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In this study, a survey was conducted with 400 enterprise owners in order to determine the current situation and problems related to the structural characteristics of the barns in cattle enterprises located in the central county of Ağrı province, and the data obtained were transferred into Microsoft Excel program and frequency analysis was performed in SPSS statistical program. Findings were evaluated through graphs obtained from proportional values. It was determined that 66% of the enterprises have free-stall closed barns, the barns in 48.5% of the enterprises were used for less than 10 years and the barns were generally detached (98.5%). Building material for the walls of the barns was mostly stone (72.8%), and sheet metal (72.8%) was the most preferred material for the construction of the roof, and the floors of the were generally made of concrete (88.8%). The feed alley (15%) and automatic waterers (2.8%) are available in a small percentage of the barns. It was determined that 88% of the cattle farms have individual calf units, and calves in the most of the enterprises are housed in a separate group sections (87.5%) in the same barn. Only 15% of the enterprises used bedding and 85% of them did not have bedding material. The majority of the enterprises watered the animals with buckets (51.5%) and village's fountain or trough (43.8%). It also found out that 62.3% of the enterprises implemented general cleaning and 99.3% cleaned the manure with manpower. Furthermore, 94.5% of the enterprises stored the manure near the barn without any cover. In addition, 72.5% of the cattle farms utilized from the manure for heating purpose and 51% of them used it as fertilizer in their field. As a result of the findings, it was concluded that the information support and investment incentives to be given to the enterprises and the training of breeders could be helpful to ensure profitable livestock production in the region.In this study, a survey was conducted with 400 enterprise owners to determine the current situation and problems related to the structural characteristics of the barns in cattle enterprises located in the central county of Ağrı province. The data obtained were transferred into Microsoft Excel program. Frequency analysis was performed in SPSS statistical program. Findings were evaluated through graphs obtained from proportional values. It was determined that 66% of the enterprises had free-stall closed barns, the barns in 48.5% of the enterprises were used for less than 10 years and the barns were generally detached (98.5%). The building material for the walls of the barns was mostly stone (72.8%), and sheet metal (72.8%) was the most preferred material for the construction of the roof, and the floors were generally made of concrete (88.8%). The feed alley (15%) and automatic waterers (2.8%) are available in a small percentage of the barns. It was determined that 88% of the cattle farms have individual calf units, and calves in most enterprises are housed in separate group sections (87.5%) in the same barn. Only 15% of the enterprises used bedding and 85% did not have bedding material. The majority of the enterprises watered the animals with buckets (51.5%) and the village’s fountain or trough (43.8%). It also found out that 62.3% of the enterprises implemented general cleaning and 99.3% cleaned the manure with human resources. Furthermore, 94.5% of the enterprises stored the manure near the barn without any cover. In addition, 72.5% of the cattle farms utilized manure for heating purposes, and 51% used it as fertilizer in their field. As a result of the findings, it was concluded that the information support and investment incentives to be given to the enterprises and the training of breeders could be helpful to ensure profitable livestock production in the region.

Bu çalışma, Erzurum ili İspir ilçesinde sığırcılık işletmelerinde bulunan barınakların yapısal özelliklerini ve bunlarla ilgili sorunları belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Bu amaçla, şansa bağlı olarak seçilen 325 işletme sahibi ile yüz yüze anket yapılmıştır. İlçedeki işletmelerde mevcut sığır barınaklarının %94,7’sinin bağlı duraksız kapalı ahırlardan oluştuğu belirlenmiştir. Ahırların %33’ünün 16-20 yaşında olduğu, %31,2’sinin ise 21 yıldan daha fazla kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Ahır duvarları inşasında yapı malzemesi olarak genellikle taş (%95,4) ve tuğladan (%66,2) yararlanıldığı, çatısında ise çoğunlukla galvaniz sac (%77,4) kullanıldığı saptanmıştır. Ahır zemininin ise büyük oranda beton (%61,9) veya taş (%48,2) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yemlik (%100,0), idrar yolu (%85,3), pencere (%96,7) gibi standart barınak elemanlarının işletmelerin büyük çoğunluğunda bulunduğu ancak yemlik yolu (%6,6), otomatik suluk (%1,3) ve havalandırma deliklerinin (22,8%) az sayıda işletmede bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Barınaklardaki pencere sayıları ile işletme büyüklüğü ve yetiştiricilerin öğrenim durumları arasındaki ilişki istatiksel olarak önemli (P, This study was carried out to determine the structural characteristics of the barns and related problems in the cattle enterprises in İspir county of Erzurum province. For this purpose, a face-to-face survey was conducted with 325 randomly selected enterprise owners. It was determined that 94.7% of the barns in the enterprises in the county consisted of tied free-stall barns. Furthermore, 33% of the barns were between 16 and 20 years old and 31.2% of them were older than 21 years. Stone (95.4%) and brick (66.2%) were commonly used as building materials in the construction of the barn walls, and mainly galvanized sheet metal (77.4%) was used for the roof. The barn floor was also determined to be mostly concrete (61.9%) or stone (48.2%). Some of the standard barn elements were available in almost all of the enterprises in the county, such as feeder (100.0%), urinary canal (85.3%), window (96.7%), however other elements such as the feeding alley (6.6%), automatic waterer (1.3%) and ventilation holes (22.8%) were available in a small number of enterprises. The relationship between the number of windows in the barns, the level of farm size and the level of education of the breeders was found to be statistically significant (P

Aims: This study was carried out in order to determine the current situation and problems in the cattle breeding practices related to shelter characteristics in İspir district of Erzurum province and to provide solutions.Methods and Results: In this research, a face-to-face survey was conducted with 394 business owners selected by a random sampling method among cattle farms in İspir district of Erzurum province. Chi-square and frequency analyzes were performed in the statistical evaluation of the obtained data. It was determined that 97.2% of the surveyed enterprises did not have separate maternity wards in their barns. While the majority of the enterprises housed heifers, young cattle and dry cows together (90.4%), only 9.6% of them housed them separately. It was also determined that the percentages of enterprises providing bedding for cattle in the district were considerably low (12.4%). Grain straw (6.6%) and sawdust (3.3%) were the most popular bedding materials. The enterprises watered their animals through village fountains (90.1%), troughs (70.6%) or carrying the water by the bucket (33.5%). Of all the surveyed enterprises, 54.8% performed general cleaning once a year, while 33.0% twice and 12.2% three times. In 62.9% of the enterprises, manure was used as fertilizer in the fields, and a significant part of the enterprises preferred to utilize manure as fuel (34%). Most of the participants stated that they believed that the cattle would be uncomfortable and that their productivity would decrease at 10-15 °C, which is the optimal temperature for the cattle.Conclusions: The findings of the study demonstrated that there were some improper and deficient practices in the district in terms of breeding practices related to barn characteristics and a large educational campaign on this subject was required for cattle breeders.Significance and Impact of the Study: There are some structural and nonstructural elements in the barn that help the cattle to perform their natural behaviours indirectly increase productivity and ease the work in the enterprises. With this study, the status of cattle enterprises in İspir district in terms of breeding practices related to barn characteristics was determined and some suggestions were made regarding current problems.

This study was carried out in the central county of Ağrı Province in order to reveal the cattle feeding habits of cattle breeders. For this purpose, data were obtained by conducting a face-to-face survey with 400 dairy cattle owners of the enterprises in the county. According to the results obtained from this study, it was determined that 91.5% of the breeders produced their forage crops. It was also found out that barley, alfalfa, and sainfoin were the most produced plants in these enterprises. However, the production of the corn silage, which is an important source of roughage for dairy cattle, was performed at a very low level (1.2%). Dry hay (93.5%) took first place among the roughage sources used in these enterprises, and it was followed by alfalfa hay (61.5%) and wheat-barley straw (28.0%). Corn silage was used at a low level (7.8%) in the cattle enterprises. It was determined that cattle breeders in the central county of Ağrı province were deficient in terms of some information about cattle feeding practices. It was also demonstrated that it was necessary to increase the usage and production of corn silage as forage crops and to implement rational animal feeding practices in place of the old traditional animal feeding habits. Therefore, cattle breeders in the central county of Ağrı province should be involved in technical training programs about the cattle feeding and forage planting. As result of the courses given to the cattle breeders, their technical information about cattle nutrition and preparation of ration would be updated. For this purpose, it is also recommended that agricultural extension service should be boosted to increase the education level and awareness of the cattle breeders in the rural areas.

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to determine the current situation of milking management practices of the dairy cattle enterprises in the central county of Ağrı province and to propose some solutions in consideration of the revealed problems. Material and Method: Survey data obtained from 400 dairy cattle enterprises in the central county of Ağrı province constituted the material of the study. Results: It was determined that in 25.2% of the surveyed enterprises udder cleaning is not performed, and in 93.5% of them the milking is done by hand. The average milk yield of 85.0% of dairy cattle enterprises was between 6-10 liters per animal and only 17.5% of the produced milk was sold. A significant proportion of this milk (95.7%) was marketed as raw milk, and milk in 4.3% of the enterprises was sold after processing into different products such as cheese, yogurt and butter. It was also found out that milk produced in 1.8% of the dairy cattle farms was stored in the cooling tank after milking. 13.6% of the farm owners fed their animals after milking, while 86.3% of them fed them prior to milking. It was also revealed that the calving occurs usually in the winter season and the lactation period of the cows varies between 5-6 months in 57.5% of the enterprises.Conclusion: In order to produce high quality and clean milk in the dairy cattle farms in the central county of Ağrı province, udder cleaning has to be performed properly as well as machine milking should be made widespread. It is necessary to increase the genetic capacity of cows and improve the milking practices of the dairy farms located in the central county of Ağrı province., Amaç: Bu çalışmada, Ağrı ili merkez ilçede bulunan süt sığırcılığı işletmelerin de sağım yönetimi uygulamaları bakımından mevcut durumun belirlenmesi ve ortaya konulan sorunlara yönelik çözüm önerileri sunulması amaçlanmıştır.Materyal ve Metot: Araştırmanın materyalini Ağrı ili merkez ilçede bulunan 400 süt sığırcılığı işletmesinden elde edilen anket verileri oluşturmuştur. Bulgular: Araştırma konusu işletmelerin % 25.2‘sinin meme temizliği yapmadığı, % 93.5’lik kısmın sağımı elle yaptığı belirlenmiştir. İşletmelerin % 85.0’inin ortalama süt verimlerinin 6-10 litre arasında olduğu ve üretilen sütün sadece % 17.5’inin satıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu sütün önemli bir kısmı (% 95.7) çiğ süt olarak satılmakta, işletmelerin % 4.3'ünde ise süt; peynir, yoğurt ve tereyağı gibi ürünlere işlendikten sonra pazarlanmaktadır. Yetiştiricilerin % 1.8 lik kısmının sütü sağım sonrası soğutma tankında depoladıkları belirlenmiştir. Ağrı ilindeki işletmecilerin % 13.6’sı sağım sonrasında hayvanlara yem verirken, % 86.3’ü ise sağım öncesinde yem verdiklerini ifade etmişlerdir. İl genelinde ineklerin genel olarak kış mevsiminde yoğun olarak buzağıladığı ve işletmelerin % 57.5’inde ineklerin laktasyon sürelerinin 5-6 ay arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir.Sonuç: Ağrı ili merkez ve ilçelerindeki süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde kaliteli ve temiz süt üretmek için meme temizliğinin uygun şekilde yapılması, makineli sağımın yaygınlaştırılması ve elde edilen sütün soğuk zincir kurallarına göre depolanması gereklidir. İlçede bulunan süt çiftliklerinde, ineklerin genetik kapasitelerinin artırılması ve sağım uygulamalarının iyileştirilmesi gerekmektedir.

Bu araştırma, Erzincan ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy ve beldelerde bulunan sığırcılık işletmelerindeki sığır barınaklarının yapısal özelliklerini, işletme sahiplerinin öğrenim durumlarını, problemlerini ve çözüm önerilerini ortaya koymak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, barınak yapısal özellikleri ile işletme sahiplerinin eğitim düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkilerde analiz edilmiştir. Bu amaçla, merkez ilçede bulunan 2003 işletmeden basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemiyle rastgele seçilen 401 adet işletme sahibiyle yüz yüze anket yapılmıştır. Sığırcılık işletmelerinin %95,0’inde kapalı ahır, %4,8’inde yarı açık ahır ve %0,3’ünde de açık ahırların bulunduğu saptanmıştır. Erzincan ili merkez ilçede bulunan sığır barınaklarının çeşitleri ile işletmecilerin eğitim düzeyleri arasında istatistiksel olarak önemli bir ilişki bulunmadığı da tespit edilmiştir. Sığır barınaklarının duvarlarının yapımında genellikle briket kullanıldığı (%50,6), bunu taş (%22,7), kerpiç (%12,6), tuğla (%11,6), bims (%2,2) ve ahşap (%0,3) kullanımı takip etmiştir. Ahır tabanı açısından işletmeler değerlendirildiğinde, ahırların %98,2’sinde tabanın beton, %0,3’ünde toprak, %1,0’ında tahta ve %0,5’inde ise seramik andezit gibi diğer malzemelerin kullanılarak inşa edildiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu işletmelerinin %20,2’sinde sığırlar için altlık kullanılırken, %79,8’inde ise altlık kullanılmadığı saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, sığır ahırlarının %82,7’sinde işletme sahipleri kışın ahırın havalandırma bacalarını açık tutarken, %17,3’ü ise kapalı tuttuklarını ifade etmişlerdir. İşletme sahiplerinin öğrenim düzeyinin, işletmelerde bacaların kışın açık veya kapalı tutulması üzerine etkisinin önemli (P

The study was carried out to investigate to determine effects of the different levels of the direct-fed microbials (DFM) plus exogenous feed enzymes (EFE) on the body weights, weight gains, feed efficiency ratio, some behavioral traits as well as fecal consistency index of male Brown Swiss calves. For this purpose, 18 male Brown Swiss calves were allocated to three groups (control, 10 g and 20 g head/day of DFM plus EFE). Weights obtained at weaning time and 6 months of age of the calves in 10 g head/day of DFM plus EFE group were respectively 7.3% and 7.1% heavier than these of animals in control group. The calves in 10 g head/day of DFM plus EFE group in pre-weaning and between birth and 6 months of age periods also had respectively 16.0% and 7.3% higher total weight gains than calves in the control group. Feed efficiency ratio of the calves fed diets with 10 g DFM plus EFE had 64.2% better than that of calves in control group. Average fecal consistency score of the calves fed a diet supplemented with 10 g head/day of DFM plus EFE had the lowest score (P

Et günlük hayatta vücuda alınması için gerekli olan biyolojik değeri yüksek esansiyel aminoasitler gibi besin maddelerini yeterli miktarda yapısında bulundurması ile insan beslenmesinde önemli yeri olan bir gıdadır. Sağlıklı ve dengeli bir yaşam sürebilmek için en temel besin maddelerinden olan et üretiminin artırılması yanında kalitesini de yükseltme çabaları uzun yıllardır bilim insanlarının önemli çalışma alanlarından birisini oluşturmuştur. Etin lezzet ve kalitesini artırmak için kesim öncesi ve sonrası kalite özellikleri üzerine etkili faktörlerin araştırılması amacıyla yürütülen çalışmalar günümüzde de güncelliğini muhafaza etmektedir. Kesim sonrası karkasların gevrekliğini artırmak ve yumuşak et elde etmek için uygulanan en yaygın yöntemlerden biri de etlerin olgunlaştırılması işlemidir. Avrupa ülkeleri ve ABD’de yaygın olarak kullanılan kuru ve yaş olmak üzere iki tip olgunlaştırma metodu vardır ve son yıllarda bunlara alternatif olarak vakum paketlerde kuru olgunlaştırma yöntemi de yaygınlaşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, etlerin gevreklik, lezzet ve genel anlamda kalitesinin artırılması için kullanılan kuru ve yaş olgunlaştırma metotlarının genel prensipleri, uygulama yöntemleri, olgunlaştırılan etlerde meydana gelen fizikokimyasal değişimler ve olgunlaştırma işleminin et kalite özellikleri ile mikrobiyal gelişim üzerine etkileri değerlendirilerek konunun detaylı olarak incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

The study was carried out to investigate the magnitude of non-genetic factors influencing linear type traits and to estimate phenotypic correlations among these traits in Simmental cows. The 16 linear type traits were recorded for 148 Simmental cows reared in a private farm in Eastern Turkey. A statistical model used in this research included fixed effects of stage of lactation, parity, season at time of classification and classifier. The age at time of classification was included to the statistical model as co-variable. Parity, stage of lactation, season at time of classification and classifier effect was significant (P

This study aimed to investigate the effects of slaughter age (young vs. old), muscle type (Longissimus dorsi (LD), Gluteus medius (GM)) and fat deposits (kidney knob and channel fat, subcutaneous fat, intramuscular fat) on chemical, organoleptic, textural characteristics and fatty acid composition of Holstein Friesian bull meat. For this purpose, the carcasses of 26 Holstein Friesian bulls that had been fattened on the same private farm were assigned to two experimental groups based on their age at slaughter: a young group (YG) (average age: 17.0 ± 1.0 months old) and an old group (OG) (average age: 22.0 ± 1.0 months old). The percentage of crude protein, panel tenderness score, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and saturated fatty acid (SFA) content, the PUFA/SFA ratio and the hypocholesterolemic fatty acid (DFA)/hypercholesterolemic fatty acid (OFA) ratio of the bull carcasses decreased significantly with increasing slaughter age. By contrast, the OFA content of the carcasses significantly increased (p < 0.05) with increasing slaughter age. Advanced slaughter age resulted in lower panel tenderness scores. Additionally, the meat of the bulls in the OG was considered to be less healthy because of the less desirable fatty acid composition and nutritional indices, such as the PUFA/SFA and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratios, compared to the meat from the bulls in the YG. Furthermore, the intramuscular fat and internal fat contained high percentages of PUFA and SFA and high PUFA/SFA and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratios. Interestingly, the percentage of OFA content in the internal and intramuscular fat tissues decreased with increasing slaughter age. In conclusion, this study provided evidence that slaughter age and muscle and fat type are essential sources of variations in the textural characteristics, sensory panel attributes and fatty acid profile of meat from Holstein Friesian bulls.

In this research, reproductive characteristics of the cattle and calfrearing applications cattle breeding enterprises in Igdir province areinvestigated. A questionnaire is applied to 162 enterprise owners in theresearch. Colostrum is fed within the first 30 minutes of the birth in 3.1% ofthe enterprises while it is fed within the first 60 minutes of birth in 96.9%of the enterprises. The ratios of breeders cutting the umbilical cord andproviding umbilical cord care are 14.2% and 85.8%, respectively. No calf-deathsare seen in 50.0% of the enterprises while calf deaths are encountered within thefirst 30, 45 and 60 days in., 9.3%, 14.8% and 25.9% of the enterprises,respectively. Most common causes of calf deaths are expressed by 17.9% asdiarrhea. Another 17.9% reported pneumonia to be the most common cause of calfdeaths while 64.2% of the breeders reported diarrhea+pneumonia as the mostcommon cause. Detection of estrus is carried out in all (100%) enterprises.Cows are inseminated after 5 hours from the detection of estrus in 71.3% of theenterprises, while insemination takes place after 8 hours and 12 hours in 21.2%and 7.5% of the enterprises, respectively. Cows are given to mating orinseminated in 6.8% of the enterprises cows at the first estrus, while 60 daysafter the first estrus in 56.2% of the enterprises, and after 90 days in 34.6%and after 120 days in 2.5%. 75.3% of the breeders prefer artificial inseminationwhile the remaining 24.7% do not prefer artificial insemination. Number ofinsemination per pregnancy is determined as 1 in 32.5% of the enterprises, 1-2in 49.4% and more than 2 in 18.1% (P>0.05)., Buaraştırmada, Iğdır ilinde sığır yetiştiriciliği yapılan işletmelerdehayvanların üreme özellikleri ile buzağı yetiştirme uygulamaları incelenmiştir. Araştırmada 162 işletme sahibiyle yüz yüzeanket yapılmıştır. İşletmelerin %3.1’inde doğumdan sonra 30 dakika ve%96.9’unda ise 60 dakika içi nde buzağıya ağız sütü içirdikleri tespitedilmiştir. Yetiştiricilerin göbek kordonu kesim ve bakımı yapma oranlarısırasıyla %14.2 ve %85.8’dir. İşletmelerde ishal %17.9, pnömoni %17.9 veishal+pnömoni %64.2 ile buzağıların sıklıkla ölümüne sebep olan hastalıklarolarak belirlenmiştir. İşletmelerin %100.0’ünde kızgılıktespitinin yapıldığı ve kızgınlık tespitinden sonra işletmelerin %71.3’ü 5 saat sonra,%21.2’sı 8 saat sonra ve %7.5’inin ise 12 saat sonra tohumlama yaptırdığıbelirlenmiştir. Yetiştiricilerin %6.8’i ineklerini ilk kızgınlıkta, %56.2’sinin60 gün sonra, %34.6’sının 90 gün sonra ve %2.5’inin ise 120 gün sonraineklerini tohumladıkları veya boğaya verdikleri belirlenmiştir. İşletmelerde%75.3 oranında suni tohumla yapıldığı belirlenmiştir. İşletmelerde gebelikbaşına tohumlama sayısı %32.5’inde 1 kez, %49,4’ünde 1-2 kez ve %18.1’inde ise2 kez ve üzeri tohumlama yapıldığı belirlenmiştir (P>0.05).

Bu calisma, Esmer sigirlarda linear tip ozelliklerini etkileyen cevresel faktorlerin incelenmesi amaciyla yurutulmustur. Bu amacla, 135 sigirda 16 adet tip ozelligine ait 474 adet gozlem yapilmistir. Arastirmada kullanilan istatistiksel modele suru, laktasyon sirasi, hakem, laktasyon donemi, degerlendirmenin yapildigi mevsimin etkileri dahil edildi. Ayrica, degerlendirmenin yapildigi donemdeki inegin yasi da linear ve kuadratik kovariyet olarak modele ilave edildi. Gogus genisligi, vucut derinligi, acisallik, arka bacak acisi, arka bacak (yandan gorunum), arka bacak (arkadan gorunum), sagri egimi, sagri genisligi, on meme baglantisi, arkadan meme baglantisi genisligi, arka meme baglantisi yuksekligi, meme basi yerlesimi (arkadan gorunum), meme basi yerlesimi (yandan gorunum), meme basi uzunlugu, meme merkez bagi ve meme derinligine ait ortalama dogrusal puanlar sirasiyla 5,5±0,1; 6,1±0,1; 5,.2±0,1; 4,7±0,1; 4,4±0,1; 4,4±0,1; 5,6±0,1; 5,0±0,1; 5,8±0,1; 5,4±0,1; 6,1±0,1; 5,1±0,1; 4,1±0,1; 5,8±0,1; 5,8±0,1; 6,6±0,1 dir. Vucut derinligi ve arkadan meme baglantisi genisligi disindaki butun tip ozellikleri uzerine hakemlerin etkisi onemsiz bulunmustur. Ote yandan, suru, laktasyon sirasi, laktasyon donemi ve degerlendirmenin yapildigi mevsim bir cok dogrusal tip ozelliklerini onemli derecede etkilemistir. Degerlendirme sirasindaki yasin bir cok dogrusal tip ozellikleri uzerine linear ve kuadratik etkileri de onemli bulunmustur. Dogrusal tip ozellikleri arasindaki fenotipik korelasyonlar da dusukten orta dereceye kadar degisim gostermistir.

The effects of slaughter age and muscle type on meat quality properties of Eastern Anatolian Red (EAR) bulls (n=46) were investigated in the present study. Forty-six EAR bulls were slaughtered at 15, 17, 19, 25 and 27 months. Meat samples were taken from longissimus dorsi (LD) and gluteus medius (GM) muscles obtained from the carcasses at 24 h post-mortem. Meat color parameters were significantly affected by slaughter age. Older animals (19, 25 and 27 months of age) possessed higher L*, a* and H values than those of younger animals (15 and 17 months of age). LD muscle had higher L* and a* values than those of GM muscles. The influences of slaughter age and muscle type on the proportions of dry matter, ether extract, crude ash and crude protein were not significant in the present study. The influence of slaughter age on the tenderness, acceptability, juiciness, number of chews and Warner–Bratzler shear (WBS) values were found to be significant. Tenderness, juiciness, flavor intensity and acceptability increased until 19 months of age, and then increase in age resulted in lower tenderness, flavor intensity and acceptability scores. Cooking yield significantly increased depending on the increase of age. WBS and cooking yield values from the LD were higher than that of the GM muscle. Textural characteristics such as hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and resilience were not affected by slaughter age, but muscles had a significant influence on hardness, gumminess, chewiness and resilience. In conclusion, most eating quality characteristics and color parameters were positively influenced by slaughter age.

This study was carried out in order to reveal cattle nutrition and feeding habits of cattle enterprisesin Narman country of Erzurum province. For this purpose, some data were obtained by conducting face to facesurvey study with 208 producers in Narman and it’s villages. According to the findings obtained in the survey,it was determined that 80.8% of the enterprises produced forage crops. In these enterprises, alfalfa (61.5%) andbarley (60.1%) were mainly planted, but production of corn silage which is a major roughage feed was at low level(%7.7). Pasture utilization ratio was 96.2% and cattle herds generally moved into the pasture in May (47.5%) orJune (37%). Time interval that herds are grazed in pasture as determined as 3 months (31%) or 4 months (68%). Itwas also found out that 41% of the cattle breeder had a chance to move to the upland, they mostly went there in Mayor June and stayed in the upland for 4 months (43%). While wheat and barley straws (27%) take the first order asroughage in the enterprises, they were followed by alfaalfa hay (21%) and grass hay (16%). Silage (7%) was used ata low level. In enterprises crushed barley (34%), feed for fattening (23%) and feed for milk production (22%) weremostly used as concentrated feed. Excessive pasture usage in the country makes it necessary to improve the qualityof pasture and to increase the production of forage crops, especially corn silage. Also concentration of agriculturalextension services in rural areas will be beneficial for ranchers., Bu araştırma, sığır yetiştiricilerinin sığır besleme ve yemleme alışkanlıklarını ortaya koymak amacıylaErzurum İli Narman İlçesi’nde yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla Narman ilçe ve köylerinde 208 işletme sahibiyle anketçalışması yapılarak veriler elde edilmiştir. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgulara göre yetiştiricilerin % 80.8’ininyem bitkisi üretimi yaptığı saptanmıştır. Bu işletmelerde çoğunlukla yonca (% 61.5) ve arpa (% 60.1) üretimiyapıldığı belirlenmiştir. Ancak önemli kaba yem kaynağı olan silajlık mısır üretimi düşük düzeyde (% 7.7)yapılmaktadır. Mera kullanım oranı % 96.2 olup genellikle Mayıs (% 47.5) veya Haziran (% 37) aylarında merayaçıkış gerçekleşmektedir. Meradan yararlanma süreleri ise 3 ay (% 31) veya 4 ay (% 68) olarak belirlenmiştir.İşletmelerin % 41’inin yaylaya çıkma imkânı olduğu, Mayıs-Haziran aylarında yaylalara çıktıkları ve çoğunlukla4 ay (% 43) kaldıkları tespit edilmiştir. İşletmelerde kullanılan kaba yem kaynaklarında buğday-arpa samanı(% 27) ilk sırayı alır iken bunu kuru yonca (% 21) ve kuru çayır otu (%16) takip etmektedir. Silaj ise düşük düzeyde(% 7) kullanılmaktadır. İşletmelerde kesif yem olarak genellikle arpa kırması (% 34), besi yemi (% 23) ve süt yemi(% 22) kullanılmaktadır. İlçede meranın ıslah edilerek, aktif kullanımı, yem bitkileri üretimi ve özellikle mısır silajıüretiminin arttırılması gerekli görülmektedir. Ayrıca tarımsal yayım hizmetlerinin kırsal alanlarda yoğunlaştırılmasıyetiştiriciler için faydalı olacaktır.

Bu calisma Erzurum ili Narman ilcesinde, anket yoluyla yuz yuze gorusulerek 208 isletmenin sagim yontemleri hakkinda bilgiler elde etmek amaciyla yapilmistir. Sagim esnasinda isletmelerin % 75.5’ inin kesif yem verdigi tespit edilmistir. Sagim oncesi meme temizligi yapmayan isletmelerin % 54.4 oldugu ve % 78.8 ’sinde elle sagim yaptigi belirlenmistir. . Sigir yetistiricilerinin % 68.6’u sagimdan sonra sutu aluminyum kaplarda ahir disinda bekletirken, % 30.9’unun ahir ortaminda beklettigi ve % 0.5’inin ise sogutma tankinda depolamaktadirlar. % 52.2’sinin hayvan basina sut veriminin yaz mevsiminde daha yuksek oldugunu bildirmislerdir. Isletmelerin % 78.4’u devletin vermis oldugu sut desteklemelerinden faydalanmadiklari ve uretilen sutu kayit altina alan isletmelerin oraninin % 68.6 oldugu ve isletmelerin % 24.5’i ineklerini 10 ay sagdiklari tespit edilmistir. Sonuc olarak Erzurum ili Narman ilcesindeki sigir yetisicilerinin, sagim oncesi meme temizligi, sagim yapma sekli, sagim sonrasi sutleri muhafaza etme, bakanligin verdigi desteklerden faydalanma, sut verim kayitlarinin tutulmasi gibi yetistiricilik konularinda bilgilendirilmeye ihtiyac oldugu belirlenmistir.

Bu calisma Erzurum ili Narman ilcesinde bulunan sigir barinaklarina iliskin yapisal ozelliklerin belirlenmesi, mevcut sorunlari ve cozum onerilerini ortaya koymak amaciyla yapilmistir. Bu amacla Narman ilce ve koylerinde 208 isletme sahibiyle yuz yuze anket yapilarak veriler elde edilmistir. Isletmelerde yer alan barinaklarin % 55.3’u klasik bagli duraksiz, % 38.5’i bagli durakli, % 6.3’u ise serbest durakli kapali sistem karakterindedir. Soz konusu barinaklarin ortalama kapasitesi 38 bas ve barinak yasi ortalama 17.1 yil olarak belirlenmistir. Sigircilik isletmelerinin % 55.3’unun ahir duvarlarinda tas yapi malzemesi, ahir tabaninda % 43.8 beton, cati ortu malzemesi olarak % 48.1 oraninda sac, yemliklerde ise % 48.1’i ahsap yapi malzemesi kullanmislardir. Ahirlarin sadece % 6.3’unde yem yolu, % 47.5’sinde 2 adet pencere ve % 45.7’sinde 1 adet, % 40.0’inda ise 2 adet baca bulunmaktadir. Isletme barinaklarinin % 91.3’unde dogum bolmesi bulunmadigi, % 88.5’inde dana, duve ve inek cagindaki hayvanlarin ayni ahirda barindirildigi, % 78.8’inde yataklik kullanildigi ve yataklik cesidi olarak ilk sirada % 87.8 oraninda kuru gubrenin kullanildigi tespit edilmistir. Isletmelerin % 76.9’unda gubrenin ahir yakininda acikta depolandigi, % 53.4’unde gubrenin tarlada gubre olarak, % 38.0’inde yakacak olarak kullanildigi belirlenmistir. Narman ilcesinde ahir tipleri, havalandirma ve gubreleme gibi problemlerin cozumu icin egitim ve tesvike ihtiyac vardir.

Bu arastirma, sigir yetistiricilerinin ciftlik yonetimi ve buzagi yetistirme uygulamalarini belirlemek amaciyla Erzurum Ili Narman Ilcesi’nde yapilmistir. Bu amacla Narman ilce ve koylerinde 208 isletme sahibiyle yuz yuze anket calismasi yapilarak veriler elde edilmistir. Ankete katilan yetistiricilerin sadece % 13,5'i, duzenli olarak kayit tuttugunu ifade etmistir. Isletmelerin % 59’unun teknik bilgi destegi alma ihtiyaci hissettiklerini ve cogunlukla (% 31) bu bilgiyi Veteriner Fakultesi vasitasiyla edindikleri belirlenmistir. Ineklerin kizginliga gelme belirtisi olarak isletmelerin cogunlugunun (% 43) genel belirtilerin hepsini esas aldigi ve yetistiricilerin % 83’unun dogum sonrasi ilk kizginlikta tohumlama yaptiklari tespit edilmistir . Yetistiricilerin % 66’sinin suni tohumlama yaptirirken % 97’si bu uygulamadan memnun kaldigini bildirmistir. Isletmelerin % 47’sinde buzagilara agiz sutu verilmedigi belirlenmis, verilen isletmelerde ise buzagilarin agiz sutunu annesini emerek (% 40) ya da biberonla (% 57) aldigi saptanmistir. Ayrica, yetistiricilerin % 84 u uc gunden daha az sureyle agiz sutu verdiklerini ifade etmislerdir. Buzagilara normal sut verme sureleri ise cogunlukla 4-5 (% 51) aydir.

Bu arastirmada, Erzurum ili Hinis ilcesindeki sigircilik isletmelerinin sagim yonetimini degerlendirmek amaciyla 378 isletme ile yuz yuze gorusulerek yapilan anketlerden elde edilen veriler kullanilmistir. Isletmelerin %51.0’inde sagim esnasinda ineklere yem verilmedigi, %85.0’inde sagim oncesi meme temizligi yapildigi ve %89.2’sinde elle sagim tercih edildigi belirlenmistir. Sigir yetistiricilerinin %73.0’u sagimdan sonra sutu aluminyum kaplarda bekletmektedirler. Yetistiricilerin %68.0’i ineklerinin sonbaharda dogurmasini isterken, %61.0’i hayvan basina sut veriminin yaz mevsiminde daha cok oldugunu ifade etmektedir. Yetistiricilerin sadece %9.0’u devletin vermis oldugu sut desteklemelerinden faydalanmaktadir. Hinis ilcesinde sagmal ineklerin yemlenmesi, sagim yonetimi, sutun muhafazasi ve devlet tesviklerinden yararlanma konusunda gelisme olmamasi onemli sorunlar olarak ortaya cikmistir. Bunun nedeni olarak, Hinis ilcesinde sut sigirciligi ile ugrasan isletmelerin sermaye yetersizligi, bu faaliyeti yapanlarin bilgi birikimlerinin cok az olusu yani geleneksel yontemlerle hayvancilik yapildigi soylenebilir. Sonuc olarak, bu sorunlarin cozumu icin sigir yetistiricilerine ilgili konularda egitim ve danismanlik destegi verilmesi gerekir.

The effects of three finishing systems on carcass composition and other characteristics of meat were studied in 15 young Eastern Anatolian Red bulls in Eastern Turkey. For 93 days, five bulls grazed pasture (P), five grazed the same pasture and were given concentrate supplementation (P + C), and five grazed the same pasture for 93 days, and then for an additional 40 days, they received concentrate in a barn (PF). Carcasses of the P bulls were lighter and leaner than those of the PF animals. Compared with the P carcasses, PF carcasses had a greater percentage of kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (P < 0.05), marbling score (P < 0.05), fat thickness over the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle (P < 0.05), and percentage of ether extractable lipids (P < 0.05). The LD of P carcasses was darker (P < 0.01) in color and the meat was tougher. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids in LD intramuscular fat was higher (P < 0.05) for P bulls than for P + C and PF. P carcasses contained a lower (P < 0.05) proportion of saturated fatty acids than PF carcasses. It is concluded that pasture-based finishing results in a more favorable fatty acid profile of meat and produces a healthier food, but the meat is darker and tougher.

Guler, O. and Yanar, M. 2009. Factors influencing the shape of lactation curve and persistency of Holstein Friesian cows in high altitude of Eastern Turkey. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 35: 39–44. Data on 371 lactation records pertaining to Holstein Friesian cows reared in high altitude and harsh climatic conditions of Eastern Turkey were analyzed to study the effects of different non-genetic factors on the shape of lactation curve and persistency measures. Calving season affected significantly (P

Unlu, N., Yanar, M., Esenbuga, N., Ozl uturk, A., Yuksel, S. and Macit, M. 2008. Effect of days on feed on the performance and carcass characteristics of Eastern Anatolian Red young bulls. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 34: 163–168. Thirty two native Eastern Anatolian Red (EAR) young bulls (10 mo) were fed to study the effect of days on feed (168, 210 or 270 d) on performance. With increasing age, rate of weight gain decreased but dressing per cent increased with decrease in non—carcass components. Almost all body fats and marbling score increased with longer feeding period. Meat from longer fed animals was rated higher for flavour intensity and tenderness score, which observation was substantiated by a decrease in Warner Bratzler Shear Value and number of chews before swallow. It was concluded that the native EAR cattle at 10 months of age should be fed intensively for a minimum of 270 d in order to get a large carcass without compromising meat quality.

A total of 27 young bulls [13 Brown Swiss (BS) and 14 Holstein Friesian (HF)] were fed to investigate the effects of initial fattening weights [light weight group (LG= 176.0± 3.5 kg) and heavy weight group (HG= 213.8±3.7 kg)] on the performance, slaughter and carcass traits. With increasing initial fattening weight, final weight (P the initial fattening weights in favour of bulls in HG. Average SEUROP conformation score of HG carcasses was one class better than that of LG carcasses. It was concluded that young bulls in HG had better slaughter characteristics, carcass measurements and percentage of kidney, pelvic and heart fat than these in LG, while performance and feed efficiency ratio of the animals in the different weight groups were not statistically different.

Comakli, B., Yanar, M., Tuzemen, N., Tan, M., Turgut, L. and Mentese, O. 2005. Growth performance of Brown Swiss, calves fed early and late cut hay from meadow fertilized by two levels of N and P 2G\. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 27: 35-38. To determine effects of rations mainly formed by early or late-bloom cut hay from meadows fertilized, by N and P 205 or not fertilized, on the growth performance, 20 female Brown Swiss calves (6-12 m) were fed for 129 days. Average daily weight gain, feed per unit weight gain and total intake of meadow hay were better for hay from meadows fertilized with A 7 and P 205 as compared to hay from not fertilized meadow. Similarly these parameters were better for calves fed early bloom hay than for calves fed late bloom hay. Application of N and P 2Os fertilizers and early cutting stage for meadow hay is suggested for providing better growth performance and feed efficiency traits of the Brown Swiss calves.

Bayram, B., Yanar, M. and Akbulut, O. 2004. Relationships among Richards growth curve parameters, reproductive and milk production traits in Brown Swiss cattle. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 26: 29–32. Weight-age data from 207 Brown Swiss cows from birth to 72 months of age located in the eastern region of Turkey were fitted to Richards function to determine the relationship between growth curve parameters and reproduction as well as milk production traits. Parameter estimates from Richards growth model were perfectly correlated to each other. Additionally, mature weight (A) estimated from Richards function was significantly related with body weight at first calving (r=0.301), first calving age (r =0.171) and birth weight of calves (r-0.348). Maturation rate (k) was also significantly associated with first calving age (r=0.358) and calving interval (r=0.202). However, parameters of Richards growth model were not significantly correlated with milk production characteristics. There was only a positive pheno...

Eight forages (dry grass hay, alfalfa, bromegrass, sainfoin, common vetch, oatgrass, wheat straw and barley straw) used for sheep nutrition in Eastern Turkey were evaluated for ruminal DM and CP degradation kinetics. Duplicate bags containing 3 g ground forages were incubated in the rumen of three ruminally cannulated Red Karaman rams for 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Rate and extent of ruminal digestion were estimated. Significant effects of forage species were observed in rapidly soluble and potentially degradable fractions, and degradation rates of DM and CP. The rapidly soluble DM and CP fractions were 17.4 and 30.3% for barley straw, 24.7 and 38.4% for wheat straw, 26.5 and 63.6% for oat grass, 29.0 and 29.7% for brome grass, 27.0 and 35.3% for alfalfa, 38.5 and 42.7% for sainfoin, 29.2 and 39.7% for common vetch, 28.0 and 31.0% for dry grass hay, respectively. The potentially degradable DM and CP fractions, respectively, were 49.7 and 26.5% for barley straw, 43.4 and 25.5% for wheat straw, 48.1 and 21.2% for oat grass, 46.8 and 49.6% for brome grass, 40.4 and 52.7% for alfalfa, 43.4 and 45.9% for sainfoin, 49.2 and 55.0% for common vetch, 55.4 and 50.0% for dry grass hay. The effective degradability (ED) of DM and CP were different (P

Turgut, L. and Yanar, M. 2003. In situ dry matter and organic matter degradabilities of four different concentrates manufactured in Eastern Turkey. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 24: 59–64. Different concentrates manufactured by commercial feed mills for ruminant, nutrition in Eastern Turkey were investigated regarding dry matter and organic matter digestibilities and in situ dry and organic matter degradability kinetic parameters. The rates of dry and organic matter disappearances of Concentrate-1 (C-l) held in the rumen for 8, 16, 24 and 48 h were significantly (P

Turgut, L., Yanar, M., Tuzemen, N., Yuksel, S. and Yaganoglu, A.V. 2002. Effect of tethered and free-stall housing systems on the fattening performance of Holstein Friesian bulls at two different ages. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 22: 91–95. Fattening performance and feed efficiency ratio characteristics of young Holstein Friesian bulls housed in free-stall or tie-stall barn at two different age groups i.e. 9–12 months and 14–17 months of age were investigated. A total of 19 Holstein bulls were fattened for 142 days. Adjusted average final weights of the young bulls kept in free-stall and stall bam were 395.50 and 404.95 kg, respectively. Average total weight gain of the bulls in loose housing system was 4.7 kg, higher than those in tethered barn. The feed efficiency ratio values for free-stall system was better than tethered barns. The free-stall housing system might be successfully used without causing detrimental effect on the fattening performance of Holstein cattle.

Bu calismanin amaclari, 2 farkli yemleme programinin; i) 20 adet Siyah Alaca ve 20 adet Esmer sigirda 144 gunluk deneme suresince sut verimi ve kompozisyonu ile duyusal ozellikleri uzerine etkilerini 1. denemede degerlendirmek, ii) 18 adet Esmer ve 14 adet Siyah Alaca duvenin 90 gun boyunca gelisme performanslarini 2. denemede karsilastirmaktir. Birinci denemede, yemleme programlari [(i) misir silaji (25.0 kg/bas/gun) ile sinirli miktarda kuru ot (5.0 kg/bas/gun) ve 4.5 kg/bas/gun kesif yem (MS yemleme programi); (ii) kuru ot (10,0 kg/bas/gun) ve 4.5 kg/bas/gun kesif yem (KO yemleme programi)] gunluk sut verimi ile sut yagi, kuru madde ve yagsiz kuru madde oranlarini onemli derecede etkilememistir. Farkli yemleme programlarinin sutun duyusal ozellikleri uzerine etkileri onemli olmayip, silaj iceren rasyonla yapilan yemleme, sutun duyusal ozellikleri uzerine herhangi bir olumsuz etkiye neden olmamistir. Ikinci denemede, DMS yemleme programindaki [misir silaji (10.0 kg/bas/gun) ile sinirli miktarda kuru ot (2.0 kg/bas/gun) ve 2.0 kg/ bas/gun kesif yem] duveler, DKO programindakilere [kuru ot (6.0 kg/bas/gun) ve 2.0 kg/bas/gun kesif yem] gore % 49.7 oraninda daha yuksek toplam canli agirlik artisi saglamislardir. DMS yemleme programindaki duvelerin ortalama yemden yararlanma oranlari onemli olcude daha iyi bulunmustur. Sonuc olarak, incelenen her iki yemleme programi Esmer ve Siyah Alaca ineklerin gunluk sut verimi ile sutun kompozisyonu ve duyusal ozellikleri uzerine onemli etkilerde bulunmazken, DMS yemleme programi duveler icin tavsiye edilmistir.

The effects of blade tenderization (BT) on some of the quality characteristics of longissimus dorsi (LD) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles from the carcasses of mature ewes were evaluated in this research. Values describing panel tenderness (P 0.01) panel tenderness score and number of chews value than the SM muscle. BT influenced significantly (P 0.05) affected by muscle type. The chewiness, hardness, peak force 2 and work done 2 values determined by the Instron compression test were significantly affected by muscle type. Also, BT resulted in lower values for chewiness, hardness, peak force 1 and 2, and work done 1 and 2 values, but the differences between tenderized and non-tenderized samples were not statistically significant (P>0.05).

Kocaman, B., Yaganoglu, A.V. and Yanar, M. 2005. Combination of fan ventilation system and spraying of oil-water mixture on the levels of dust and gases in caged layer facilities in Eastern Turkey. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 27: 109–111. To reduce harmful gases such as CO2, NH3 and H2S and dust in caged layer houses in Eastern Turkey, spraying of sunflower oil-water mixture and fan Uentilation were investigated. It is demonstrated that these treatments together may improve air of the caged layer houses.

Ruminant yemlerine katilan Dogrudan Yedirilen Mikroorganizmalar (Direct-Fed Microbials) (DFM) olarak adlandirilan yem katki maddeleri, sindirim sistemi enfeksiyonlarini onledigi gibi, sindirim kanalinin mikroorganizma icerigini de optimize etme kabiliyetine sahiptirler. Son yillarda, AB ulkeleri ile Turkiye’de uretilen yemlerde antibiyotik kullaniminin yasaklanmasindan sonra, DFM’lerin yaygin bir sekilde yem katki maddesi olarak yemlere ilave edildigi gorulmektedir. Soz konusu DFM’lerin yem katki maddesi olarak tarihsel gelisimi, DFM olarak kullanilan mikroorganizmalar, DFM’nin etkinligini ve aktivitesini belirleyen faktorler ile rumen ve bagirsaklardaki etki mekanizmalari bu calismada detayli olarak ele alinarak incelenmistir

OZET: Bu arastirma, Erzurum ili Hinis ilcesinde faaliyet gosteren sigircilik isletmelerinin barinak ozellikleri hakkinda ayrintili bilgi edinmek uzere yurutulmustur. Bu amacla, 378 adet sigircilik isletme sahibi ile yuz yuze anket yapilarak elde edilen veriler degerlendirilmistir. Degiskenler arasindaki iliskilerin belirlenmesi amaciyla da ki-kare testi yapilmistir. Hinis ilcesinde en sik gorulen ahir tipinin bagli duraksiz kapali ahir (% 51.5) oldugu, ahir yapisinin isletme sahiplerinin sagliklarini (% 88.8), ineklerin sut verimini (% 88.6) ve hayvanlarin gelisimini (% 81.0) olumsuz etkiledigi tespit edilmistir. Isletmelerin % 81.0’i yataklik kullanmazken, yataklik kullananlarin ise daha cok kuru gubre kullanimini (% 63.3) tercih etmislerdir. Isletmelerin % 61.3’unde buzagilara ait ozel bir bolme bulundugu, ahirlarin % 74.9’unda inekler icin dogum bolmesi olmadigi; duve, dana ve kurudaki ineklerin birlikte (% 84.3) barindirildiklari belirlenmistir. Isletmelerin % 84.1’inde ahirdaki gubre elle supurme yoluyla temizlenmekte, gubreyi cok buyuk oranda ahir yakininda acikta (% 80.3) depolamaktadirlar. Isletmelerin % 69.9’u gubreyi tarlada gubre olarak, %13.4’ unun yakacak olarak kullandigi, % 11.8’inin ise sattigi tespit edilmistir. Isletmelerin % 72.1’i kisin ahir ici sicakliginin ilik, % 27.3’u ise sicak oldugunu, % 84.0’u ahir ici sicakliginin ilik olmasi halinde hayvanlarin rahat ettigi ve sut verimlerinin yukseldigini belirtmislerdir. Sonuc olarak Hinis ilcesinde barinak ve cevre yapisi ozellikleri bakimindan bircok eksikliklerinin bulundugu ve ahir tipi, yapisi, havalandirma, aydinlatma, yataklik kullanimi, gubre degerlendirme vb. konularda iyilestirme calismalarina ihtiyaci oldugu ortaya konulmustur. Anahtar Kelimeler : Ahir tipi, yataklik, havalandirma, aydinlatma, gubre degerlendirme A Study on the Characteristics of the Barns in Hinis County of Erzurum Province ABSTRACT: The study was carried out to obtain detailed information about characteristics of barns in the cattle farm enterprises in Hinis County of Erzurum Province. For this purpose, data obtained from a survey that was conducted face to face with 378 of owners of the enterprises were assessed. Chi-square Test was used in order to determine relationships among the variables. It was revealed that the most common type of the barns was tied-free stall barns (% 51.5), and types of the barn affected adversely on the health of the owners of the enterprises (% 88.8), on the milk yield of the cows (% 88.6) as well as on the growth of the animals (% 81.0). While 81.0 of the enterprises did not use bedding material, 63.3 % of the enterprises which were using bedding material preferred commonly to use dried manure. Besides, It was found out that 61.3 % of the enterprises had special compartment for calves, but 74.9 % of the barns did not contain delivery chamber, and heifers, older calves as well as dry cows were housed together (% 84.3). In 84.1 % of the enterprises, manure in the barn was cleaned by sweeping with a broom, and then the manure was generally stored next to the barn without covering. It was also revealed that 69.9 % of the enterprises used the manure in their fields as fertilizer, and 13.4 % of them utilized as fuel for heating, and 11.8 % of the enterprise sold to others. 72.1 % and 27.3 % of the enterprises had warm and hot barns respectively, and 84.0 % of the owners of the enterprises told that if their barns are warm, their animals will feel comfortable and their milk yield will increase. In conclusion, there are several deficiencies concerning features of the barns and their environments in Hinis County, and the county needs improvements in terms of types of barn , barn ventilation, lighting, usage of bedding and manure subjects. Key Words : Type of barn, bedding material, ventilation, lighting and usage of manure

Bu çalışmada, Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarım İşletmesi'nde yetiştirilen Esmer sığırlarda gerçek ve 305 günlük süt verim özelliklerine ait genetik parametreler, etkili makro çevre faktörleri ile gerçek ve 305 günlük süt verimine ilişkin genetik, fenotipik ve çevresel yönelimler tahmin edilmiştir. Genetik parametreler ile genetik yönelimin hesaplamasında MTDFREML bilgisayar paket programı yardımı ile tahmin edilmiştir. Gerçek ve 305-gün süt verimine etkili çevre faktörleri ise Harvey istatistik paket programı ile analiz edilmiştir. İncelenen verim özelliklerinden verim yıllarının ve laktasyon sırasının gerçek ve 305 günlük süt verimi üzerine etkisi çok önemli, buzağılama mevsiminin etkisi ise önemsiz olarak bulunmuştur. Gerçek ve 305 günlük süt verimi için çevresel yönelimler -33,2 kg/yıl ve -29,0 kg/yıl ve fenotipik yönelimler 27,8±19,1 kg/yıl ve -25,9±8,7 kg/yıl olarak belirlenmiştir. Gerçek ve 305 günlük süt verimleri için genetik yönelimler ise 5,4±3,8 kg/yıl ve 3,1±3,4 kg/yıl olarak saptanmıştır. Gerçek ve 305 günlük süt verimlerinin kalıtım dereceleri 0,21±0,12 ve 0,16±0,14 ve tekrarlanma dereceleri 0,29 ve 0,33 olarak bulunmuştur, In this study, genetic parameters, macro environmental factors and genetic, phenotypic and environmental trends for actual and 305 day milk yield of Brown Swiss cattle reared in Research Farm of Agricultural College at Atatürk University were estimated. Estimated breeding values that were used for calculation of the genetic trend and genetic parameters were estimated by using MTDFREML computer package program. Environmental factors affecting on actual and 305day milk yields were analysed by using Harvey statistic package program. While effects of the years and parities on the actual and 305-day milk yields were highly significant, the influence of the calving season was found to be insignificant. Environmental and phenotypic trends for actual and 305-day milk yields were determined as -33.2 kg and -29.0 kg; and -27.8±19.1 kg/year and - 25.9±8.7 kg/year respectively. Genetic trends for actual and 305-day milk yields were calculated as 5.4±3.8 kg and 3.1±3.4 kg. Heritability's for actual and 305-day milk yields were 0.21±0.12 and 0.16±0.14 respectively. Repeatability values for actual and 305-day milk yield were found as 0.29 and 0.33 respectively.

Fifteen young Holstein Friesian bulls (18 mo of age) were divided into three groups of five. All groups were fed a diet consisting of 60% concentrate and 40% roughage. The control (C) group received a mixture of dry meadow hay, dry lucerne and wheat straw as roughage. The second and third treatment groups were fed a similar mixture of roughage partially substituting wheat straw with wet sugar beet pulp (SBP) at levels of 4% and 8% on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively. Dry matter intake and feed efficiency ratio (kg DM intake/kg weight gain) of the C group were significantly higher than those of the 4% SBP and 8% SBP groups. Slaughter and carcass traits indicated that there were no significant differences between dietary treatments. The inclusion of 8% SBP significantly improved panel ratings for tenderness, juiciness, beef flavour intensity and general acceptance, as well as number of chews before swallowing and the Warner Bratzler Shear value. Proximate analysis of the meat did not demonstrate differences between meat from the bulls fed C and the SBP diets. It was concluded that wheat straw could be replaced by 8% SBP in the finishing diet for young Holstein Friesian bulls in order to improve feed efficiency and sensory quality characteristics of their meat.Keywords: Sugar beet pulp, finishing, Holstein Friesian bulls, carcass, meat quality

The possibility of using Turkish Defatted Soy Flour (DSF) to replace part of the meat in Turkish style frankfurters was studied and the technological, physical, chemical, nutritional, sensory and quality characteristics of these sausages produced under Turkish conditions were determined. No significant difference in physical and sensory properties between the control group (all meat) and treatment groups (5, 10 and 20% soy flour) was found. DSF up to the level used significantly (P > 0·01) increased moisture and protein and decreased fat levels of the sausages. The amino acid and PER results also indicated that replacing meat with DSF in sausages did not significantly alter the nutritional value of the sausages.

Tam metin, The objectives of this study were to compare the effect of different doses of direct-fed microbials (DFM) plus exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) additives on the growth performance, feed efficiency ratio and fecal consistency index of Brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian calves. Twenty six calves were assigned to three groups (control, 10 g and 20 g per head/day of DFM plus EFE) according to breeds. Calves in 10 g per head/day of DFM plus EFE group in pre- and post-weaning periods had 20.0 % and 6.3 % higher total weight gains than calves in the control group respectively. However, the effects of breeds and dosages of the supplement on the weights, weight gains and feed efficiency ratios were not significant. Average fecal consistency score of the calves fed a diet supplemented with 10 g head/day of DFM plus EFE had the lowest score (P

Comparisons were made among calves sired by Charolais (C), Simmental (S) and Eastern Anatolian Red (EAR) breeds of bulls for fattening, carcass and meat quality traits when mated to EAR dams. C- and S-sired calves had 43.1% and 36.4% higher daily weight gain, 44.5% and 43.9% heavier final weight in fattening, respectively. Calves produced by C sires had best feed efficiency value (6.51 vs. 7.44 and 7.22) compared to the S and EAR sire breed groups. Carcasses of C- and S-sired calves had heavier weight, higher dressing percentage and greater Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle area than those of EAR-sired calves. USDA yield grades were lower (P