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Objective: Over half of the world's refugee population are under the age of 18 years. This systematic review aims to summarize the current body of evidence for the prevalence of mental illness in child and adolescent refugee populations. Method: Eight electronic databases, gray literature, and Google Scholar were searched for articles from 1 January 2003 to 5 February 2018. Strict inclusion criteria regarding the diagnosis of mental illness were imposed. Study quality was assessed using a template according to study design, and study heterogeneity using the I2 statistic. Random effects meta-analyses results were presented given heterogeneity among studies. The protocol for this systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42016046349). Results: Eight studies were eligible, involving 779 child and adolescent refugees and asylum seekers, with studies conducted in 5 countries. The overall prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was 22.71% (95% CI 12.79���32.64), depression 13.81% (95% CI 5.96���21.67), and anxiety disorders 15.77% (95% CI 8.04���23.50). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was 8.6% (1.08���16.12) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) was 1.69% (95% CI ���0.78 to 4.16). Because of the high heterogeneity, further subgroup analyses were conducted. Conclusion: Refugee and asylum seeker children have high rates of PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Without the serious commitment by health and resettlement services to provide early support to promote mental health, these findings suggest that a high proportion of refugee children are at risk for educational disadvantage and poor social integration in host communities, potentially affecting their life course.

Background: The recent introduction of new automated assays needs careful definition of reference values in healthy children. The aim of this study was to determine serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and osteocalcin in a large group of healthy children according to age. Methods: We selected 2,288 healthy children (1,079 girls, 1,209 boys), aged 2-16 years. Serum PTH and osteocalcin were assayed with a two-site immunochemiluminometric assay adapted on an automated analyzer, the Liaison. Results: Significant differences were found between the mean serum values of PTH and osteocalcin in boys and girls in all age groups (p