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Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S1. Causes of death and corresponding ICD-10 codes. Supplementary Table S2. Characteristics of the 16 regions in Korea. Supplementary Methods. Supplementary Table S3. Number of total deaths and estimated excess deaths (with 95% empirical confidence intervals) during the COVID-19 pandemic period (February 18 to December 31, 2020) in Korea by cause of death and phase of the pandemic. Supplementary Table S4. Percentage excess in mortality (with 95% empirical confidence interval) during the COVID-19 pandemic period (February 18 to December 31, 2020) in Korea by cause of death and individual characteristic. Supplementary Table S5. Percentage excess in mortality (with 95% empirical confidence interval) by cause of death for main model and each sensitivity analysis. Supplementary Table S6. Percentage excess in mortality (with 95% empirical confidence interval) by individual characteristic for main model and each sensitivity analysis. Supplementary Table S7. Number of total deaths (%) during the COVID-19 pandemic period (February 18 to December 31, 2020) in Korea by cause of death and individual characteristic. Supplementary Table S8. Number of total deaths (%) by main specific causes of Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified (R00–R99) in 2020. Supplementary Figure S1. Temporal trends of total deaths during the study period (2015–2020).