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The aim of this study was to assess the quality of 11 different samples of Srpska sausage from 9 manufacturers in Serbia who responded to a public call of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Serbia in order to improve the brand of Srpska sausage. For characterising properties of the Srpska sausages chemical composition analysis and sensory descriptive analysis were used. The chemical analysis showed that all the samples had a meat protein content higher than the stipulated minimum (12%), that the total phosphorus content (expressed as P2O5, g/kg), the content of NaNO2 (mg/kg), and the content of collagen in the meat protein (%) is lower than the maximum permitted level (8.00 g/kg, 150.00 mg/kg, and 20.00%, respectively). In the sensory analysis following attributes were evaluated: external appearance, cross-section appearance (including colour), texture, odour, flavour and overall sensory quality. The best-evaluated was a sample with a mean cumulative score of 87.23±8:33, and the worse-evaluated was a sample with a mean cumulative score of 51.65±10.05. There were not significantly differences between four samples with highest cumulative scores. The sausage with the highest score was evaluated as best by 35% of panellists, followed by third (25% of panellists), second and fourth (15% of panellists). The quality parameters of the highest ranked "Srpska sausage" will be submitted to the competent state authorities as amendments to the current Regulation.

The goal of our paper was to investigate how the rumen infusoria ecosystem stability, determined by infusoria color index by Lugol solution staining affects reproduction parameters of Holstein-Friesian cows. The results point out that infusoria system stability has vice versa influence on open days and insemination index. The decrease of infusoria color leads to longer service period and negatively affects fertility. Accumulation of energy and nutrients in infusoria affects insemination index since we observed the decrease of insemination index to be in the correlation with infusoria coloring index increase. Infusoria coloring index by Lugol stain can be used for rapid determination of rumen ecosystem. Future investigations should determine the correlation between rumen infusoria chemical composition and reproductive parameters in dairy cows. Zadatak našeg rada je bio da se prouči kako stabilnost ekosistema infuzorija u buragu krava, određena pomoću indeksa obojenosti infuzorija Lugolovim rastvorom joda, utiče na reproduktivne pokazatelje kod holštajn-frizijskih krava. Rezultati ukazuju da stabilnost sitema infuzorija određena preko jodnog indeksa obojenosti Lugolovim rastvorom ima recipročan uticaj na servis period i indeks osemenjavanja. Smanjenje indeksa obojenosti infuzorija dovodi do produženja servis perioda, a time i negativno utiče na plodnost. Snabdevenost infuzorija energijom i hranljivim materijama utiče na indeks osemenjavanja, jer je smanjenje indeksa osemenjavanja u korelaciji sa povećanjem indeks prebojenosti infuzorija. Indeks obojenosti infuzorija Lugolovim rastvorom se može koristiti za brzo određivanje stanja ekosistema buraga. Naredna istraživanja bi trebalo da ustanove povezanost hemijskog sastava infuzorija buraga i reproduktivnih pokazatelja visoko mlečnih krava.

In the cattle raising, hog raising is one of the largest and the most important parts. Hog raising is of great importance for Serbia, especially in regions with favorable conditions for the production of corn as the main food for pigs. By analyzing the number of pigs in ten-year period, it can be established that the average number of pigs in the Republic of Serbia was 3,497,000.00 ranged from 3,165,000.00 to 3,832,000.00, with a tendency of decrease of 10,000 pigs per year. The average number of sows and pregnant gilts was 714,600.00 ± 74 730, a first-degree equations true indicates that the average annual reduction in the number of animals was 22,850. Analyzing price movements of pigs in the period 2001-2011, we conclude that the price was on average 1.86 ± 0.39 Euros, the average price of pigs being fattened in the same period was 1.32 ± 0.28 Euros, and price of maize was 0.13 ± 0.05 Euros. Analyzing the relationship between corn price and piglets price we get (rxy= -0.45) negative and low correlation coefficient, which indicates a small negative dependence of the price of piglets due to the change of the corn price. The effect of the corn price on the price of the pigs being fattened is almost negligible (rxy = 0,11). Slightly larger and positive impact has the change in the price of pigs being fattened on increasing the price of piglets (rxy = 0.59). . U okviru stočarske proizvodnje proizvodnja svinja predstavlja jedan od najvećih i najznačajnijih delova. Svinjarska proizvodnja ima veliki značaj za Srbiju, a posebno za regione koji imaju povoljne uslove za proizvodnju kukuruza kao osnovnog energetskog hraniva za ishranu svinja Analizirajući broj svinja u desetogodišnjem ispitivanom period može se ustanoviti da je prosečan broj svinja u R Srbiji bio 3.497.000,00 sa variranjem od 3.165.000,00 do 3.832.000,00. sa tendencijom smanjenja od 10.000 grla godišnje.. Prosečan broj krmača i suprasnih nazimica bio je 714.600,00 ± 74.730, a jednačina prave prvog stepena ukazuje da je prosečno godišnje smanjenje broja grla bilo 22.850. Analizirajući kretanje cena prasadi u periodu od 2001. do 2011. godine ustanovljava se da je ona bila prosečno 1,86 ± 0,39 eura, prosečna cena tovljenika u istom periodu bila je 1,32 ± 0,28 eura, a cena kukuruza bila je 0,13 ± 0,05 eura Analizirajući vezu između cene kukuruza i cene prasadi dobijamo (rxy = -0,45) negativan i nizak koeficijent korelacije, što ukazuje na malu i negativnu zavisnost cene prasadi u odnosu na promenu cene kukuruza. Uticaj cene kukuruza na cenu tovnih svinja gotovo je zanemarljiv (rxy = 0,11). Nešto veći i pozitivan uticaj ima promena cene tovljenika na povećanje cene prasadi (rxy = 0,59). .

The objective of this work was to establish, on the grounds of obtained results for the total number of bacteria before and after completed disinfection, whether there are differences in the efficiency of disinfection performed by a professional and disinfection carried out by an unqualified employee in a private slaughterhouse. The material used in these investigations were samples of wet-dry swabs taken over a course of five weeks, before and after disinfection carried out by an unqualified employee and the skilled professional, from the following: the knife used for evisceration, the floor in the evisceration area, from the table serving for bristle removal, and from the floor underneath the bristle removal surface. The wet-dry swabs were taken according to the procedure described in the standard method ISO 18593 (Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - Horizontal methods for sampling techniques from surfaces using contact plates and swabs). Analyzing the taken samples, the total number of bacteria was determined using the standard method ISO 4833 (Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - Horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms - Colony-count technique at 30°C). Disinfection was carried out using a chlorine preparation (sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate) in a concentration of 0.02% and for an exposure period of 30 min. The results were interpreted on the grounds of the border values in evaluating the hygiene of the equipment, tools, and work surfaces, presented in Commission Decision 471/2001/ EC. The results of the investogations have shown that the disinfection performed by the skilled professional was more efficient than the disinfection performed by the unqualified person, as the total number of bacteria was significantly smaller (p lt 0.01) in the course of all 5 experimental weeks on the evisceration knife, the floor under the bristle removal surface, during weeks 1, 2 and 5, and on the floor in the evisceration area in weeks 1 and 5. Cilj rada je bio da se na osnovu dobijenih rezultata ukupnog broja bakterija pre i posle izvršenih dezinfekcija utvrdi da li su postojale razlike u efikasnosti dezinfekcije koju je izvršilo stučno lice i dezinfekcije koju je sprovelo nestručno lice zanatske klanice. Materijal za ova istraživanja su bili uzorci vlažno-suvih briseva uzetih tokom pet nedelja, pre i posle različitih postupaka dezinfekcije: sa noža kojim se vrši evisceracija, sa podne površine na mestu gde se vrši evisceracija, sa stola za skidanje dlaka i sa poda ispod stola za skidanje dlaka. Postupak uzimanja vlažno-suvog brisa je urađen prema standardnoj metodi ISO 18593 (Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - Horizontal methods for sampling techniques from surfaces using contact plates and swabs). Iz uzetih uzoraka određen je ukupan broj bakterija standardnom metodom ISO 4833 (Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - Horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms - Colony-count technique at 30°C). Dezinfekcija je obavljena hlornim preparatom (natrijum dihlorizocijanurat dihidrat) u koncentraciji od 0,02%; vreme ekspozicije je 30 min. Rezultati su interpretirani na osnovu graničnih vrednosti kod ocene higijene opreme, alata i radnih površina, predstavljeni u Commission Decision 471/2001/EC. Rezultati ispitivanja su pokazali da je dezinfekcija koju je izvršilo stručno lice bila efikasnija od dezinfekcije koju je izvršilo nestručno lice jer je ukupan broj bakterija bio značajno manji (p lt 0,01), u toku svih V eksperimentalnih nedelja na nožu za evisceraciju, na podnoj površini ispod stola za skidanje dlaka u I, II i V nedelji, i na podu na mestu gde se vrši evisceracija u I i V nedelji.

The objective of these investigations was to check on laboratory white mice the protective effect of an inactivated bivalent vaccine prepared from serotypes 1/2a and 4b L. monocytogenes. Following verification of the sterility and toxicity of the prepared vaccine, the mice were divided into 6 groups with 10 animals in each group. The first and second group of mice were administered the vaccine without saponin (vaccine A) and the third and fourth group the vaccine with saponin (vaccine B). Mice of the fifth and the sixth group were not vaccinated and served as a negative control. Two weeks following vaccination, the experimental groups were revaccinated, with the exception of the two control groups. Two weeks following revaccination, all groups were artificially infected with serotypes 1/2a and 4b L. monocytogenes. During the course of the investigations (60 days) a total of 4 mice died in the vaccinated groups. Mice of the control groups started dying after day 7, and the last mouse in these groups died 14 days after the infection. Examinations of preparations of parenchymatous organs of the dead mice stained according to Gram proved the presence of L. monocytogenes. Homogenates of parenchymatous organs were sown on tryptose agar for reisolation and a pure culture of L. monocytogenes was obtained. Through the use of specific antiserums, serotypes 1/2a and 4b were confirmed. Considering the total number of vaccinated mice in the experiment and the percent deaths (10%), it can be said that the investigated vaccine with saponin had a satisfactory protective effect. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se na laboratorijskim belim miševima proveri zaštitno dejstvo inaktivisane dvovalentne vakcine pripremljene od serotipova L. monocytogenes 1/2a i 4b. Nakon provere sterilnosti i toksičnosti pripremljene vakcine miševi su podeljeni u 6 grupa sa po 10 životinja. Prva i druga grupa miševa su dobile vakcinu bez saponina (vakcina A), a treća i četvrta grupa vakcinu sa saponinom (vakcina B). Miševi pete i šeste grupe nisu vakcinisani i služili su kao negativna kontrola. Dve nedelje nakon vakcinacije izvršena je revakcinacija oglednih grupa, osim kontrolnih. Dve nedelje nakon revakcinacije izvršena je veštačka infekcija svih grupa sa serotipovima L. monocytogenes 1/2a i 4b. Za vreme ispitivanja (60 dana) uginula su 4 miša iz vakcinisanih grupa. Miševi kontrolnih grupa su počeli da uginjavaju nakon 7. dana, a poslednji miš je uginuo 14 dana posle infekcije. Pregledom preparata iz parenhimatoznih organa uginulih miševa obojenih po Gramu dokazano je prisustvo L. monocytogenes. Zasejavanjem homogenizata parenhimatoznih organa na triptozni agar urađena je reizolacija i dobijena je čista kultura L. monocytogenes. Upotrebom specifičnih antiseruma potvrđeni su serotipovi 1/2a i 4b. S obzirom na ukupan broj vakcinisanih miševa u ogledu i procenat uginuća (10%), može se reći da je ispitivana vakcina sa saponinom imala zadovoljavajuć i zaštitni efekat.

The planned use of biosecurity measures, a high level of welfare and good manufacturing practices are critical for the health of cattle and pigs in intensive production. The required level of biosecurity on cattle and pig farms is the result of logical decisions and timely action taken in a specific epidemiological situation, recognizing the threats from the environment and the weak points in the production process. In this sense, the introduction of the principles of HACCP and sanitation protocols enable preventive of introduction and spread of infectious agents in the herd, while the farm biosecurity plan is the key factor in disease prevention, prevention of unwanted situations and performance improvement. According to results of cytogenetic blood testing of cattle and pigs on farms in Serbia, showed in this paper, a substantial percentage of cows have a change in the structure and number of chromosomes. Cytogenetic tests allow the detection of carriers of hereditary anomalies and may be indicators of environmental pollution, especially animal feed. For these reasons, our recommendation is that industrial-type farm, and the Centers for reproduction and artificial insemination, approaches using the results of cytogenetic testing and their involvement in biosecurity plans. Planska primena biosigurnosnih mera, visok nivo dobrobiti i dobra proizvođačka praksa presudni su za zaštitu zdravlja goveda i svinja u intenzivnoj proizvodnji. Potreban nivo biosigurnosti na farmama goveda i svinja predstavlja rezultat logičnih rešenja i pravovremeno preduzetih aktivnosti u konkretnoj epidemiološkoj situaciji, sa prepoznavanjem pretnji iz okruženja i slabih tačaka u tehnološkom procesu proizvodnje. U tom smislu, uvođenjem principa HACCP-a i protokola sanitacije sprečava se unošenje i širenje infektivnih agenasa u zapatu, dok je plan biosigurnosti na farmi ključni u prevenciji bolesti, sprečavanju neželjenih situacija i unapređenju poslovanja. U ovom radu prikazan je deo rezultata citogenetičkih ispitivanja krvi goveda i svinja na farmama u Srbiji, prema kojima znatan procenat ispitivanih životinja poseduje promene u strukturi i broju hromozoma. Citogenetička ispitivanja omogućavaju otkrivanje nosilaca naslednih anomalija a mogu da budu pokazatelji zagađenja životne sredine, posebno hrane za životinje. Iz tih razloga, naša preporuka je da farme industrijskog tipa, kao i centri za reprodukciju i veštačko osemenjavanje, pristupe korišćenju rezultata citogenetičkih ispitivanja i njihovom uključivanju u planove biosigurnosti.

Unlike the trends in meat production in Europe and worldwide, where meat production is constantly increasing, Serbia records decrease of meat production from 1991 onwards. The aim of this paper is to investigate the differences in total number of slaughtered pigs, piglets, lean and fatty pigs in 1991, 1996 and in the period 2001-2006 in Serbia, differences in body weight before slaughtering and carcass yield of farmed pigs and pigs from households from September to December of 2006 as well as differences between leanness of male and female pigs' carcasses from farms in November of 2006 in Serbia. Pigs whose leanness was investigated were crossbreeds (F1) landrace/pietren of both sexes (castrates, sows), 6 months old and average body weight of 90-110kg (pigs from farms) and up to 120kg (pigs from individual households), fed with the concentrated feed given at will. Leanness of carcasses was determined instrumentally (FOM; Fat-o-meter), the results were processed using 'Piggy' information system. Carcasses were classified in SEUROP classes like in EU countries. Total number of slaughtered pigs between 1991 and 1996 was 7949,50 ± 508,94 thousand and was statistically significantly higher (p ≥ 0,01) compared to the period from 2001 to 2006 (7072,52 ± 197,22 thousand), while the number of slaughtered piglets between 1991 and 1996. was 3152,50 ± 210,35 thousand and was statistically significantly higher (p ≥ 0,001) compared with the period 2001-2006 (2726,33 ± 45,31 thousand). Differences between the number of slaughtered lean and fatty pigs from 1991 to 1996 and from 2001 to 2006 were not statistically significant The highest average body weight before slaughtering (114,54 kg) had pigs from individual households while the lowest average body weight before slaughtering (97,47 kg) had pigs from farm D. The highest carcass yield (81,21%) had pigs from farm B, while the lowest carcass yield was recorded in pigs from farm G. By classifying total number of carcasses of pigs from farms and individual households (9720) between September and December of 2006, it was determined that the highest number of carcasses belonged to class U (4866 or 50,06%), while class P was present in the lowest number (26 or 0,27%). There are no statistically significant differences between the leanness of male pigs' carcasses from farms A, B and V, while the differences in leanness are statistically significant (p ≥ 0,01) between the leanness of carcasses of female pigs from farm A (54,27 ± 1,84%) and farm B (51,05 ± 2,67%), Statistically significant differences were not recorded in pigs from farm V in November of 2006. . Ukupna proizvodnja svinjskog mesa u svetu na početku ovog veka porasla je na više od 100 miliona tona. U ukupnoj proizvodnji mesa u svetu svinjsko meso učestvuje sa blizu 40 posto. Srbija je tradicionalni proizvođač svinjskog mesa i do 1990. godine izvozila je značajne količine ove vrste mesa. Od 1990. godine proizvodnja svinjskog mesa u Srbiji se smanjivala, ali je 2007. godine, praktično, na nivou iz 1990. godine, sa učešćem u ukupnoj proizvodnji mesa u Srbiji od čak 60,97 posto. Međutim, ono što u proizvodnji svinjskog mesa u Srbiji zabrinjava jeste odnos broja 'mesnatih' i 'masnih' svinja. Taj odnos je 1990. bio 3:1, 1993. 1:1, a 2007. godine 1,5:1. Imajući to u vidu, cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispitaju razlike u ukupnom broju zaklanih svinja, u broju zaklane prasadi, mesnatih i masnih svinja u periodima 1991-1996. godine i 2001-2006. godine, u Srbiji, kao i razlike u telesnoj masi pre klanja, prinosu trupova i mesnatosti polutki svinja muškog i ženskog pola sa farmi u Srbiji. Rezultati ispitivanja su ukazali da između ukupnog broja zaklanih svinja postoje statistički značajne razlike (p ≤ 0,01), dok su razlike između broja zaklane prasadi statistički veoma značajne (p ≤ 0,001), a između broja zaklanih mesnatih i masnih svinja razlike nisu statistički značajne. Najveću prosečnu masu pre klanja (114,54 kg) imale su svinje iz otkupa, dok su najveći prinos trupova (81,21 posto) imale svinje sa farme B, a najveći broj klasiranih svinjskih trupova je pripadao klasi U (50,06 posto). Postoje statistički značajne razlike (p ≤ 0,01) između mesnatosti polutki svinja ženskog pola sa farmi A i B.

Clostridium perfringens is the most important cause of clostridial enertitic disease in calves. During one calendar year at one dairy farm we isolated Closridium perfringens type B from calves during suckling period. Purpose of our research was to find the most appropriate therapy for that particular farm. It has been found statistically significant defenses (p lt 0,01) between clinical cases in calves within first six months of the year (20) in comparison with the number of calves with symptoms of enterotoxemia in second half of the year (41). Also, statistically significant differences (p>0,01) were observed as far as season was concerned. In the autumn/winter season incidence 47 sick calves were observed in comparison with spring/summer season when 14 animals became sick. It has not been found statistical significant difference (p>0,05) among two groups as far as mortality was concerned. Average age of the animals with symptoms were 71,63 ± 8,21 days. Average age for fatal cases were 71,63 ± 8,21 days. Average duration of the therapy was 6 days. Enterotoksemija uzrokovana sa Cl. perfringens je perakutno oboljenje sa čestim fatalnim ishodom. U ovom radu su izneti podaci o kretanju enterotoksemije teladi uzrokovane sa Cl.perfringens tip B na farmi visoko-mlečnih krava u toku jedne kalendarske godine. Statističkom analizom ustanovljeno je da postoji značajna razlika (p lt 0,01) između broja obolele teladi u prvih šest meseci (20) u odnosu na broj obolele teladi u drugih šest meseci (41). Takođe, ustanovljena je statistički značajna razlika (p lt 0,01) u broju obolele teladi u jesenje-zimskom periodu u odnosu na prolećno-letnji period. U jesenjem-zimskom periodu obolelo je 47 teladi dok je u prolećno-letnjem periodu obolelo 14 teladi. Analizom broja uginule teladi između posmatrana dva perioda vremena, nije ustanovljena statistički značajna razlika (p>0,05). Izračunavanjem deskriptivnih statističkih parametara obolele i uginule teladi ustanovili smo da je prosečna starost obolele teladi na ispitivanoj farmi bila 71,63 ± 8,21 dan, a prosečna starost uginule teladi bila je 77,25 ± 16,39. Ovo ukazuje da je terapija i lečenje obolele teladi trajalo prosečno oko šest dana. Koeficijent varijacije kod uginule teladi je skoro dva puta veći nego kod obolele, što ukazuje na veću varijabilnost vremena lečenja obolele teladi.

Salmonellosis is one of the most common infectious diseases of humans and animals caused by organisms of the two species of Salmonella - Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori. In order to provide efficient and cost-effective health protection, there is a need for reliable detection and identification of causative agents of salmonellosis. This is accomplished by application of culture isolation methods, biochemical methods and serotypisation using specific anti-O and anti-H antiserums. These methods are complex, expensive and time-consuming. Rapid development of biomolecular methods based on isolation of DNA and subsequent amplification of serovar-specific genes, which commenced several years ago, has made identification of Salmonella to be a lot more faster, cheaper and more reliable. This paper describes validation of multiplex polymerase chain reaction as a simple and highly sensitive method for detection and identification of Salmonella serovars - Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis. These serovars include over 90% of Salmonella serovars founded in meat. A group has been assembled counting 100 samples of bacteria, which consisted of clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium (45 samples),clinical isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis (40 samples) as well as control samples of bacteria which were chosen in order to reflect structural and functional similarity with Salmonella. Our results confirmed that multiplex PCR method is highly reliable alternative method for detection of Salmonella. Salmoneloza je jedna od najčešćih zaraznih bolesti ljudi i životinja koju izazivaju dve vrste bakterija roda Salmonella - Salmonella enterica i Salmonella bongori. Radi obezbeđivanja efikasne, racionalne i kvalitetne zdravstvene zaštite stanovništva, neophodna je pouzdana identifikacija i konfirmacija uzročnika salmoneloze. Ovo se danas ostvaruje primenom metoda za izolaciju kulture, određivanje biohemijskih osobina i serološku tipizaciju upotrebom specifičnih anti-O i anti-H antiseruma. Ove metode su kompleksne skupe i iziskuju mnogo vremena. U poslednjih nekoliko godina ubrzan razvoj molekularno-bioloških metoda omogućio je brži, jeftiniji i pouzdaniji način identifikacije, odnosno konfirmacije ovog mikroorganizma. Princip se zasniva na izolaciji DNK iz salmonele i ciljanoj amplifikaciji određenih sekvenci serovar-specifičnih gena. U ovom radu ispitivana je primenljivost multipleks lančane reakcije polimeraze (multipleks PCR) kao jednostavne, brze visokoosetljive i pouzdane metode za identifikaciju Salmonella Typhimurium i Salmonella Enteritidis. Serovari koji su ispitivani čine više od 90 posto serovara Salmonella spp. utvrđenih u mesu. Materijal za ispitivanje predstavljala je kolekcija od 100 sojeva vrste Salmonella, od kojih je 45 sojeva pripadalo Salmonella Typhimurium, 40 sojeva pripadalo je Salmonella Enteritidis, kao i 15 vrsta bakterija, izabranih tako da su strukturno i funkcionalno blisko povezani sa salmonelama ili rastu pod istim uslovima i u istoj sredini kao i salmonele, koje su korišćene radi isključivanja. Rezultati ispitivanja potvrdili su da je multipleks PCR metoda veoma pouzdana za rutinski rad u laboratorijama i da znatno skraćuje i pojednostavljuje čitavu proceduru dijagnostike salmonela.

This paper is pointed on significant of animal health control on national level as one of the conditions for the improvement of cattle production. By undertaking the corresponding legal and Economic state makes effort to ensure macro conditions for normal practice of veterinary service. In order to avoid the phenomenon of larger economic loses, the current diagnostic methods and measures in detecting, prevention and eradication of dangerous infective disease are used. The use of cost-benefit analysis, by elaborating the consistent programs for eradication of disease, create the conditions for convenient epidemiological situation in state and production of hygienic food of animal origin and therewith their social estimation. U radu se ukazuje na značaj kontrole zdravlja životinja na nacionalnom nivou kao jednom od uslova za unapređenje stočarske proizvodnje. Preduzimanjem odgovarajućih zakonskih i ekonomskih mera država pokušava da obezbedi makro uslove za normalan rad veterinarske službe, kako bi se primenom savremenih dijagnostičkih metoda i mera u otkrivanju, sprečavanju i eradikaciji opasnih zaraznih bolesti sprečila pojava nastanka većih ekonomskih šteta. Primenom cost-benefit analize pri izradi konzistentnih programa za eradikaciju bolesti, stvaraju se uslovi za povoljnu epidemiološku situaciju u zemlji i proizvodnju zdravstveno bezbedne hrane animalnog porekla, a samim tim i njihova društvena evaluacija.

In this project, the reproduction characteristics of gilts have been studied at one farm, since 1990 through 1993. The aggravation of reproduction and production signs is noticed in the last two years, which is the result of aggravation in production technology on the farm, due to the economical blockade and impossibility of importing the additives and other components for nutrition, as well as the medicines and other means needed in the reproduction process. Worsening of reproduction indicators and of the productivity of gilts leads to an expansion of the corrected period, and of the production cost for pigs. Kao osnov za istraživanje korišćeni su podaci jedne farme o uvođenju nazimica u proizvodni ciklus u periodu od 1990. do 1993. godine. Statističkom analizom izračunate su prosečne vrednosti korigovanog razdoblja, produktivne i neproduktivne faze, broj hranidbenih dana, cena koštanja jednog hranidbenog dana i produktivnost nazimica. Takođe, utvrđena je procentualna zastupljenost pojedinih faza u okviru reprodukcionih ciklusa, kao i razlika troškova proizvodnje prasadi između godina.

During the period from 1965 to 1992 the number of cattle, pigs and poultry as well as the production of meat, milk and eggs, showed a curvilinear concave trend. Whereas in the last years of this period those parameters had a decreasing line. Due to this fact the ratio between the number of inhabitants and of the above mentioned animals became worse, and there was a decrease in the production of animal products per capita of the population. The animal production in the FRY is characterized with an unfavorable ratio between the live animal number and the corresponding animal products, as well as an insufficient production per head of animals. The causes of the unfavorable trend in the animal production are the following: the worsened old citizen structure, with the majority over 60 years and unfavorable economic conditions for agricultural, particularly animal production. Poslednjih nekoliko godina, u periodu od 1965. Do 1992. Godine, na teritoriji SRJ dolazi do smanjenja broja stoke i proizvodnje osnovnih stočarskih proizvoda. S postojećim brojem stoke ostvaruje se nedovoljan obim proizvodnje usled niske proizvodnje po grlu. Nezadovoljavajući obim proizvodnje mesa je posledica uobičajenog klanja podmlatka stoke i niska prosečna masa grla koja se upućuju na klanje. Uzrok nepovoljnim kretanjima u stočarskoj proizvodnji poslednjih godina je pogoršana starosna struktura poljoprivrednog stanovništva u smislu veće zastupljenosti starosne grupe oko 60 godina, koja nije sposobna da se angažuje na poslovima držanja stoke. Razlog tome su i cene stoke i stočnih proizvoda, koje obezbeđuju proizvođačima najčešće manji dohodak po jedinici uloženog rada i uloženih osnovnih i obrtnih sredstava.

Epilepsija je najčešći hronični neurološki poremećaj koji se sreće u praksi malih životinja, a kod najvećeg broja obolelih pasa je dijagno- stikovana idiopatska epilepsija (IE). Antiepileptični lekovi predstavljaju osnovu terapije idiopatske epilepsije pasa, a lečenje je često doživot- no. Međutim, kod oko 30% pasa sa IE, nema adekvatnog odgovora na terapiju. Osim toga, može doći do neželjenih efekata terapije ko- ji su povezani sa lekovima što u krajnjem slučaju dovodi do pogorša- nja kvaliteta života obolelih jedinki. Iz navedenih razloga su sprove- dena brojna istraživanja sa ciljem iznalaženja alternativnih pristupa u terapiji IE pasa. Za sada se u kliničkoj praksi, u tom smislu, najviše primenjuje odgovarajući način ishrane u vidu ketogene dijete koja se pokazala efikasnom kod ljudi sa epilepsijom i dodavanje odgovara- jućih suplemenata u ishrani. Pored toga, kanabidiol ulje se pokazalo korisnim kako kod ljudi tako i kod pasa, a u literaturi postoje izvešta- ji koji potvrđuju i efikasnost akupunkture. Što se tiče homeopatskog pristupa terapiji idiopatske epilepsije pasa, u literaturi nema podataka o sprovedenim kontrolisanim istraživanjima, niti potvrde uspeha ova- kvim pristupom terapiji. Hirurški pristup u terapiji takozvanih rezisten- tnih epilepsija još uvek je u povoju u veterinarskoj medicini i za sada je na nivou kliničkih ispitivanja.