Steinberger, Y. & Luria, M. (Eds.), Environmental Quality and Ecosystem Stability, IV B, Environmental Quality. ISEEQS Pub., Jerusalem, Israel, pp. 177 - 185.","Golani, D. (1997) Handbook of the Fishes of Israel. Keter Publishing House Ltd. Jrusalem. 269 pp. [in Hebrew].","Gweta, S., Spanier, E. & Bentur, Y. (2008) Venomous fish injuries along the Israeli Mediterranean coast: scope and characterization. Israel Medical Association Journal, 10, 783 - 788.","Diamant, A, Goren, A., Yokes ¸ M. B., Galil, B. S., Klopman, Y., Huchon, D., Szitenberg, A. & Karhan, S. U. (2010) Dasyatispora levantinae gen. et sp. nov., a new microsporidian parasite from the common stingray Dasyatis pastinaca in the eastern Mediterranean. Diseases of Aquatic organisms, 91, 137 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / dao 02256","Lipsky, G. (2012) Shipwrecks in the Levant basin: species-diversity hotspot or invader paradise. M. Sc. Thesis. Tel-Aviv University, 157 pp.","Frid, O. (2015) Gear selectivity and seasonality in Israeli gill and trammel net fisheries. M. SC. thesis. University of Tel-Aviv, 58 + 2 pp.","Ben-Tuvia, A. (1955) Two Indo-Pacific fishes, Dasyatis uarnak and Upeneus moluccensis, in the eastern Mediterranean. Nature, London, 176, 1177 - 1178. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 1761177 b 0","Ben-Tuvia, A. (1966) Red Sea fishes recently found in the Mediterranean. Copeia, 1966, 254 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1441133","Ben-Tuvia, A. (1978) Immigration of fishes through the Suez Canal. Fishery Bulletin, 76 (1), 249 - 255.","Por, F. D. (1978) Lessepsian Migration. The Influx of Red Sea Biota into the Mediterranean by Way of the Suez Canal. Ecological Studies, 23. Springer - Verlag, Berlin, 228 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 66728 - 2","Ben-Tuvia, A. (1985) The impact of the Lessepsian (Suez Canal) fish migration on the eastern Mediterranean ecosystem. In: Moraitou-Apostolopoulou, M. & Kiortsis, V. (Eds.), Mediterranean Marine Ecosystems. Plenum Publishing Corporation, pp. 367 - 375. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4899 - 2248 - 9 _ 17","Golani, D. (1998 a) Distribution of Lessepsian migrant fish in the Mediterranean. Italian Journal of Zoology, 65 (suppl.), 95 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250009809386801","Golani, D. (1998 b) Impact of Red Sea fish migrants through the Suez Canal on the aquatic environment of the easrern Mediterranean. Bullitin of the Yale School of Forestry and Environment Studies, 103, 375 - 387.","Golani, D. (2002 a) Lessepsian fish migration - charaterization and impact on the eastern Mediterranean. In: Ozturk, B. & Basusta, N. (Eds.), Workshop on Lessepsian Migration Proceedings. Turkish Marinre Research Foundation, Istanbul, 9, pp. 1 - 9.","Pisanty, S. & Sonin, O (1991) Fishing trials for swordfish Xiphias gladius off the Israeli coast during 1991. Fisheries and Fishbreeding in Israel, 24, 141 - 154. [in Hebrew]","Pisanty, S. & Sonin, O (1992) Fishing trials for swordfish Xiphias gladius off the Israeli coast during 1992. Fisheries and Fishbreeding in Israel, 25, 219 - 232. [in Hebrew].","Schwartz, F. J. (2005) Tail spine characteristics of stingrays (Order Myliobatiformes) found in the north Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Black Seas. Electronic Journal of Ichthyology, 1, 1 - 9.","Fischthal, J. H. (1980) Some digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from Israel's Mediterranean coast and their zoogeography, especially those from the Red Sea immigrant fishes. Zoologica Scripta, 9, 11 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1980. tb 00647. x","Golani, D. & Levy, Y. (2005) New records and rare occurrences of fish species from the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Zoology in the Middle East, 36, 27 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 09397140.2005.10638124"]}

TORPEDINIDAE Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte 1835) Torpedo nobiliana: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Tetronarce nobiliana: Goren, et al., 2019 Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810 Torpedo marmorata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012, Goren & Galil, 2015; Frid, 2015 (Fisher.). Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758) Torpedo narce: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937; Ben-Tuvia, 1953a. Torpedo ocellata: Liebman, 1934; Hornell, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Torpedo torpedo: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Darom & Tsur- namal, 1992 (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009; Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fisher.). ORDER: RAJIFORMES RHINOBATIDAE Glaucostegus cemiculus (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1817) Rhinobatos cemiculus: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009; Stern, 2010; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Rhinobatus cemiculus: Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.). Rhinobatos rhinobatos (Linnaeus, 1758) Rhinobatos rhinobatos: Hornell, 1935; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Ethad, 2004 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Rhinobates rhinobates: Bodenheimer, 1937. Rhinobatos rhinobatus: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Rhinobatus rhinobatus: Darom & Tsurnamal, 1992 (Heb.). RAJIDAE Dipturus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus 1758) Raja oxyrinchus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Pisanty & Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005. Dipturus oxyrinchus: Golani, 2006. Raja asterias Delaroche, 1809 Raja punctata: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Raja asterias: Liebman, 1934; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 Raja clavata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Diamant, 1977 (Heb.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983 b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758 Raja miraletus: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937; Ben-Tu- via, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Darom & Tsurnamal, 1992 (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.); Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja quadrimaculata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953 a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Raja montagui Fowler, 1910:468 Raja montagui: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Stern, 2010; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja radula Delaroche, 1809 Raja radula: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja undulata Lacep��de, 1802 Raja undulata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. DASYATIDAE Dasyatis centoura Dasyatis apera: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Dasyatis centoura: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828) Dasyatis chrysonota: Golani and Capap��, 2004; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) Trygon pastinaca: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Dasyatis pastinaca: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Spanier et al., 1989a; Spanier et al, 1989b; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Gweta et al. 2008; Sonin, 2009; Diamant et al 2010 (paras); Stern, 2010; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis tortonesei Capap��, 1975 Dasyatis tortonesei: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. * Himantura uarnak (Forssk��l, 1775):viii, 18 Dasyatis uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1955. Himantura uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1966; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Ben-Tuvia, 1978; Por, 1978; Ben-Tuvia, 1985; Golani, 1996; Golani & Ben-Tuvia, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 1998a; Golani, 1998b; Golani, 2002a; Golani, et al. 2002; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) Dasyatis violacea: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Pisanty & Sonin, 1991 (Fish., Heb.); Pisanty & Sonin, 1992 (Fish., Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.) Golani, 2005. Pteroplatytrygon violacea: Golani, 2006. Taeniura grabata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Taeniura grabata: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Schwartz, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.). GYMNURIDAE Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) Pteroplatea altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a. Gymnura altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI ORDER: RAJIFORMES RHINOBATIDAE Glaucostegus cemiculus (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1817) Rhinobatos cemiculus: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009; Stern, 2010; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Rhinobatus cemiculus: Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.). Rhinobatos rhinobatos (Linnaeus, 1758) Rhinobatos rhinobatos: Hornell, 1935; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Ethad, 2004 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Rhinobates rhinobates: Bodenheimer, 1937. Rhinobatos rhinobatus: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Rhinobatus rhinobatus: Darom & Tsurnamal, 1992 (Heb.). RAJIDAE Dipturus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus 1758) Raja oxyrinchus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Pisanty & Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005. Dipturus oxyrinchus: Golani, 2006. Raja asterias Delaroche, 1809 Raja punctata: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Raja asterias: Liebman, 1934; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 Raja clavata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Diamant, 1977 (Heb.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983 b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758 Raja miraletus: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937; Ben-Tu- via, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Darom & Tsurnamal, 1992 (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.); Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja quadrimaculata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953 a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Raja montagui Fowler, 1910:468 Raja montagui: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Stern, 2010; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja radula Delaroche, 1809 Raja radula: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja undulata Lacep��de, 1802 Raja undulata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. DASYATIDAE Dasyatis centoura Dasyatis apera: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Dasyatis centoura: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828) Dasyatis chrysonota: Golani and Capap��, 2004; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) Trygon pastinaca: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Dasyatis pastinaca: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Spanier et al., 1989a; Spanier et al, 1989b; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Gweta et al. 2008; Sonin, 2009; Diamant et al 2010 (paras); Stern, 2010; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis tortonesei Capap��, 1975 Dasyatis tortonesei: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. * Himantura uarnak (Forssk��l, 1775):viii, 18 Dasyatis uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1955. Himantura uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1966; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Ben-Tuvia, 1978; Por, 1978; Ben-Tuvia, 1985; Golani, 1996; Golani & Ben-Tuvia, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 1998a; Golani, 1998b; Golani, 2002a; Golani, et al. 2002; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) Dasyatis violacea: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Pisanty & Sonin, 1991 (Fish., Heb.); Pisanty & Sonin, 1992 (Fish., Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.) Golani, 2005. Pteroplatytrygon violacea: Golani, 2006. Taeniura grabata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Taeniura grabata: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Schwartz, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.). GYMNURIDAE Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) Pteroplatea altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a. Gymnura altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI RHINOBATIDAE Glaucostegus cemiculus (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1817) Rhinobatos cemiculus: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009; Stern, 2010; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Rhinobatus cemiculus: Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.). Rhinobatos rhinobatos (Linnaeus, 1758) Rhinobatos rhinobatos: Hornell, 1935; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Ethad, 2004 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Rhinobates rhinobates: Bodenheimer, 1937. Rhinobatos rhinobatus: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Rhinobatus rhinobatus: Darom & Tsurnamal, 1992 (Heb.). RAJIDAE Dipturus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus 1758) Raja oxyrinchus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Pisanty & Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005. Dipturus oxyrinchus: Golani, 2006. Raja asterias Delaroche, 1809 Raja punctata: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Raja asterias: Liebman, 1934; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 Raja clavata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Diamant, 1977 (Heb.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983 b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758 Raja miraletus: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937; Ben-Tu- via, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Darom & Tsurnamal, 1992 (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.); Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja quadrimaculata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953 a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Raja montagui Fowler, 1910:468 Raja montagui: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Stern, 2010; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja radula Delaroche, 1809 Raja radula: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja undulata Lacep��de, 1802 Raja undulata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. DASYATIDAE Dasyatis centoura Dasyatis apera: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Dasyatis centoura: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828) Dasyatis chrysonota: Golani and Capap��, 2004; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) Trygon pastinaca: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Dasyatis pastinaca: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Spanier et al., 1989a; Spanier et al, 1989b; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Gweta et al. 2008; Sonin, 2009; Diamant et al 2010 (paras); Stern, 2010; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis tortonesei Capap��, 1975 Dasyatis tortonesei: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. * Himantura uarnak (Forssk��l, 1775):viii, 18 Dasyatis uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1955. Himantura uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1966; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Ben-Tuvia, 1978; Por, 1978; Ben-Tuvia, 1985; Golani, 1996; Golani & Ben-Tuvia, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 1998a; Golani, 1998b; Golani, 2002a; Golani, et al. 2002; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) Dasyatis violacea: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Pisanty & Sonin, 1991 (Fish., Heb.); Pisanty & Sonin, 1992 (Fish., Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.) Golani, 2005. Pteroplatytrygon violacea: Golani, 2006. Taeniura grabata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Taeniura grabata: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Schwartz, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.). GYMNURIDAE Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) Pteroplatea altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a. Gymnura altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI RAJIDAE Dipturus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus 1758) Raja oxyrinchus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Pisanty & Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005. Dipturus oxyrinchus: Golani, 2006. Raja asterias Delaroche, 1809 Raja punctata: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Raja asterias: Liebman, 1934; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 Raja clavata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Diamant, 1977 (Heb.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983 b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758 Raja miraletus: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937; Ben-Tu- via, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Darom & Tsurnamal, 1992 (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.); Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja quadrimaculata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953 a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Raja montagui Fowler, 1910:468 Raja montagui: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Gola, Published as part of Golani, Daniel, 2021, An updated Checklist of the Mediterranean fishes of Israel, with illustrations of recently recorded species and delineation of Lessepsian migrants, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 4956 (1) on pages 10-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4956.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691195, {"references":["Ben-Tuvia, A. (1953 a) Mediterranean fishes of Israel. Bulletin of the Sea Fisheries Research Station, Haifa, 8, 1 - 40.","Ben-Tuvia, A. (1971 a) Revised list of the Mediterranean fishes of Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology, 20, 1 - 39.","Fischthal, J. H. (1980) Some digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from Israel's Mediterranean coast and their zoogeography, especially those from the Red Sea immigrant fishes. Zoologica Scripta, 9, 11 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1980. tb 00647. x","Golani, D. (1997) Handbook of the Fishes of Israel. Keter Publishing House Ltd. Jrusalem. 269 pp. [in Hebrew].","Levitt, Y. (2012) The impact of depth gradient on the status of alien species along the Mediterranean Sea coast of Israel. M. Sc. Thesis. Tel-Aviv University, 90 pp.","Goren, M. & Galil, B. S. (2015) A checklist of the deep sea fishes of the Levant Sea, Mediterranean Sea. Zootaxa, 3994 (4), 507 - 530. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3994.4.2","Frid, O. (2015) Gear selectivity and seasonality in Israeli gill and trammel net fisheries. M. SC. thesis. University of Tel-Aviv, 58 + 2 pp.","Steinitz, W. (1927) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Kustenfauna Palastinas. I. Publicazioni deella Stazzione Zoologica di Napoli, 8 (3 - 4), 311 - 353.","Spicer, I. J. (1931) Fisheries. In: Report of the Department of Agriculture and Forests for the Years 1927 - 30. Printing Office, Russian Building, Jerusalem, pp. 159 - 160.","Bodenheimer, F. S. (1935) Animal Life in Palestine. L. Mayer, Jerusalem. pp. 451 - 506.","Bodenheimer, F. S. (1937) Prodromus Faunae Palestinae. Mem. Inst. Egypt, 233, 271 - 275.","Liebman, E. (1934) Contribution to the knowledge of Palestine sea fishes. Rapport et Proces-Verbaux des Reunion, 8, 317 - 327.","Hornell, J. (1935) Report on the Fisheries of Palestine. Government of Palestine. Crown Agent for the Colonies, London, 106 pp.","Baranes, A. & Diamant, A. (1983 b) Batoidea. In: Fischelson, L. (Ed.), Plants and Animals of the Land of Israel. Vol. 4, Ministry of Defense Publication, Tel-Aviv, pp. 36 - 39. [in Hebrew]","Ethad, D. (2004) Fishes caught in the Electric Company's Haifa power station's filtering systems in relation to environmental conditions and in comparison to fish assemblages from ancient coastal sites. M. Sc. Thesis. University of Haifa, 98 + 4 pp. [in Hebrew with English abstract]","Darom, D. & Tsurnamal, M. (1992) Handbook of the Seashores of Israel. Keter Publishing House, Ltd., Jerusalem, 271 pp. [in Hebrew]","Pisanty, S. & Golani, D. (1996) Vertical distribution of the demersal fish on the continental slope of Israel (Eastern Mediterranean). In: Armentrout, N. B. (Ed.), Condition of the World's Aquatic Habitats. Proceedings of the World Fisheries Congress, Theme 1. Oxford & IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi, pp. 386 - 395.","Diamant, A. (1977) A quantitative and qualitative analysis of a fish community of an artificial reef in the Mediterranean Sea, with comparison to those of natural biotopes. M. Sc. Thesis. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 106 pp. [in Hebrew]","Lipsky, G. (2012) Shipwrecks in the Levant basin: species-diversity hotspot or invader paradise. M. Sc. Thesis. Tel-Aviv University, 157 pp.","Golani, D. & Capape, C. (2004) First record of the blue stingray, Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828) (Chondrichthyes: Dasyatidae), off the coast of Israel (eastern Mediterranean). Acta Adriatica, 45, 107 - 113.","Spanier, E., Pisanty, S., Tom, M. & Almog-Shtayer, G. (1989 a) The fish assemblage on a coralligenous shallow shelf off the Mediterranean coast of northern Israel. Journal of Fish Biology, 35, 641 - 649. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1989. tb 03016. x","Spanier, E., Tom, M., Pisanty, S. & Almog-Shtayer, G. (1989 b) Comparison between Lessepsian migrants and local species in the fish community of the shallow shelf of northern Israel. In: Spanier, E., Steinberger, Y. & Luria, M. (Eds.), Environmental Quality and Ecosystem Stability, IV B, Environmental Quality. ISEEQS Pub., Jerusalem, Israel, pp. 177 - 185.","Gweta, S., Spanier, E. & Bentur, Y. (2008) Venomous fish injuries along the Israeli Mediterranean coast: scope and characterization. Israel Medical Association Journal, 10, 783 - 788.","Diamant, A, Goren, A., Yokes ¸ M. B., Galil, B. S., Klopman, Y., Huchon, D., Szitenberg, A. & Karhan, S. U. (2010) Dasyatispora levantinae gen. et sp. nov., a new microsporidian parasite from the common stingray Dasyatis pastinaca in the eastern Mediterranean. Diseases of Aquatic organisms, 91, 137 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / dao 02256","Ben-Tuvia, A. (1955) Two Indo-Pacific fishes, Dasyatis uarnak and Upeneus moluccensis, in the eastern Mediterranean. Nature, London, 176, 1177 - 1178. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 1761177 b 0","Ben-Tuvia, A. (1966) Red Sea fishes recently found in the Mediterranean. Copeia, 1966, 254 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1441133","Ben-Tuvia, A. (1978) Immigration of fishes through the Suez Canal. Fishery Bulletin, 76 (1), 249 - 255.","Por, F. D. (1978) Lessepsian Migration. The Influx of Red Sea Biota into the Mediterranean by Way of the Suez Canal. Ecological Studies, 23. Springer - Verlag, Berlin, 228 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 66728 - 2","Ben-Tuvia, A. (1985) The impact of the Lessepsian (Suez Canal) fish migration on the eastern Mediterranean ecosystem. In: Moraitou-Apostolopoulou, M. & Kiortsis, V. (Eds.), Mediterranean Marine Ecosystems. Plenum Publishing Corporation, pp. 367 - 375. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4899 - 2248 - 9 _ 17","Golani, D. (1998 a) Distribution of Lessepsian migrant fish in the Mediterranean. Italian Journal of Zoology, 65 (suppl.), 95 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250009809386801","Golani, D. (1998 b) Impact of Red Sea fish migrants through the Suez Canal on the aquatic environment of the easrern Mediterranean. Bullitin of the Yale School of Forestry and Environment Studies, 103, 375 - 387.","Golani, D. (2002 a) Lessepsian fish migration - charaterization and impact on the eastern Mediterranean. In: Ozturk, B. & Basusta, N. (Eds.), Workshop on Lessepsian Migration Proceedings. Turkish Marinre Research Foundation, Istanbul, 9, pp. 1 - 9.","Pisanty, S. & Sonin, O (1991) Fishing trials for swordfish Xiphias gladius off the Israeli coast during 1991. Fisheries and Fishbreeding in Israel, 24, 141 - 154. [in Hebrew]","Pisanty, S. & Sonin, O (1992) Fishing trials for swordfish Xiphias gladius off the Israeli coast during 1992. Fisheries and Fishbreeding in Israel, 25, 219 - 232. [in Hebrew].","Schwartz, F. J. (2005) Tail spine characteristics of stingrays (Order Myliobatiformes) found in the north Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Black Seas. Electronic Journal of Ichthyology, 1, 1 - 9.","Golani, D. & Levy, Y. (2005) New records and rare occurrences of fish species from the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Zoology in the Middle East, 36, 27 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 09397140.2005.10638124"]}

This checklist of the Mediterranean fishes of Israel enumerates 469 species which is an addition of 62 species since the previous checklist of 2005. This new checklist includes 58 Condrichthys and 411 Osteicthys species. Most newly-recorded species are of Red Sea origin (Lessepsian migrants)—38 species, 25 species are from previously poorly investigated habitats, mainly deep water, while two species reached the Mediterranean most likely by ballast water and two are aquaculture escapees. The dramatic increase in the number of Lessepsian migrants (an average of 2.5 species per year) is most likely due to the increased water influx between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, following the recent opening of the new parallel, 72 km, “new canal” and the enlargement of other parts of the Suez Canal.

TORPEDINIDAE Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte 1835) Torpedo nobiliana: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Tetronarce nobiliana: Goren, et al., 2019 Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810 Torpedo marmorata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012, Goren & Galil, 2015; Frid, 2015 (Fisher.). Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758) Torpedo narce: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937; Ben-Tuvia, 1953a. Torpedo ocellata: Liebman, 1934; Hornell, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Torpedo torpedo: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Darom & Tsur- namal, 1992 (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009; Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fisher.). ORDER: RAJIFORMES RHINOBATIDAE Glaucostegus cemiculus (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1817) Rhinobatos cemiculus: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009; Stern, 2010; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Rhinobatus cemiculus: Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.). Rhinobatos rhinobatos (Linnaeus, 1758) Rhinobatos rhinobatos: Hornell, 1935; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Ethad, 2004 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Rhinobates rhinobates: Bodenheimer, 1937. Rhinobatos rhinobatus: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Rhinobatus rhinobatus: Darom & Tsurnamal, 1992 (Heb.). RAJIDAE Dipturus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus 1758) Raja oxyrinchus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Pisanty & Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005. Dipturus oxyrinchus: Golani, 2006. Raja asterias Delaroche, 1809 Raja punctata: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Raja asterias: Liebman, 1934; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 Raja clavata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Diamant, 1977 (Heb.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983 b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758 Raja miraletus: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937; Ben-Tu- via, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Darom & Tsurnamal, 1992 (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.); Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja quadrimaculata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953 a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Raja montagui Fowler, 1910:468 Raja montagui: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Stern, 2010; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja radula Delaroche, 1809 Raja radula: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja undulata Lacepède, 1802 Raja undulata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. DASYATIDAE Dasyatis centoura Dasyatis apera: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Dasyatis centoura: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828) Dasyatis chrysonota: Golani and Capapé, 2004; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) Trygon pastinaca: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Dasyatis pastinaca: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Spanier et al., 1989a; Spanier et al, 1989b; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Gweta et al. 2008; Sonin, 2009; Diamant et al 2010 (paras); Stern, 2010; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis tortonesei Capapé, 1975 Dasyatis tortonesei: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. * Himantura uarnak (Forsskål, 1775):viii, 18 Dasyatis uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1955. Himantura uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1966; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Ben-Tuvia, 1978; Por, 1978; Ben-Tuvia, 1985; Golani, 1996; Golani & Ben-Tuvia, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 1998a; Golani, 1998b; Golani, 2002a; Golani, et al. 2002; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) Dasyatis violacea: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Pisanty & Sonin, 1991 (Fish., Heb.); Pisanty & Sonin, 1992 (Fish., Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.) Golani, 2005. Pteroplatytrygon violacea: Golani, 2006. Taeniura grabata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Taeniura grabata: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Schwartz, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.). GYMNURIDAE Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) Pteroplatea altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a. Gymnura altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI ORDER: RAJIFORMES RHINOBATIDAE Glaucostegus cemiculus (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1817) Rhinobatos cemiculus: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009; Stern, 2010; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Rhinobatus cemiculus: Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.). Rhinobatos rhinobatos (Linnaeus, 1758) Rhinobatos rhinobatos: Hornell, 1935; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Ethad, 2004 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Rhinobates rhinobates: Bodenheimer, 1937. Rhinobatos rhinobatus: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Rhinobatus rhinobatus: Darom & Tsurnamal, 1992 (Heb.). RAJIDAE Dipturus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus 1758) Raja oxyrinchus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Pisanty & Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005. Dipturus oxyrinchus: Golani, 2006. Raja asterias Delaroche, 1809 Raja punctata: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Raja asterias: Liebman, 1934; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 Raja clavata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Diamant, 1977 (Heb.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983 b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758 Raja miraletus: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937; Ben-Tu- via, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Darom & Tsurnamal, 1992 (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.); Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja quadrimaculata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953 a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Raja montagui Fowler, 1910:468 Raja montagui: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Stern, 2010; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja radula Delaroche, 1809 Raja radula: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja undulata Lacepède, 1802 Raja undulata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. DASYATIDAE Dasyatis centoura Dasyatis apera: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Dasyatis centoura: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828) Dasyatis chrysonota: Golani and Capapé, 2004; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) Trygon pastinaca: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Dasyatis pastinaca: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Spanier et al., 1989a; Spanier et al, 1989b; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Gweta et al. 2008; Sonin, 2009; Diamant et al 2010 (paras); Stern, 2010; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis tortonesei Capapé, 1975 Dasyatis tortonesei: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. * Himantura uarnak (Forsskål, 1775):viii, 18 Dasyatis uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1955. Himantura uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1966; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Ben-Tuvia, 1978; Por, 1978; Ben-Tuvia, 1985; Golani, 1996; Golani & Ben-Tuvia, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 1998a; Golani, 1998b; Golani, 2002a; Golani, et al. 2002; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) Dasyatis violacea: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Pisanty & Sonin, 1991 (Fish., Heb.); Pisanty & Sonin, 1992 (Fish., Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.) Golani, 2005. Pteroplatytrygon violacea: Golani, 2006. Taeniura grabata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Taeniura grabata: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Schwartz, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.). GYMNURIDAE Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) Pteroplatea altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a. Gymnura altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI RHINOBATIDAE Glaucostegus cemiculus (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1817) Rhinobatos cemiculus: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009; Stern, 2010; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Rhinobatus cemiculus: Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.). Rhinobatos rhinobatos (Linnaeus, 1758) Rhinobatos rhinobatos: Hornell, 1935; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Ethad, 2004 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Rhinobates rhinobates: Bodenheimer, 1937. Rhinobatos rhinobatus: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Rhinobatus rhinobatus: Darom & Tsurnamal, 1992 (Heb.). RAJIDAE Dipturus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus 1758) Raja oxyrinchus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Pisanty & Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005. Dipturus oxyrinchus: Golani, 2006. Raja asterias Delaroche, 1809 Raja punctata: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Raja asterias: Liebman, 1934; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 Raja clavata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Diamant, 1977 (Heb.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983 b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758 Raja miraletus: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937; Ben-Tu- via, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Darom & Tsurnamal, 1992 (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.); Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja quadrimaculata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953 a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Raja montagui Fowler, 1910:468 Raja montagui: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Stern, 2010; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja radula Delaroche, 1809 Raja radula: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja undulata Lacepède, 1802 Raja undulata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. DASYATIDAE Dasyatis centoura Dasyatis apera: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Dasyatis centoura: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828) Dasyatis chrysonota: Golani and Capapé, 2004; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) Trygon pastinaca: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Dasyatis pastinaca: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Spanier et al., 1989a; Spanier et al, 1989b; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Gweta et al. 2008; Sonin, 2009; Diamant et al 2010 (paras); Stern, 2010; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Frid, 2015 (Fish.); Goren, et al., 2016. Dasyatis tortonesei Capapé, 1975 Dasyatis tortonesei: Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. * Himantura uarnak (Forsskål, 1775):viii, 18 Dasyatis uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1955. Himantura uarnak: Ben-Tuvia, 1966; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Ben-Tuvia, 1978; Por, 1978; Ben-Tuvia, 1985; Golani, 1996; Golani & Ben-Tuvia, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 1998a; Golani, 1998b; Golani, 2002a; Golani, et al. 2002; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) Dasyatis violacea: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Pisanty & Sonin, 1991 (Fish., Heb.); Pisanty & Sonin, 1992 (Fish., Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.) Golani, 2005. Pteroplatytrygon violacea: Golani, 2006. Taeniura grabata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Taeniura grabata: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Schwartz, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.). GYMNURIDAE Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) Pteroplatea altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a. Gymnura altavela: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Fischthal, 1980 (Parasit.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatis aquila: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Pteromylaeus bovinus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinoptera marginata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. MOBULIDAE Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) Mobula mobular: Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani & Levy, 2005; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Mobula mobula: Baranes & Diamant, 1983b (Heb.). CLASS: HOLOCEPHALI RAJIDAE Dipturus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus 1758) Raja oxyrinchus: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Pisanty & Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005. Dipturus oxyrinchus: Golani, 2006. Raja asterias Delaroche, 1809 Raja punctata: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937. Raja asterias: Liebman, 1934; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Golani, 1996; Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006. Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 Raja clavata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Diamant, 1977 (Heb.); Baranes & Diamant, 1983 b (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Lipsky, 2012 (Art. Reef); Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758 Raja miraletus: W. Steinitz, 1927; Spicer, 1931; Liebman, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1935; Bodenheimer, 1937; Ben-Tu- via, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Darom & Tsurnamal, 1992 (Heb.); Golani, 1996; Golani, 1997 (Heb.); Golani, 2005; Golani, 2006; Sonin, 2009 (Heb.); Stern, 2010; Levitt, 2012; Goren, et al., 2016. Raja quadrimaculata: Ben-Tuvia, 1953 a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a. Raja montagui Fowler, 1910:468 Raja montagui: Ben-Tuvia, 1953a; Ben-Tuvia, 1971a; Gola

An annotated checklist of chondrichthyan fishes (sharks, batoids, and chimaeras) occurring in South African waters is presented. The checklist is the result of decades of research and on-going systematic revisions of the regional fauna. The chondrichthyan fauna of South Africa is one of the richest in the world with 191 species, comprising 50 families and 103 genera. It consists of 30 families, 64 genera, and 111 species of sharks; 17 families, 36 genera, and 72 species of batoids; and, 3 families, 5 genera, and 8 species of chimaeras. The most species-rich shark families are the whaler sharks Carcharhinidae with 20 species followed by the deepwater catsharks Pentanchidae with 13 species. The most species-rich batoid families are the hardnose stakes Rajidae with at least 21 species followed by the stingrays Dasyatidae with 13 species. This monograph represents the first detailed annotated checklist of chondrichthyans from South Africa in over 30 years.

Mobula birostris (Walbaum, 1792) Giant Manta Ray Raja birostris Walbaum, 1792: 535. Types: No types known. Type locality: No locality stated in description. Local synonymy: Manta ehrenbergi: Barnard, 1925: 87; Fowler, 1934b: 409, figs. 2–3; Barnard, 1959: 29, figs. 9–9a, pl. 4. Manta birostris: Smith, 1949a: 73, fig. 88; Wallace, 1967c: 13, fig. 6; Compagno, 1986: 134, fig. 29.1, pl. 5; Compagno et al., 1989: 116, pl.; Compagno, 1999: 118; Heemstra & Heemstra, 2004: 88; Marshall et al., 2009: 4, figs. 1–7; Ebert & Dando, 2014: 99, fig.; Ebert & van Hees, 2015: 148; Weigmann, 2016: 981. Mobula birostris: White & Last, 2016c: 743, fig. 33.2; Stevens et al., 2018: 74, figs. South Africa voucher material: SAIAB 7885, SAIAB 48525, SAIAB 75575, SAIAB 75576, SAIAB 200672, SAIAB 200673, SAIAB 200674. South African distribution: Table Bay (WC) to the KZN border with Mozambique. Remarks: Mobula birostris appears to occur in the more temperate waters of the WC compared to M. alfredi, which appears to be more restricted to the warmer waters of the KZN coast. Conservation status: EN (2020)., Published as part of Ebert, David A., Wintner, Sabine P. & Kyne, Peter M., 2021, An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of South Africa, pp. 1-127 in Zootaxa 4947 (1) on page 100, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4947.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4614567, {"references":["Walbaum, J. J. (1792) Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium. In quibus systema totum ichthyologiae proponitur cum classibus, ordinibus, generum characteribus, specierum differentiis, observationibus plurimis. Redactis speciebus 242 ad genera 52. Ichthyologiae pars III. Ant. Ferdin. Rose, Greifswald, 723 pp.","Barnard, K. H. (1925) A monograph of the marine fishes of South Africa. Part I (Amphioxus, Cyclostomata, Elasmobranchii, and Teleostei-Isospondyli to Heterosomata). Annals of the South African Museum, 21, 1 - 418.","Fowler, H. W. (1934 b) Fishes obtained by Mr. H. W. Bell-Marley chiefly in Natal and Zululand in 1929 to 1932. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 86, 405 - 514.","Barnard, K. H. (1959) A Pictorial Guide to South African Fishes. Marine and Freshwater. Maskew Miller Ltd, Cape Town, 226 pp.","Smith, J. L. B. (1949 a) The Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. South Africa Central News Agency Ltd., 550 pp.","Wallace, J. H. (1967 c) The batoid fishes of the east coast of southern Africa. Part II: manta, eagle, duckbill, cownose, butterfly and sting rays. Investigational Report. Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, 16, 1 - 56.","Compagno, L. J. V. (1986) Families Pristidae, Narkidae, Rhinobatidae, Myliobatidae, Mobulidae, Dasyatidae, Chimaeridae, Rhinochimaeridae, Callorhinchidae. In: Smith, M. M. & Heemstra, P. C. (Eds.), Smith's Sea Fishes. Macmillan, Johannesburg, pp. 110 - 142, 144 - 147.","Compagno, L. J. V., Ebert, D. A. & Smale, M. J. (1989) Guide to the Sharks and Rays of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, 158 pp.","Compagno, L. J. V. (1999) An overview of chondrichthyan systematics and biodiversity in southern Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 54, 75 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359199909520406","Heemstra, P. C. & Heemstra, E. (2004) Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa. National Inquiry Service Centre and South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, 488 pp.","Marshall, A. D., Compagno, L. J. V. & Bennett, M. B. (2009) Redescription of the genus Manta with resurrection of Manta alfredi (Krefft, 1868) (Chondrichthyes; Myliobatoidei; Mobulidae). Zootaxa, 2301 (1), 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2301.1.1","Ebert, D. A. & Dando, M. (2014) On Board Guide for the Identification of Pelagic Sharks and Rays of the Western Indian Ocean. SmartFish Programme, FAO, Rome & Indian Ocean Commission, Port Louis, 109 pp.","Ebert, D. A. & van Hees, K. E. (2015) Beyond jaws: rediscovering the \" Lost Sharks \" of southern Africa. African Journal of Marine Science, 37, 141 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.2989 / 1814232 X. 2015.1048730","Weigmann, S. (2016) Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity. Journal of Fish Biology, 88, 837 - 1037. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jfb. 12874","Last, P. R., White, W. T. & Naylor, G. J. P. (2016 c) Sawfishes. Family Pristidae. In: Last, P. R., White, W. T., de Carvalho, M. E., Seret, B., Stehmann, M. F. W. & Naylor, G. J. P. (Eds.), Rays of the World. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, pp. 58 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / 9780643109148","Stevens, G., Fernando, D., Dando, M. & Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. (2018) Guide to the Manta & Devil Rays of the World. Wild Nature Press, Plymouth, 144 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9780691207216"]}

Burnhamia daviesi (Woodward, 1889) Fig. 53 Rhinoptera daviesi Woodward, 1889: 126, pl. 3, fig. 6. Burnhamia daviesi – Cappetta 1976: 564. Material examined UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – Alabama • 12 isolated teeth; Claiborne Group; MSC 38821, MSC 35789, MSC 38823 (4 specimens), MSC 38826, MSC 38878 (5 specimens). Description Median teeth very wide and relatively narrow. Lateral teeth two-to-three times wider than long. In oral view, all specimens with six-sided crown with sharp lateral angles. Occlusal surface concave to varying degrees. Concave surface completely surrounded by a conspicuous rim; rim bears fine network of reticulated ridges. Labial crown face vertical; crown foot often developed into a sharp projection. Lingual face with rounded transverse ridge at the crown foot; has a narrow suprajacent furrow. Often, a second less well-developed transverse ridge is near the crown apex. All crown faces ornamented with fine reticulated ridging and coarser vertical wrinkling. Ornamentation is conspicuous on median teeth; less so on distal lateral teeth. Root polyaulocorhize; relatively few lamellae are separated by wide nutritive grooves and may be one-half or equal to the crown height. Root lamellae may extend slightly past the lingual crown foot. Remarks Illustrations of the holotype provided by Woodward (1889), Hovestadt & Hovestadt-Euler (2013), and Underwood et al. (2017) showed that the dentition of Burnhamia daviesi was similar to that of Rhinoptera, consisting of a median row of very wide teeth that is flanked by multiple rows of lateral teeth that decrease in size towards the commissure. Gross tooth morphology and limited crown wear has led to interpretations that Burnhamia was a pelagic planktivore related to extant devil rays, and recent phylogenetic analyses placed Burnhamia securely within the Mobulidae (Zhelezko & Kozlov 1999; Cappetta 2012; Underwood et al. 2017). Within the Tallahatta Formation, the concave occlusal surface on median and lateral teeth easily distinguish Burnhamia from any of the other coeval Myliobatidae, including Rhinoptera, Aetomylaeus, Myliobatis and Pseudaetobatus. This singular feature also serves to separate Burnhamia from teeth of Leidybatis, Aetobatus, Myliobatis, Aetomylaeus and Rhinoptera that occur in the Lisbon Formation, as well as teeth of the latter three taxa from the Gosport Sand. However, Burnhamia could be confused with Eoplinthicus yazooensis, a mobulid taxon that also inhabited the Gosport Sand paleoenvironment (see below). Both genera are exceedingly rare within the sample of several thousand Myliobatidae teeth we examined from the Gosport Sand, but Burnhamia can be distinguished by an occlusal surface that is equal to, or only slightly smaller in area than, the crown base, whereas the occlusal surface of E. yazooensis is significantly smaller in area than the crown base. Additionally, the labial crown foot is developed into a sharp horizontal or basally directed projection, but the lower half of the labial face of E. yazooensis is broadly rounded. In profile, the lateral angles of Burnhamia are much more sharply defined than on E. yazooensis. Also, the occlusal surface of Burnhamia teeth bears a reticulated network of ridges, whereas surfaces of E. yazooensis exhibit a series of fine labiolingually oriented striations. The crown of Burnhamia has a sharp six-sided outline in occlusal view, whereas the labial margin on E. yazooensis is less sharply defined. Some teeth within the Tallahatta Formation and Gosport Sand samples exhibit a particularly concave occlusal surface surrounded by a very sharp ridge, a condition that is similar to specimens that Underwood et al. (2017) identified as possible male teeth within the species. The morphologies of the Burnhamia teeth from the Tallahatta Formation and Gosport Sand overlap, and we therefore consider them to be conspecific. The single specimen from the Lisbon Formation is ablated, but it also conforms to teeth recovered from the other two formations. It has been postulated that Burnhamia diverged into two lineages, one where the teeth become progressively smaller and less ornamented over time (i.e., Burnhamia fetahi), and a B. daviesi lineage that continued until the middle Eocene, giving rise to Eoplinthicus (Cappetta 1985; Noubhani & Cappetta 1992; Cappetta & Stringer 2002). However, within our sample, which spans from the Ypresian to middle Bartonian, the B. daviesi teeth remain morphologically constant over that time and have stratigraphic overlap with Eoplinthicus in the Gosport Sand. Stratigraphic and geographic range in Alabama The specimens in our sample were collected from the lower Tallahatta Formation at site ADl-1, the basal Lisbon Formation at site ACov-11, the basal Gosport Sand at site ACl-4, and the Gosport Sand at site ACl-15. Upper Ypresian to middle Bartonian, zones NP14 to NP17., Published as part of Ebersole, Jun A., Cicimurri, David J. & Stringer, Gary L., 2019, Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths, pp. 1-274 in European Journal of Taxonomy 585 on pages 144-146, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.585, http://zenodo.org/record/3660259, {"references":["Woodward A. S. 1889. Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum. Part. I. British Museum (Natural History), London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61854","Cappetta H. 1976. Selaciens nouveaux du London Clay de l'Essex (Ypresien du Bassin de Londres). Geobios 9 (5): 551 - 575. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (76) 80024 - 1","Hovestadt D. C. & Hovestadt-Euler M. 2013. Generic assessment and reallocation of Cenozoic Myliobatinae based on new information of tooth, tooth plate and caudal spine morphology of extant taxa. Palaeontos 24: 1 - 66.","Underwood C. J., Kolmann M. A. & Ward D. J. 2017. Paleogene origin of planktivory in the Batoidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 (3): e 1293068. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2017.1293068","Zhelezko V. I. & Kozlov V. A. 1999. [Elasmobranchii and Palaeogene biostratigraphy of Transural and Central Asia]. Materialy po stratigrafii i paleontologii Urala 3: 1 - 324. [In Russian.]","Cappetta H. 2012. Chondrichthyes (Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii, Teeth). Handbook of Palaeoichthyology. Verlag Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen.","Cappetta H. 1985. Sur un nouvelle espece de Burnhamia (Batomorphii, Mobulidae) de l'Ypresien des Oules Abdoun, Maroc. Tertiary Research 7 (1): 27 - 33.","Noubhani A. & Cappetta H. 1992. Evolution de la taille et de la morphologie des dents dans deux lignees de selaciens: application biostratigraphique. Tertiary Research 14 (1): 1 - 18.","Cappetta H. & Stringer G. L. 2002. A new batoid genus (Neoselachii: Myliobatiformes) from the Yazoo Clay (upper Eocene) of Louisiana, USA. Tertiary Research 21 (104): 51 - 56."]}

Genus Eoplinthicus Cappetta & Stringer, 2002 Type species Eoplinthicus yazooensis Cappetta & Stringer, 2002, late Eocene (Priabonian), Louisiana, USA., Published as part of Ebersole, Jun A., Cicimurri, David J. & Stringer, Gary L., 2019, Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths, pp. 1-274 in European Journal of Taxonomy 585 on page 147, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.585, http://zenodo.org/record/3660259, {"references":["Cappetta H. & Stringer G. L. 2002. A new batoid genus (Neoselachii: Myliobatiformes) from the Yazoo Clay (upper Eocene) of Louisiana, USA. Tertiary Research 21 (104): 51 - 56."]}

Genus Tethylamna Cappetta & Case, 2016 Type species Tethylamna dunni Cappetta & Case, 2016, contact of the Lisbon and Tallahatta formations, site ACov-11, Covington County, Alabama, USA., Published as part of Ebersole, Jun A., Cicimurri, David J. & Stringer, Gary L., 2019, Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths, pp. 1-274 in European Journal of Taxonomy 585 on page 53, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.585, http://zenodo.org/record/3660259, {"references":["Cappetta H. & Case G. R. 2016. A selachian fauna from the middle Eocene (Lutetian, Lisbon Formation) of Andalusia, Covington County, Alabama, USA. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 307 (1 - 6): 43 - 103."]}

Eoplinthicus yazooensis Cappetta & Stringer, 2002 Fig. 54 Eoplinthicus yazooensis Cappetta & Stringer, 2002: 51–56, pl. 1. Material examined UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – Alabama • 1 isolated tooth; Claiborne Group; ALMNH PV1985.35.65. Description A single median tooth is represented in our sample. Tooth is very wide, but labiolingually thin, sixsided. Occlusal surface concave across nearly the entire width; occlusal surface outlined by a sharp, irregular rim. In oral view, crown is conspicuously smaller in area than the crown base. Labial crown face concave, with lower half projecting labially and upper half nearly vertical. Lingual face vertical and straight, slight lingual projection at the crown foot. Very base of lingual crown bears weak transverse ridge immediately above the root. All crown faces with coarse ornamentation of vertical anastomosing and interconnected ridges that become finer apically. Polyaulocorhize root as high as the crown. Labial and lingual faces nearly vertical; 13 narrow lobes are separated by 12 nutritive grooves. Remarks When originally described, Eoplinthicus was not directly differentiated from Burnhamia, possibly because the two genera were not known to co-occur within the Yazoo Clay (Cappetta & Stringer 2002). However, both Eoplinthicus and Burnhamia were collected from the upper Gosport Sand (see above), and a differential diagnosis is provided here. Eoplinthicus yazooensis is now known from three teeth (including two from the Yazoo Clay), all of which can be distinguished from Burnhamia by having an occlusal surface that is significantly smaller in area than the crown base. In contrast, the occlusal surface on Burnhamia teeth is equal to, or only slightly smaller in area than, the crown base. Additionally, the lower half of the labial face of E. yazooensis is broadly rounded, whereas on Burnhamia the labial crown foot is developed into a sharp horizontal or basally directed projection. In profile, the lateral angles of E. yazooensis are not as sharply defined as observed on Burnhamia. Also, the occlusal surface of E. yazooensis bears a series of fine labiolingually oriented striations, as opposed to a somewhat reticulated network of ridges on the oral surface of Burnhamia teeth. The labial margin on E. yazooensis is less sharply defined than Burnhamia, which has a sharp six-sided outline in occlusal view. Cappetta & Stringer (2002) implied that Eoplinthicus was a direct descendant of Burnhamia, but this theory must be further examined in light of the discovery that these taxa were coeval within the Gosport Sand paleoenvironment. A second Eoplinthicus species, E. underwoodi Adnet et al. 2012, has been reported from middle-toupper Eocene strata in Africa. This species differs from E. yazooensis in being smaller in size (with six root lamellae) and by having less developed crown ornamentation. Stratigraphic and geographic range in Alabama The lone specimen in our sample was collected from the upper Gosport Sand at site ACh-21. Middle Bartonian, Zone NP17. Batomorphii indet. Fig. 55 Material examined UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – Alabama • 3 isolated teeth; Claiborne Group; MSC 37675.1–2, SC 2012.47.154. Description Teeth do not exceed 2 mm in crown height. Upper one-half to two-thirds of crown formed into laterally compressed, vertical to slightly lingually curving cusp. Lower one-third to one-half of crown wider, shelf-like laterally and lingually, with labial crown foot developed into small, divergent projections. Labial projections separated by shallow to deep medial embayment. Lingual crown foot straight or with weakly developed medial notch. Crown with trapezoidal to square outline in oral view, but more triangular in profile. Root located at lingual half of crown, bilobate with wide nutritive groove, extends past the lingual crown foot. Remarks The crown on these teeth is distinctive for their tall, laterally compressed cusp, conspicuous, diverging basal labial projections and roughly square oral outline. Although similar to teeth of Jacquhermania and the male teeth of “ Dasyatis ” described herein, the three teeth in our sample differ significantly in having a laterally compressed cusp that lacks lateral cutting edges. In addition, male teeth of “ Dasyatis ” bear ornamentation of various types (see above). Although the specimens are morphologically comparable to, and within the size range of, most members of the Torpedinidae, particularly Torpedo, the Lisbon specimens differ from all Recent and fossil Torpedinidae, except Eotorpedo, in lacking distinctive lateral cutting edges extending from the cusp apex to nearly the crown base (Cappetta 1988; Herman et al. 2002). Eotorpedo White, 1935 can have a cusp similar to the Lisbon specimens described above, as well as labial projections separated by a deep embayment and a notch at the lingual crown foot. A significant difference between the Lisbon specimens and these two species of Eotorpedo is the lack of a basal transverse crest on the Alabama teeth. Some specimens identified as Eotorpedo, including Eotorpedo nolfi Herman, 1974 (Herman 1974: fig. 1, a-c) and Eotorpedo jaekeli (Case, 1994) (see Case 1994a) may in fact be Jacquhermania (Cappetta 2012; Cappetta & Case 2016). It is possible that the Claibornian specimens described above represent juvenile teeth of Jacquhermania, but to our knowledge this morphology has not previously been attributed to this genus. Additional, more complete, specimens are needed to more accurately identify this morphology. Stratigraphic and geographic range in Alabama The specimens in our sample were collected from the basal Lisbon Formation at site ACov-11. Lower Lutetian, Zone NP15., Published as part of Ebersole, Jun A., Cicimurri, David J. & Stringer, Gary L., 2019, Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths, pp. 1-274 in European Journal of Taxonomy 585 on pages 147-149, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.585, http://zenodo.org/record/3660259, {"references":["Cappetta H. & Stringer G. L. 2002. A new batoid genus (Neoselachii: Myliobatiformes) from the Yazoo Clay (upper Eocene) of Louisiana, USA. Tertiary Research 21 (104): 51 - 56.","Adnet S., Cappetta H., Guinot G. & Notabartolo Di Sciara G. 2012. Evolutionary history of the devilrays (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from fossil and morphological inference. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society 166 (1): 132 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00844. x","Herman J., Hovestadt-Euler M., Hovestadt D. C. & Stehmann M. 2002. Contributions to the study of the comparative morphology of teeth and other relevant ichthyodorulites in living supraspecific taxa of chondrichthyan fishes. Part B: Batomorphii. No. 4: Order Torpediniformes - Family Narcinidae - Subfamily Narcininae - Genera: Benthobatis, Diplobatis, Discopyge and Narcine, Subfamily Narkinae - Genera: Bengalichthys, Crassinarke, Heteronarce, Narke, Temera, and Typhlonarke, Family Torpedinidae - Subfamily Torpedininae - Genus: Torpedo - Subfamily T. (Tetronarke) and T. (Torpedo) and Subfamily Hypninae - Genus: Hypnos. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Biologie 72: 5 - 45.","Herman J. 1974. Complements palaeoichthyologiques a la faune eocene de la Belgique. 2. Presence du genre Eotorpedo White, E. I., 1935 dans les Sables de Forest (Ypresien superieur belge). Bulletin de la Societe belge de Geologie 83 (1): 33 - 34.","Case G. R. 1994 a. Fossil fish remains from the late Paleocene Tuscahoma and early Eocene Bashi formations of Meridian, Lauderdale County, Mississippi. Part I - Selachians. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 230 (4 - 6): 97 - 138.","Cappetta H. 2012. Chondrichthyes (Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii, Teeth). Handbook of Palaeoichthyology. Verlag Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen.","Cappetta H. & Case G. R. 2016. A selachian fauna from the middle Eocene (Lutetian, Lisbon Formation) of Andalusia, Covington County, Alabama, USA. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 307 (1 - 6): 43 - 103."]}

Genus Burnhamia Cappetta, 1976 Type species Rhinoptera daviesi Woodward, 1889, early Eocene (Ypresian), London Clay, Sheppey, England., Published as part of Ebersole, Jun A., Cicimurri, David J. & Stringer, Gary L., 2019, Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths, pp. 1-274 in European Journal of Taxonomy 585 on page 144, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.585, http://zenodo.org/record/3660259, {"references":["Cappetta H. 1976. Selaciens nouveaux du London Clay de l'Essex (Ypresien du Bassin de Londres). Geobios 9 (5): 551 - 575. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (76) 80024 - 1","Woodward A. S. 1889. Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum. Part. I. British Museum (Natural History), London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61854"]}

We report the occurrence of the reef manta ray Manta alfredi Krefft 1868 in the Bohol Sea, Philippines, based on photographic evidence from boat-based surveys and a fishery specimen. Despite previous anecdotal reports from the diving industry and over a century of extensive targeted fisheries for mobulid rays in the Philippines, it was not until recently that the species was first confirmed in the country at the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, Palawan. Our results confirm the presence of M. alfredi in the Visayas region of the Philippines, extending the current range for the species from the Sulu Sea over 600 km eastwards. Its presence in a region with an active mobulid fishery has important implications for the conservation and management of M. alfredi in the country. We highlight the need to understand the distribution of M. alfredi in the region and make management recommendations based on the present study.

The current checklist provides for each species of the Red Sea its records in the Gulf of Suez, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea main basin and its general distribution.This new checklist of Red Sea fishes enumerates 1207 species, representing 164 families. Of these, 797 species were recorded from the Gulf of Aqaba and 339 from the Gulf of Suez. The number of species from the Gulf of Suez is evidently lower than the actual number not including 27 Lessepsian (Red Sea) migrants to the Mediterranean that most likely occur in the Gulf. The current list includes 73 species that were newly described for science since the last checklist of 2010. The most specious Osteichthyes families are: Gobiidae (134 species), Labridae (66), Apogonidae (59), Serranidae (including Anthiadinae) (44), Blenniidae (42), Carangidae (38), Muraenidae (36), Pomacentridae (35), Syngnathidae (34), Scorpaenidae (24) and Lutjanidae (23). Among the families of Chondrichthyes, the most specious families are the Carcharhinidae (18 species) and Dasyatidae (11). The total number of endemic species in the Red Sea is 174 species, of these, 34 species are endemic to the Gulf of Aqaba and 8 to the Gulf of Suez.

MOBULIDAE Mobula alfredi (Krefft 1868) Gulf of Suez: �� Gulf of Aqaba: �� Red Sea main basin: Sudan (Kessel et al. 2017, as Manta alfredi), Saudi Arabia (Braun et al. 2015, as Manta alfredi). General distribution: Eastern Atlantic; Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa east to Hawaiian Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago. Mobula birostris (Walbaum 1792) Gulf of Suez: �� Gulf of Aqaba: Israel (Ben-Tuvia 1968, as Manta ehrenbergi). Red Sea main basin: Egypt (Gohar & Bayoumi 1959, as Manta ehrenbergi), Sudan (Tortonese 1956, as Manta birostris ehrenbergi), Eritrea (Tortonese 1956, as Manta birostris ehrenbergi), Saudi Arabia (Klausewitz 1967, as Manta birostris). General distribution: Circumglobal in tropical seas. Mobula kuhlii (M��ller & Henle 1841) Gulf of Suez: �� Gulf of Aqaba: Jordan (Khalaf & Disi 1997, as Mobula diabolus). Red Sea main basin: Egypt (Gohar & Bayoumi 1959), Eritrea (Tortonese 1956, as Mobula diabolus; Randall 1994c, as Mobula thurstoni; Notarbartolo-di-Sciara et al. 2016), Saudi Arabia (Spaet & Berumen 2015). General distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa east to Philippines and New Guinea. Remark: Red Sea records of Mobula eregoodootenkee are based on this species (see White & Last 2016c). Mobula tarapacana (Philippi 1892) Gulf of Suez: �� Gulf of Aqaba: �� Red Sea main basin: Egypt (Notarbartolo-di-Sciara et al. 2016). General distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and warm temperate seas. Mobula thurstoni (Lloyd 1908) Gulf of Suez: �� Gulf of Aqaba: �� Red Sea main basin: Egypt (Notarbartolo-di-Sciara et al. 2016), Saudi Arabia (Notarbartolo-di-Sciara et al. 2016). General distribution: Circumglobal in tropical seas., Published as part of Golani, Daniel & Fricke, Ronald, 2018, Checklist of the Red Sea Fishes with delineation of the Gulf of Suez, Gulf of Aqaba, endemism and Lessepsian migrants, pp. 1-215 in Zootaxa 4509 (1) on page 18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4509.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2607566, {"references":["Kessel, S. T., Elamin, N. A., Yurkowski, D. J., Chekchak, T., Walter, R. P., Klaus, R., Hill, G. & Hussey, N. E. (2017) Conservation of reef manta rays (Manta alfredi) in a UNESCO World Heritage Site: Large-scale island development or sustainable tourism? PLOS One, 12 (10), e 0185419, 1 - 16.","Braun, C. D., Skomal, G. B., Thorrold, S. R. & Berumen, M. L. (2015) Movements of the reef manta ray (Manta alfredi) in the Red Sea using satellite and acoustic telemetry. Marine Biology, 163 (1 - 12), 2351 - 2362. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 015 - 2760 - 3","Ben-Tuvia, A. (1968) Report on the fisheries investigations of the Israel South Red Sea Expedition, 1962. Bulletin of the Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Haifa, 52, 21 - 55.","Gohar, H. A. F. & Bayoumi, A. R. (1959) On the anatomy of Manta ehrenbergi with notes on Mobula kuhlii. Publications of the Marine Biological Station Al-Ghardaqa, 10, 191 - 238, pls. 1 - 3.","Tortonese, E. (1956) Spedizione subacquea italiana nel Mar Rosso. Ricerche zoologiche. IV. Plagiostomi. VI. Plettognati. Rivista di Biologia Coloniale, 14, 5 - 21 + 73 - 86.","Khalaf, M. A &. Disi, A. M. (1997) Fishes of the Gulf of Aqaba. Publications of the Marine Science Station, Aqaba, 8, 1 - 252.","Randall, J. E. (1994 c) Twenty-two new records of fishes from the Red Sea. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 14, 259 - 275.","Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, G., Fernando, D., Adnet, S., Cappetta, H. & Jabado, R. W. (2016) Devil rays (Chondrichthys: Mobula) of the Arabian seas, with a redescription of Mobula kuhlii (Valenciennes in Muller and Henle, 1841). Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 2016, 1 - 22.","Spaet, J. L. Y. & Berumen, M. L. (2015) Fish market surveys indicate unsustainable elasmobranch fisheries in the Saudi Arabian Red Sea. Fisheries Research, 161, 356 - 364. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. fishres. 2014.08.022","White, W. T. & Last, P. R. (2016 c) 33. Devilrays. Family Mobulidae. In: Last, P. R., White, W. T., de Carvalho, M. R., Seret, B., Stehmann, M. F. W. & Naylor, G. J. P. (Eds.), Rays of the World. Cornell University Press, Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, pp. 741 - 749."]}

Biscoito, Manuel, Ribeiro, Cláudia, Freitas, Mafalda (2018): Annotated checklist of the fishes of the archipelago of Madeira (NE Atlantic): I-Chondrichthyes. Zootaxa 4429 (3): 459-494, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4429.3.2

An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyan fishes (sharks, rays, and chimaeras) of Papua New Guinean waters is herein presented. The checklist is the result of a large biodiversity study on the chondrichthyan fauna of Papua New Guinea between 2013 and 2017. The chondrichthyan fauna of Papua New Guinea has historically been very poorly known due to a lack of baseline information and limited deepwater exploration. A total of 131 species, comprising 36 families and 68 genera, were recorded. The most speciose families are the Carcharhinidae with 29 species and the Dasyatidae with 23 species. Verified voucher material from various biological collections around the world are provided, with a total of 687 lots recorded comprising 574 whole specimens, 128 sets of jaws and 21 sawfish rostra. This represents the first detailed, verified checklist of chondrichthyans from Papua New Guinean waters.

Family Mobulidae Gill, 1893 Devilrays, Published as part of White, William T. & Ko'Ou, Alfred, 2018, An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of Papua New Guinea, pp. 1-82 in Zootaxa 4411 (1) on page 67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4411.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1221878, {"references":["Gill, T. N. (1893) Families and subfamilies of fishes. Memoirs of the National Academy of Science Memoirs, VI, 127 - 138. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 6303"]}

Henderson, Aaron C., Reeve, Alan J., Jabado, Rima W., Naylor, Gavin J. P. (2016): Taxonomic assessment of sharks, rays and guitarfishes (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) from south-eastern Arabia, using the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (NADH2) gene. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (2): 399-442, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12309

GENUS † BURNHAMIA CAPPETTA, 1976 Included species: † Burnhamia daviesi (Woodward, 1889); † Burnhamia fetahi Cappetta, 1985; † Burnhamia glikmani (Pfeil, 1981). Occurrences: This genus is known from the Late Palaeocene to the Late Eocene and was largely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere (see Cappetta, 1987, and references therein). Remarks: This genus was erected on material originally placed in the genus Rhinoptera by Woodward (1889, formally as † Rhinoptera daviesi). Cappetta (1976) attributed this material to a new genus amongst the mobulids on the basis of: an evident reduction of tooth size, an increase in file number (more than eight), and a fine ornamentation rarely planed on the concave occlusal surface, leading to a supposed lack of biomechanical stress as observable in teeth of filter-feeders and contrary to the benthic batoids with grinding-type dentition as the rhinopterids. † Burnhamia fetahi illustrates the extreme reduction in tooth size and one can clearly observe anterior cuspidate teeth, lacking in rhinopterid or myliobatid taxa. Numerous Palaeogene fossils attributed to the genus Rhinoptera belong in fact to the different species of Burnhamia. The extinct species † Mobula glikmani Pfeil, 1981, was only named in the text (Pfeil, 1981) from the material recovered in the Eocene of Kazakhstan (Glikman, 1964). Cappetta (2006) refuted this attribution and reported this material as belonging to the genus † Burnhamia., Published as part of Adnet, Sylvain, Cappetta, Henri, Guinot, Guillaume & Sciara, Giuseppe Notarbartolo Di, 2012, Evolutionary history of the devilrays (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from fossil and morphological inference, pp. 132-159 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166 (1) on page 141, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00844.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5408589, {"references":["Cappetta H. 1976. Selaciens nouveaux du London Clay de l'Essex (Ypresien du Bassin de Londres). Geobios 9: 551 - 575.","Woodward AS. 1889. Catalogue of the fossil fishes in the British Museum. Part. I. Containing the Elasmobranchii. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) XLVII + 474 p., fig., 17 pl.","Cappetta H. 1985. Sur une nouvelle espece de Burnhamia (Batomorphii, Mobulidae) dans l'Ypresien des Ouled Abdoun, Maroc. Tertiary Research 7: 27 - 33.","Pfeil FH. 1981. Eine nektonische Fischfauna aus dem unteroligozanen Schonecker Fischschiefer des Galon-Grabens in Oberbayern. Geologica Bavarica 82: 357 - 388.","Cappetta H. 1987. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii, Chondrichthyes II. In: Schultze H-P, ed. Handbook of paleoichthyology. Stuttgart: Verlag F. Pfeil, 1 - 193.","Glikman LS. 1964. Sharks of Paleogene and their stratigraphic significance. Moscow: Nauka Press, 1 - 229.","Cappetta H. 2006. Elasmobranchii post-Triadici (index specierum et generum). Fossilium Catalogus, I. Animalia Pars 142: 1 - 472."]}

Adnet, Sylvain, Cappetta, Henri, Guinot, Guillaume, Sciara, Giuseppe Notarbartolo Di (2012): Evolutionary history of the devilrays (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from fossil and morphological inference. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166 (1): 132-159, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00844.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00844.x

Mobulid rays have a conservative life history and are caught in direct fisheries and as by-catch. Their subsequent vulnerability to overexploitation has recently been recognized, but fisheries management can be ineffective if it ignores habitat and prey preferences and other trophic interactions of the target species. Here, we assessed the feeding ecology of four mobulids ( Manta birostris , Mobula tarapacana , M. japanica , M. thurstoni ) in the Bohol Sea, Philippines, using stomach contents analysis of fisheries specimens landed between November and May in 2013–2015. We show that the mobulids feed heavily on euphausiid krill while they are in the area for approximately six months of the year. We found almost no trophic separation among the mobulid species, with Euphausia diomedeae as the major prey item for all species, recorded in 81 of 89 total stomachs (91%). Mobula japanica and M. thurstoni almost exclusively had this krill in their stomach, while M. tarapacana had a squid and fish, and Ma. birostris had myctophid fishes and copepods in their stomachs in addition to E. diomedeae . This krill was larger than prey for other planktivorous elasmobranchs elsewhere and contributed a mean of 61 364 kcal per stomach (±105 032 kcal s.e., range = 0–631 167 kcal). Our results show that vertically migrating mesopelagic species can be an important food resource for large filter feeders living in tropical seas with oligotrophic surface waters. Given the conservative life history of mobulid rays, the identification of common foraging grounds that overlap with fishing activity could be used to inform future fishing effort.

Ebert, David A., White, William T., Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Last, Peter R., Nakaya, Kazuhiro, Séret, Bernard, Straube, Nicolas, Naylor, Gavin J. P., De Carvalho, Marcelo R. (2013): An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of Taiwan. Zootaxa 3752 (1): 279-386, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3752.1.17

A checklist of the Mediterranean marine ichthyofauna of Israel is presented. A total of 402 species belonging to 130 families, 33 orders and 3 classes are listed. The checklist includes all synonyms for each species and citations of all known publications, listed in chronological order, concerning occurrence in Israeli waters of each species. Citations are coded to indicate the focus of each publication.