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The European Union has an ambition to achieve zero road deaths by 2050. It is an ambitious target, but not an unachievable one. The installation of a front brake light, which provides information to other road users that the vehicle is braking, can help to achieve this goal. Today, this information is available to road users who can see the rear of the vehicle. Because the brake lights are located at the rear of the vehicle. The information that the vehicle is braking is also important when looking at the front of the vehicle. Whether it is other drivers or other road users such as pedestrians and cyclists. The aim of this paper is to conduct a research among professional road transport drivers what their opinion is about the front brake light. From their opinion, we will conclude whether such light has the potential to improve road safety or not.

The market for rail services in EU countries has long been inaccessible to the private sector. Transport services were provided by national operators, which led to the prevention of participation in fair and non-discriminatory competition in the provision of rail transport services. It is necessary to analyse the overall development in the operation of rail passenger transport, including the entry of private operators into the rail infrastructure. Based on the knowledge of the current situation, it is necessary to take measures to achieve compliance with the requirements of Regulation (EC) No 1370/2007. The paper characterizes the current state and the process of organizing public tenders in the Slovak Republic based on a case study and their process and proposes the gradual steps of the public tender in the form of a schedule. An important point of the whole process of the organization of the public tender is the correct setting of competencies, determination of the subject of the public tender and to propose a uniform methodology of the public tender, which may, however, vary in individual states due to the conditions of national legislation. Part of the unified methodology is the determination of the phases of the public tender process, which are part of the schedule of the public tender. The schedule of the public tender shows the entire cycle, resp. the duration of each phase of the tender for each proposed group of measures taken.

Understanding the limits of freight forwarders' liability helps to predict the scope of indemnification to the customer in case of damage or loss of cargo. The absence of international agreements regulating the limit of the liability limit of freight forwarders makes it difficult for customers to find freight forwarders with the most favorable conditions. A large number of factors, such as the type of forwarding contract, the country of registration of the forwarder, the status of the forwarder, existing international agreements, etc. can significantly affect the degree of liability of the forwarder. In this paper, the legislation regulating forwarding and the activities of the multimodal transport operator will be considered. In addition, the standard conditions of the forwarding contract, the most commonly used in the selected countries, will be analyzed. On the basis of the conducted research, a case study will be presented, which will indicate the practical influence of various factors on the liability limit of the forwarder and the multimodal transport operator.

Transport is one of the most important economic sectors in the world. It is a fundamental and important element of a country’s GDP. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is considered one of the most important indicators of economic performance of a country. GDP can be compiled for both a country and a region. Changes in technology and economic structure of the production system of an area are the central issues of long-term economic growth according to the increase in the gross value added of a region. In this paper, the authors focus on finding out how the development of road freight transport performance affects the economy of a region. At the same time, they try to answer the question to what extent transport regulation can influence the economic development of an area. The research is mainly focused on EU policies aimed at regulating road freight transport.

The issue of creating international legislation capable of regulating the sphere of forwarding has been considered for quite a long time. The actively expanding volume of services provided by freight forwarders and the increasing blurring of its role and area of responsibility create problems in the mutual understanding of the participants in the client– forwarder – third party chain. The main obstacle to the implementation of an international legislative act is the difference in the laws and customs of individual countries. To identify these differences, the authors analyzed such factors as the range of services provided by the forwarder, the conditions of access to the forwarding market, the type of representation used by forwarders in the contract and the definition of the boundaries of the forwarder's responsibility to the client. The analysis was carried out by studying national legal acts regulating the field of forwarding, as well as the general conditions of forwarding applied by members of national associations of forwarding and logistics in countries with a civil law system. The greatest difference was revealed in the field of conditions of access to the forwarding market, while the functionality of the forwarder, the types of representation used and the limits of responsibility of forwarders from different countries did not indicate any big differences. The result of the work is the conclusion that there are no critical differences in the work of freight forwarders of countries with a civil law system that can hinder the unification of forwarding conditions.

The aim of the work is to analyze violations of social regulation in road freight transport and to propose solutions to prevent these violations. In the first part, we devoted ourselves to the processing of knowledge about road freight transport based on the legislation of the European Union, which is directly oriented to the conditions for the operator of road freight transport with vehicles over 3.5-tons of total weight. Since compliance with the rules also comes with their violations, it is also necessary to consider the traffic accident rate in road freight transport, we specifically identified and compared the traffic accident rate in road freight transport based on traffic accident statistics published on the website of the Ministry of the Interior. In the second part, we gradually processed and evaluated a questionnaire survey, which consisted of questions focused on the violation of social legislation by drivers. In the final part of the work, based on the analysis from the first part of the work and the results from the questionnaire survey in the second part, we proposed solutions to prevent the most frequent violations of social legislation by drivers and carriers.

The development and functioning of the global economy market is not possible without a net-work of transport connections - communication infrastructure, as well as a service provider - consumer relationship. Transport is a technological process of the distance of people, objects or energy. Knowledge of the logistics system and its processes is essential for fully functioning and effective logistic activities in the field of goods turnover. The functioning of enterprises operating on modern world markets without effective logistics is almost impossible, hence the constant search for tools to improve its processes, which provide added value for the customer, while maintaining the cost-quality ratio of the services provided. Building an appropriate relationship with the customer, taking care of customer service standards and professional customer service is a long-term and developmental process, which is nothing else than a mutual benefit transaction. Customer satisfaction should be constantly tested in terms of satisfaction and loyalty as well as the perception of the standards introduced and services offered. The customer satisfaction survey is used to illustrate the perception of the conditions that guide the customer. This article describes the methods of measuring customer satisfaction in the point of view quality of transport services.

Forwarding companies are an integral part of supply chains and an intermediary between the carrier and the customer. The aim of the article is to provide information on the forwarder's position in the transport market. In connection with the procurement of transport, we focus on comparing transport performance in selected European countries. We take a closer look at the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on transport performance in France. The transport of goods is a risk area that has various negative effects on transport companies. In this article, we provide an overview of criminal activity in France, focusing on the specific types of risk involved. As the frequency of each potential risk occurrence is an important factor, it is necessary to make a codification of the overall threats facing the company, their consequences and the likelihood of their occurrence. These risks can be prevented by making the right decisions. For the carrier, the easiest risk prevention is route planning. The effect of choosing a safer transport route on the size of the risk is described in the article.

The aim of innovations in road safety is to contribute to better protection of road users and to minimize damage to their property. The main objective of the article is to identify disparities in the perception of an innovation element in road safety by road users based on their type of employment and the number of kilometers driven per year. The research will evaluate the attitudes of selected groups of road users based on the number of kilometers driven in a calendar year and whether driving a motor vehicle is their main job duty. The analysis involved 239 respondents using a paper questionnaire. Disparities in the perception of innovations in road safety were evaluated using contingency tables, chi-square tests, non-parametric tests, and Cramer's V. Road users feel much safer with a front braking light when crossing traffic of vehicles and pedestrians (71%); at pedestrian crossings (74%); when turning left (63.4%); as well as when crossing traffic of multiple vehicles (62.5%). Disparities among respondents based on the type of employment of the road user were not confirmed. Conversely, road users with a higher number of kilometers driven per year have a more positive perception of the innovation element at pedestrian crossings.

From the point of view of road safety and traffic flow, it is very important to follow the rules laid down by law. One such rule is to comply with the maximum permissible weights and dimensions of road vehicles and to secure the goods correctly so that they do not move during transport. From the customer's position, it is most advantageous to transport as many goods as possible, and therefore the goods are sometimes loaded to the maximum capacity of the vehicle, regardless of its maximum permissible weight. Failure to follow these rules can result in the destruction of property, faster wear and tear on roads and, in some cases, the death of a person. The aim of the paper is to explain who in the Slovak Republic is responsible for loading and fastening the goods in the vehicle. Indicate the financial consequences for the person responsible for exceeding the permissible weight and insufficient fastening of the goods. On the basis of statistical data to prove that there is a constant overload of vehicles in the Slovak Republic. In recent years, the transport documents used in road transport have been neutralized in order to change some of the information written in it, and the aim is also to find out whether such activity has any impact on the responsibility for loading and fastening the goods in the vehicle.

Research background: In determining the prices in road transport, carriers usually use the calculations based on a so-called routes utilisation coefficient, which allows the carrier to also take the possibility of the return rides without load into account. Currently, it is usually used as a constant from the interval from zero to one. Purpose of the article: Considering a different offer of return transport from individual European Union (EU) countries, it can be assumed that the routes utilisation coefficient should have different values because there is a varying level of non-zero probability that the vehicle will return without a load. This study therefore proposes a new approach to determining the value of this coefficient based on transport direction. The study also aims to identify clusters of EU countries, for which the common value of the coefficient should be set. Methods: The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used to verify the assumption of the differences among the means of transport offers. Cluster analysis was used to identify the aforementioned groups of countries. This analysis is based on real data on transport offers to Slovakia from 18 different EU countries. Findings & value added: The results of the analysis can also be used in other EU countries because if significant differences in transport offers to Slovakia exist in individual countries, there is a reasonable assumption that this conclusion will also be valid in other countries. The analysis demonstrated that it is more appropriate to use the routes utilisation coefficient with various values, dependent on the transport direction. For the transport companies, implementation of the obtained results into practice is beneficial to increase their competitiveness through the more precise setting of transport prices, but also to the optimisation of the transport price itself with regard to the expected costs.

The contract of carriage in road freight transport is regulated by the Convention on the Contract of Carriage in Road Freight Transport (CMR Convention). This Convention provides for a single accompanying document - the CMR consignment note. It is one of the most important documents in road freight transport. Since the adoption of the Convention, this paper document has accompanied the goods throughout the transport. Given that time goes on and everything is being modernized, digitized is no different in the case of a consignment note. In 2008, an Additional Protocol was adopted, which allows the use of an electronic consignment note instead of a paper consignment note. The aim of this paper is to analyze the most important document in road freight transport in its paper and electronic form. Another aim is to compare the paper and electronic consignment note, to explain the advantages of its introduction and also to explain why it is not widely used in modern times.

Due to the fact that road freight transport of goods predominates within Europe, the most frequently used transport document is the international consignment note CMR. Its application follows from the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR). The CMR consignment note serves as proof of the conclusion of the contract of carriage and its use is subject to the condition that the place of departure and the place of delivery of the consignment must be in two different States and at least one of which must be a Contracting State to the CMR Convention. In recent years, a process known as the neutralization of transport documents, which is directly linked to the CMR consignment note, has been used in the transport sector. This is an intervention in the system of functioning of transport documents, in order to obscure the actual movement of the consignment during transport. The aim of the paper is to present the risks to the parties involved in the transport and to verify whether the transition from the paper form of the CMR consignment note to the electronic form can affect the rate of use of neutralization of the consignment note, ie its prevention.

Regulation (EC) No 561/2006 - known as the Driving Time Regulation - lays down rules on driving times, breaks and rest periods for drivers of Lorries and buses to improve working conditions and road safety. A number of new amendments to this regulation were adopted on 15 July 2020. An important change has been made in connection with the extension of driving time, which may endanger road safety. The aim of the study is on the two independent types of research to verify that current regulation and the possible extension of driving time by two hours will not increase driver fatigue and risky driver behavior. The first analysis will be based on the collection of GPS data, digital tachograph data and video data of drivers faces monitored while driving. The second study will be realized on the Driving simulator SNA-211 at the University of Zilina. Data will be collected from each driver and each device and evaluated.

Year 1956 was an important year for international road and freight transport. By this year Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR) was made. The basic purpose of the Convention was to unify the rules in the international carriage of goods and thereby promote development of international trade. From the practical point of view, this was very important for both carriers and transporters. This Convention also describes the most important document in the international carriage of goods, which includes the consignment note of CMR as well. Recently this document is often associated with the term neutralization. Objective of this article was to clarify the meaning of this phrase in transport. In addition, the aim was to find out in what range carriers have real experience with neutralization of the consignment note of the CMR during the transport, for what types of goods and on what types of routes is the neutralization being used the most.

Foodwaste (hereinafter, FW) is the most voluminous solid waste and its amount is growing rapidly all over the world. The turning of FW into biogas via anaerobic fermentation is widely recognized as...

Nowadays, carriers are quite often faced with the requirement of customers to neutralize the CMR consignment note. Neutralization of transport documents is not a scientific term, it is nowhere defined. In transport, neutralization means the exchange of original consignment notes or transport documents with other consignment notes or transport documents. It is therefore the annulment of the effect of the first consignment note. Based on an analysis of commercial law in road transport, this is an act of a carrier that is not regulated by the CMR Convention. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to identify, through our own research, the extent of neutralization of CMR consignment notes, the method of neutralization and the options for handling a neutralized CMR consignment notes. Based on this research, the authors will further deal with the risks associated with the neutralization of the CMR consignment note.

The paper deals with the issue of supporting public passenger transport and integration in order to ensure the sustainable mobility of population. It highlights the importance of public passenger transport and the reasons why the population prefers cars. The objective of the paper is to analyse public passenger transport without mutual integration of individual transport systems resulting in the fact that it is not sufficiently able to compete with individual automobile transport. It is suggested the process of public passenger transport integration as well as the design of key elements in order to increase road safety. In addition, the paper confirms the hypothesis that by supporting of public passenger transport and increasing the number of individuals transported by public passenger transport, road safety increase can be achieved., Ovaj rad se bavi problematikom potpore javnog prijevoza kao i njegovom integracijom da bi se osigurala održiva mobilnost populacije. Ističe se značaj javnog prijevoza te se navode razlozi zašto generalna populacija preferira automobilski prijevoz. Cilj rada je analizirati javni putnički prijevoz izuzevši individualne načine prijevoza te se zaključuje da se javni ne može mjeriti sa individualnim automobilskim transportom (po broju putnika). U radu se predlaže način integracije javnog putničkog prijevoza i ističe ključne elemente za povećanje sigurnosti na cestama. Dodatno, ovo istraživanje potvrđuje hipotezu da se poboljšanjem javnog prijevoza kao i povećanim brojem korisnika istog povećava sigurnost na cestama.

Process of ready mixed concrete (RMC) delivery is an example of multi-objective optimization due to the conflicting objectives of the parties involved. In order to face this problem, discrete event simulation model of the delivery process is created with input parameters based on the surveyed data of real processes. The model is simulated with different vehicle dispatching policies and the results are analysed focusing on performance indicators. The research results compared in terms of Pareto optimality indicate that employing effective dispatching strategies can reduce both site idle time and waiting time of vehicles. © 2020 M. Weiszer et al., published by De Gruyter 2020., VEGAVedecka grantova agentura MSVVaS SR a SAV (VEGA) [1/0600/20, 1/0403/18]; KEGA [012TUKE-4/2019, 013TUKE-4/2019]; APVVSlovak Research and Development Agency [SK-SRB-18-0053]

In 1956, an important step was taken in international road freight transport. The CMR Convention, the main purpose of which was to unify the rules for the international transport of goods and thereby promote the development of international trade, was concluded. From a practical point of view, this is of great importance to both carriers and transporters. Similarly, this Convention also incorporates the most important document for the carriage of goods, i.e. the consignment note CMR. Since the adoption of the CMR Convention, the method of calculating the carrier liability has changed with the adoption of the Protocol to the CMR Convention. The Protocol changed the system for calculating liability from one based on the gold franc to a system based on special drawing rights. This protocol has not only changed the unit of constraint, but has also reduced the value of liability limitation for carriers. However, the protocol, which introduced a change in the carrier liability system, has not been accepted by all states. This disparity causes differences in liability and also in the competitiveness of carriers. The aim of this paper is to identify the impact of the adoption of the Protocol on the competitiveness of the carrier in each state which is party to the agreement.

The regional public transport performs with around 11 billion passengers a part of approx-imately 16.3 % of all passenger transports in Germany. It is financed from tariff revenues (user financing) and, for the most part, through public subsidies. The costs for the regional public transport are only covered by 50 % by direct users. Further 50 % are covered by public funds. The demographic development in Germany and with it declining passenger numbers, legal changes at European and national level as well as the over-indebtedness of public authorities result in a significant change of the framework conditions for the regional public transport. The aim of the paper was to draw up reform proposals for public transport in Germany so that it could continue to meet the four main objectives set. The results of those proposals for reform are transferred to a defined project area enabling to measure specifically the monetary impact. By forecasting the results of the project across the country, we want to verify whether the four main public transport objectives can be achieved using possible additional financial instruments involving indirect users, even under changing conditions, provided the proposed reforms are applied.

Transport strategy in European Union supports public transport against individual transport. The reason is using of public transport is possible to fulfil all the goals of the EU strategy in the field of road safety. The paper deals with the issue of supporting public passenger transport and it is integration with the aim of ensuring the sustainable mobility of population. The aim of this paper is to identify the importance of public passenger transport and define method for creating effective integrated transport systems. The paper points to the importance of public passenger transport and the reasons why the population prefers cars. Based on the analysis, it is arguable that public passenger transport without mutual integration is not capable enough to compete with individual motoring. Contribution proposes the process integration of public passenger transport as a key elements in increasing road safety. Contribution confirms the hypothesis that the integration of public passenger transport and achieving a higher use of public passenger transport of population can contribute to improving of road safety.

The contribution deals with a problem of road trucks parking sustainability. The road freight transport is presently the most significant mode of transportation in frame of inland freight transport. The White Paper on Transport supposes in-creasing of transport to 80 per cent in 2050 compared to the year 2010. The sup-posal of transport increasing is fulfilling in real practise and is followed by in-creasing number of trucks in road infrastructure. To ensure the safety and sus-tainability of transport it is necessary to built not only higher roads capacity but also the infrastructure for cars parking that is connected with safety breaks and drivers’ rest ensuring. On the other hand, the increasing drivers´ demands on rest causes also the increasing demands on parking places. Authors in the first part introduce a review of available approaches for establishment of the parking places in the world. They analyze problems depending to parking in United States, Japan and Germany. In the next part the authors deals with a parking facilities for freight transport. Drafts are processed on the base of own authors´ research.

High - quality transport infrastructure is one of the key elements of the modern economy. At present, in the context of growing transportations volume, the development of transport infrastructure is of particular importance for all countries. The role of dry ports in constructing cross-border logistics networks attracts more attention to the countries governments. This article discusses the concept of "dry port" as an element of transport and logistics infrastructure for the modern transport system, and the prospects for the development of such facilities in international significance. The paper focused on the modern transportation network, which connects the inland cross-border logistics network through dry ports through concept of smart logistics at the macro level on the scale of continental cooperation in Eurasia. The main goal of this article is to develop a methodology for the formation of integrated infrastructure management of international importance in the concept of "Dry port" and "Smart logistics", taking into account the peculiarities of the use of transport and cross-border infrastructure of countries for the formation of new transport solutions in the East-West-East corridors.

In 1956, there was an important step in international road freight transport. The CMR Convention, the main purpose of which was to unify the rules for the international transport of goods and thereby promote the development of international trade, was concluded. From a practical point of view, this is of great importance to both carriers and transporters. Similarly, this Convention describes the most important document for the carriage of goods and that is the consignment note CMR. In recent times, the term neutralization has been used in conjunction with this document in transport. We want to clarify the importance of this word in transport. The aim is also to find out to what extent carriers have real experience with CMR neutralization and when transporting what kind of goods the most frequent neutralization of documents is used. The purpose of this contribution is to explain what the term neutralization in transport means, because there is no legal regulation or norm to define it. This term is used mainly in chemistry. Furthermore, we would like to verify the hypothesis that the neutralization of consignment note CMR is actually used in international road freight transport and whether neutralization is only used for a particular type of goods, such as electronics. To verify the hypotheses we conducted a survey at the carriers.

The article deals with the issue of identifying the impact of parking policy on the economy of road transport focusing on the conditions of the European Union. The aim of the article is to identify the impact of insufficient parking and the impact of EU social policy governing the work of drivers on the economy of the road transport sector. In terms of structure, the paper contains the identification of costs in road freight transport. The authors point to the fact that in Central Europe, the problems with cost calculation persist to this day. The authors conclude that a significant proportion of costs are fixed costs, which are related to the time use of the vehicle. The authors also define problems with vehicle parking. Authors point out that as the number of vehicles grows, there is not enough infrastructure to build. In the next part of article, the authors identify the need for the number of parking spaces and propose a methodology for determining their capacity. They also identify the impact of insufficient parking spaces on the economy of transport companies. In the discussion, the authors also discuss the impact of social law restrictions on the economy of a transport company.

Humanity is on the threshold of a new age where people transform a significant part of reality into the virtual world. Direct face-to-face interaction is converting to communication via social networks. It has many advantages. For example, it is no more necessary to be in the workplace - we can work from home (home-office). Information and communication technologies such as the internet, information transmission, data processing, the rapid development of electronics have allowed us to create a new concept of our cities. These technologies have made the phenomenon of Smart City in recent years. One of the pillars of Smart Cities, without which the project would not work, is the economy of sharing. In our paper, we outline the economics of sharing in road transport as an essential part of smart mobility. This sharing is possible thanks to using digital platforms. We will focus mainly on applications used by taxi services. A significant item of the concept is human. Therefore our research aims to describe the role of people in the system. Without the active support of humans, Smarts Cities could not exist. Finally, we describe the regulatory environment of taxi services at the EU level and in the Slovak Republic.

The aim of our systematic review was to inspect the recently published literature on decentralized governance systems and integrate the insights it articulates on blockchain technology and smart contracts by employing Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Throughout January and May 2022, a quantitative literature review of ProQuest, Scopus, and the Web of Science databases was carried out, with search terms including “city” + “blockchain technology”, “smart contracts”, and “decentralized governance systems”. As the analyzed research studies were published between 2016 and 2022, only 371 sources satisfied the eligibility criteria. A Shiny app was harnessed for the PRISMA flow diagram to include evidence-based acquired and handled data. Analyzing the most recent and relevant sources and leveraging screening and quality assessment tools such as AMSTAR, Dedoose, Distiller SR, ROBIS, and SRDR, we integrated the core outcomes and robust correlations related to smart urban governance. As data visualization tools, for initial bibliometric mapping dimensions were harnessed, together with layout algorithms provided by VOSviewer. Future research should investigate smart contract governance of blockchain applications and infrastructure using decision-making tools and spatial cognition algorithms.

The Convention on the Contract of Carriage in International Road Freight Transport regulates the rules in the international road transport of goods and thus also the promotion and development of international trade. The CMR Convention is of great importance for carriers, since it simplifies their work by uniformly modifying the accompanying documentation and establishing the liability of the carrier. Part of the CMR Convention is a consignment note, which is the most important document in transport. Neutralization of the consignment note has become a relatively common practice. Neutralization of the consignment note is not as contrary to legal standards as it may cause undesirable consequences for carriers. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the neutralization of a transport document may cause problems for carriers in respect of liability insurance.

Market access in the EU is based on the free movement of goods and services, the free movement of persons and the free movement of finance under conditions that are the same across the EU. However, this principle does not apply to road transport. In recent times, the security of the functioning of the system has been disturbed by the attitude of some EU Member States introducing protection requirements for their own market. The aim of this paper is to highlight the risk of restricting EU market access in the road transport sector.

The article introduces a design of the shoulder joint of the anthropometric dummy intended for rear crash tests at low speed. The joint was used to build a mannequin representing a 50th percentile male. The construction ensures the strength of individual components of the joint without the need for frequent replacement of components and their calibration. The designed joint is connected to other elements of the dummy using overlay screw connections. The joint has variable characteristics of stiffness and elasticity, thanks to which it is possible to use this joint in dummies representing the remaining percentiles of the population. The range of movement of the joint was chosen to reflect the range of mobility of the adult’s man shoulder joint. The joint was compared to the shoulder joint used on the Hybrid III dummy representing a 50th percentile male.

The article deals with the research of the recovery of semi-trailers to the domicile of the carrier. The authors point out that, in the price for transport is not always considered the risk of finding a return for the vehicle. Some states in research have a problematic low probability of supply. The result and contribution of the article to the research itself is to compile a general mathematical formula for the state of Europe, where is the backloading to the carrier's domicile. Seasonality is also taken into account in this formula or the geographical organization of states within the continent of Europe.

V roku 1956 bol prijatý významný dokument v oblasti cestnej nákladnej dopravy - Dohovor CMR. Jeho prijatím sa zjednotili niektoré pravidlá v medzinárodnej preprave tovarov. Zjednotila sa najmä sprievodná dokumentácia zásielky a zodpovednosť cestného dopravcu. Od prijatia Dohovoru CMR sa zmenil spôsob výpočtu zodpovednosti dopravcu, ktorý zaviedol Protokol k Dohovoru CMR. Protokol zmenil systém výpočtu zodpovednosti zo zlatého franku na systém založený na zvláštnych právach čerpania Sprievodná dokumentácia je zjednotená v cestnej nákladnej doprave v podobe nákladného listu CMR. Preukázalo sa, že neutralizácia nákladného listu sa v niektorých prípadoch využíva pri podvode na odosielateľovi. Cieľom príspevku je zistiť dopad využívania neutralizácie nákladného listu na zodpovednosť dopravcu a postoj poisťovne voči dopravcovi v prípade preukázania neutralizácie nákladného listu CMR. Z dôvodu, že prijatie Protokolu nie je samozrejmosťou, existujú členské krajiny Dohovoru, ktoré Protokol neprijali. Vzhľadom na to, že v súčasnosti teda existujú dva spôsoby ohraničenia zodpovednosti cestného dopravcu, chceme taktiež poukázať na dôležitosť prijatia Protokolu k Dohovoru CMR a jeho vplyv na konkurencieschopnosť v prípade ak dopravcovi hrozí riziko z vykonania neutralizácie.

The paper deals with issues of letterbox companies, which are one of the main problems of the European road transport market. Some European road transport companies establish letterbox companies in countries with low labor costs and weak enforcement. These companies then carry out transport operations mainly outside the country in which they are registered. While there is a lack of significant empirical evidence on the scale of this problem, it is an important issue and a classic example of social dumping or unfair competition in Europe. The aim of this contribution is to identify the undesirable influence of letterbox companies on competition in the European Union. The aim of the paper is also to verify that the creation of letterbox companies is not only related to the problem of non-compliance, but also to the issue of social dumping which is being investigated in the conditions of the Slovak Republic.

The paper includes the research outputs in the area of examining the total costs of delivering products to the customer for a particular transport mode choice. The methodology of choice procedure is presented based on the calculation of threshold distance for different variants of shipments in road and rail transport based on delivery costs. The paper also assesses the possibility of compiling a multi-criteria function for enterprise logistics, that beside the costs takes into account also other aspects as rail transport availability, time for loading and unloading, shipping time or environmental impacts.

On the price of road freight transport significantly impacts demand to the provided transport services. With insufficient transport offer the carrier is forced to realized a ride with vehicle without a shipment or leave the vehicle in downtime until the moment gaining transportation. Both options increase carrier costs related to the transported operations. The purpose of this article is to verify scientific hypothesis, whether it changes and optionally to what extent, offer of transport on defined territory during a specific time period. To test the seted hypothesis will be based from two specific periods within the calendar year. It will be identified return shipping offer. The goal of the article is also pointing to risks, which arise during transport, when the carrier fails to find for their vehicles transport to address of their company.

In public transport, especially in bus services, the number of passengers decreases, largely because individual car transport are able to provide a higher quality passenger transport. Passengers choose the mode of transport based on the shortest travel time. This is why the share of individual car transport is growing, especially in suburban bus transport, but also in urban transport in smaller towns. Given that the travel time is more important for a traveler compared to the cost of transport, the aim of this contribution is to verify the hypothesis that shorter stopping times are needed for vehicles with a smaller capacity. When verifying the hypothesis, the authors will also address the issue of the impact of the number of vehicle doors and total capacity on the total travel time of the passenger.

In freight road transport, the price per unit of transport is not the same for each shipment for reason, that many factors influence the cost of shipping. An important aspect, in addition to cost inputs, which decides, how high will the shipping cost it is the destination where the transportation takes place. The purpose of this article is to identify the impact of the change of destination on carrier costs. Authors will not deal with specific costs related to the change of destination, which include, for example, charges for the use of the road network or travel compensation to the driver, but will only deal with the probability of vehicle back-up. If the carrier is unable to backhaul of the vehicle, the initial shipping costs increase significantly.

The paper deals with the issue of different market access for the transport procurement in the EU in context of open market of providing forwarding services. It highlights different requirements of market access in freight forwarding. The article proposes conditions of market access unification in freight forwarding based on analysis of the existing situation. It also refers to the different responsibility of freight forwarder depending on membership in the national associations of freight forwarders. The contribution analyses the limitation of liability in freight forwarding and shows differences in contract of freight forwarding for particular shipments by model examples. There is also pointed to the need for the development of uniform freight forwarding conditions in the EU.

Enterprise in the EU is currently a single market business, but on which the conditions are not completely unified. In the case of mineral oil excise duty a minimum level of taxation is set by EU rules, but individual states do not strictly prescribe a specific rate of tax. It is a fact for international road transport, that there are states on the route of transport, where it is preferable to pump fuel. Because the mineral oil tax is an income of state budget in concrete state, is good for the state, if the carrier pumps fuel on the territory of that state. For carriers who only drive within the country the higher tax rate is more advantageous in terms of choice. For this reason, some EU countries apply for the selected group of entrepreneurs, the refund of excise duty due to the use of carriers in their territory and to achieve higher tax deduction in cumulative terms. The purpose of this contribution is to identify the possibilities for refunding excise duty in the Slovak Republic and to propose a procedure for assessing the effects of the refund of excise duty on mineral oils.

The working conditions of truck drivers and social legislation are both topical and political issues in the field of road freight transport. The contribution outlines problems which are linked to the observance of the ban on weekly rest in the vehicle. Based on the judgment, the Court of Justice of the European Union explicitly forbids drivers to take their regular weekly rest in the vehicle. The contribution identifies the impact of the ban on spending weekly rest in the vehicle on transport planning in the EU. The aim of the contribution is also to highlight the existing problems in international road freight transport sector in connection with insufficient number of truck parks with accommodation.

In general, transport companies have an unimportant role in the business market, in order to achieve the required sales and the related profit. Competition in road transport is great and enforcement from a large number of carriers is considerable. It is the price for the transport of goods that plays the most important role how to get the carrier and the customer who wants the lowest transport price. On the contrary, the carrier would like to get the highest amount for the shipment. A compromise between these two requirements should form the required shipping price. Pricing involves a factor other than costs, the attractiveness of the transport destination, in terms of the possibility of return utilization the vehicle. The aim of the paper is to verify the hypothesis, that the cost of transport is affected not only by the carrier’s costs, but also the target destination of the ordered shipment.

International road transport is a specific service within the frame of services provided in the European Union. It is because the conditions of being active on the market are influenced by the states where businessmen operate, but services can be provided throughout the whole year in other member states of the European Union. The aim of the contribution is to highlight the existing problems in international road freight transport sector. These problems persist despite the fact that market access was exempted from the national law of individual member states and regulated directly by EU regulations. Despite the unification of market access, tax and social harmonization is not ensured in international road freight transport. An unequal tax burden on carriers and different requirements of wage regulations create a discriminatory environment among entrepreneurs. The contribution identifies the factors that deform the equal operating conditions in single market. The aim of the contribution is also to provide the readers with the answers to the questions: Is it possible under current EU conditions to harmonize tax and social conditions? What impact would this harmonization have on business environment?