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El comportamiento térmico de los elementos constructivos de la envolvente depende en gran medida de los materiales y sus propiedades, en ese propósito este estudio se planteó como objetivo cuantificar la eficacia de los materiales aislantes en el comportamiento térmico de la envolvente en un aula de la zona altoandina de Puno. La recopilación de datos para los cálculos matemáticos, fue realizado en un aula en su situación inicial (aula convencional), así también en un aula con tratamiento con materiales aislantes (aula modificada), para luego realizar una comparativa del comportamiento de las propiedades termofisicas de los materiales, con dicho propósito se identificó los tipos de elementos constructivos de los cerramientos ,luego se asignó un código a cada elemento para su procesamiento, esta acción se realizó en los planos constructivos vectorizados, los cálculos de resistividad y transmitancia térmica se realizó a través de modelos matemáticos establecidos en la literatura especializada. Los resultados de resistividad muestran un valor calculado de 3,344 W/m2.°C para el aula convencional y 4,019 W/m2.°C para el aula modificada, con relación a transmitancia térmica se calculó un valor de 3,269 W/m2.°C para el aula convencional y 2,66 W/m2.°C para el aula modificada. Se concluye que tras el tratamiento con materiales aislantes mejoro el comportamiento térmico del aula educativo.

The ideal tracheal substitute must have biomechanical properties comparable to the native trachea, but currently there is no standardised approach to evaluating these properties. Here we propose a novel method for evaluating and comparing the properties of tracheal substitutes, thus systematising both measurement and data curation. This system was tested by comparing native rabbit tracheas to frozen and decellularised specimens and determining the histological characteristics of those specimens. We performed radial compression tests on the anteroposterior tracheal axis and longitudinal axial tensile tests with the specimens anastomosed to the jaw connected to a measuring system. All calculations and results were adjusted according to tracheal size, always using variables relative to the tracheal dimensions, thus permitting comparison of different sized organs. The biomechanical properties of the decellularised specimens were only slightly reduced compared to controls and significant in regard to the maximum stress withstood in the longitudinal axis (-0.246 MPa CI [-0.248, -0.145] MPa) and the energy stored per volume unit (-0.124 mJ·mm-3 CI [-0.195, -0.055] mJ·mm-3). The proposed method is suitable for the systematic characterisation of the biomechanical properties of different tracheal substitutes, regardless of the size or nature of the substitute, thus allowing for direct comparisons.

Simple Summary Post-polypectomy endoscopic surveillance is predominantly based on the size and number of polyps found at baseline. The utility of molecular markers for predicting the risk of metachronous advanced lesions remains poorly investigated. Patients with CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)+ polyps show a higher risk of developing advanced lesions at follow-up. This fact is independent of polyp size and other factors classically related to advanced lesion development. Addition of CIMP status improved the metachronous advanced colorectal lesion (MACL) risk estimation, especially the sensitivity. CIMP may be a useful marker for endoscopic surveillance after polypectomy. The utility of molecular markers for predicting the risk of metachronous advanced colorectal lesions (MACLs) remains poorly investigated. We examined the relationship between somatic hypermethylation in polyps at baseline and the risk of developing MACL. This retrospective cohort study included 281 consecutive patients with colonic polyps who were enrolled between 2007 and 2009 and followed-up until 2014. MACLs were defined as adenomas of >= 10 mm, high-grade dysplasia, or with a villous component; and serrated lesions of >= 10 mm or with dysplasia. In total, 595 polyps were removed at baseline colonoscopy and analyzed for pathological characteristics and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) using the MS-MLPA (Methylation-Specific -- Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification) technique. Forty-five patients (16.0%) showed at least one CIMP+ polyp. MACL risk was higher in patients with CIMP+ polyps (odds ratio (OR), 4.50; 95% CI, 1.78-11.4; p = 0.002). Patients with CIMP+ polyps also exhibited shorter time to MACL development (33.8 months vs. 50.1 months; p < 0.001), even with adjustment for polyp size and number (OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.33-4.34). Adding CIMP analysis improved the sensitivity (57.0% to 70.9%), negative predictive value (71.1% to 77.3%), and overall accuracy (49.8% to 52.0%) for MACL risk estimation. These results highlight that CIMP may be a useful marker for endoscopic surveillance.

Se presenta una lista actualizada de las especies exóticas que se encuentran en etapa de establecimiento o de propagación de la invasión en aguas continentales de la península ibérica. La lista está basada en la evaluación sistemática de los datos en colaboración con un amplio equipo de expertos de España y Portugal. Esta lista de actualización es un instrumento de apoyo importante para la aplicación del Reglamento de la Unión Europea (UE) sobre las especies exóticas invasoras (EEI) y también proporciona una base objetiva para el examen de su aplicación. En última instancia, la información incluida puede utilizarse para supervisar el cumplimiento del objetivo de la Estrategia de la UE sobre diversidad biológica hasta 2030 para combatir las EEI, pero también para la aplicación de otras políticas de la UE con requisitos sobre especies exóticas, como las Directivas de Hábitats y Aves, la Directiva Marco sobre la Estrategia Marina (DMEM) y la Directiva Marco del Agua (DMA).

In tracheal replacement transplantation, prelamination is a critical stage. Nowadays, the most widely used prelamination technique is the prethoracic fascia flap with lateral thoracic artery. We propose a flap based on the internal thoracic artery, which allows a relatively non-aggressive double organ implant, and we have tested its efficacy in decellularized tracheas. Tracheas of albino New Zealand rabbits were decellularized following a protocol that uses detergents and cryogenization, sterilized with 1kGy gamma radiation, and tutorized with a stent. Bilateral pedicled flaps made of pectoral fascia and a muscular component were harvested through a longitudinal 3-cm central thoracic incision, wrapping the tracheas with them in 16 rabbits, remaining them implanted for 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The tracheas were then studied histologically using standard stainings plus immunohistochemistry (CD31). The models were adjusted with Bayesian statistics using ordinal regression; results as odds ratios and credibility intervals. All analysis were performed using R software. Acute inflammatory cell invasion was observed at 2 weeks, which almost disappeared at week 8 after implant. Only macrophages and giant cells increased between Weeks 8 and 12 (OR 10.487, CI [1.603-97.327]). The cartilage maintained its structure, with slight signs of ischemia in a few cases. New CD31-positive vessels were observed from Week 2 and increasing thereafter, reaching a maximum peak at Week 8. We propose a bilateral implant technique that is viable and effective as a prelamination option for two concurrent tracheas, achieving perfect vascularization and integration of the organ with hardly any inflammatory response in the medium or long term.

Background: Transmission of resistance mutations to integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) in HIV-infected patients may compromise the efficacy of first-Line antiretroviral regimens currently recommended worldwide. Continued surveillance of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) is thus warranted. Objectives: We evaluated the rates and effects on virological outcomes of TDR in a 96 week prospective multicentre cohort study of ART-naive HIV-1-infected subjects initiating INSTI-based ART in Spain between April 2015 and December 2016. Methods: Pre-ART plasma samples were genotyped for integrase, protease and reverse transcriptase resistance using Sanger population sequencing or MiSeq (TM) using a >= 20% mutant sensitivity cut-off. Those present at 1%-19% of the virus population were considered to be Low-frequency variants. Results: From a total of 214 available samples, 173 (80.8%), 210 (98.1%) and 214 (100.0%) were successfully amplified for integrase, reverse transcriptase and protease genes, respectively. Using a Sanger-Like cut-off, the overall prevalence of any TDR, INSTI-, NRTI-, NNRTI- and protease inhibitor (PI)-associated mutations was 13.1%, 1.7%, 3.8%, 7.1% and 0.9%, respectively. Only three (1.7%) subjects had INSTI TDR (R263K, E138K and G163R), while minority variants with integrase TDR were detected in 9.6% of subjects. There were no virological failures during 96 weeks of follow-up in subjects harbouring TDR as majority variants. Conclusions: Transmitted INSTI resistance remains rare in Spain and, to date, is not associated with virological failure to first-Line INSTI-based regimens.

The FCC-ee project is a high-luminosity circular electron-positron collider envisioned to operate at center-of-mass energies from 90 to 350 GeV, allowing high-precision measurements of the properties of the Z, W and Higgs boson as well as the top quark. It is considered to be a predecessor of a new 100 TeV proton-proton collider hosted in the same 80 to 100 km tunnel in the Geneva area. Currently two interaction region designs are being developed by CERN and BINP using different approaches to the definition of baseline parameters. Both preliminary designs are presentedwith the aimof highlighting the challenges the FCC-ee is facing.

The aim was to analyze clinical complications in HIV-infected subjects who persistently maintain low CD4 levels despite virological response to cART in the Spanish CoRIS cohort. The main inclusion criteria were CD4 counts

The FCC (Future Circular Collider) study represents a vision for the next large project in high energy physics, comprising an 80-100 km tunnel that can house a future 100 TeV hadron collider. The study also includes a high luminosity e+e- collider operating in the centre-of-mass energy range of 90-350 GeV as a possible intermediate step, the FCC-ee. The FCC-ee aims at definitive electro-weak precision measurements of the Z, W, H and top particles, and search for rare phenomena. Although FCC-ee is based on known technology, the goal performance in luminosity and energy calibration make it quite challenging. During 2014 the study went through an exploration phase. The study has now entered its second year and the aim is to produce a conceptual design report during the next three to four years. We here report on progress since the last IPAC conference., Comment: Poster presented at IPAC15,Richmond, VA, USA, May 2015

Today agriculture is changing in response to the requirements of modern society, where ensuring food supply through practices such as water conservation, reduction of agrochemicals and the required planted surface, which guarantees high quality crops are in demand. Greenhouses have proven to be a reliable solution to achieve these goals; however, a greenhouse as a means for protected agriculture has the potential to lead to serious problems. The most of these are related to the inside greenhouse climate conditions where controlling the temperature and relative humidity (RH) are the main objectives of engineering. Achieving appropriate climate conditions to ensure high yield and quality crops reducing energy consumption have been the objective of investigations for some time. Different schemes in control theories have been applied in this field to solve the aforementioned problems. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to present a review of different control techniques applied in protected agriculture to manage greenhouse climate conditions, presenting advantages and disadvantages of developed control platforms in order to suggest a design methodology according to results obtained from different investigations. Hoy en día la agricultura está cambiando de acuerdo a las necesidades de la nueva sociedad. Las nuevas tendencias son asegurar la producción de alimentos a través de prácticas tales como ahorro de agua, reducción en el uso de agroquímicos y el espacio requerido para sembrar los cultivos mientras se garantiza la alta calidad de los cultivos. Los invernaderos han demostrado ser una solución viable para garantizar estos objetivos. Sin embargo, el uso de un invernadero conlleva serios problemas. Los más importantes están relacionados con las condiciones del microclima dentro del invernadero, donde el objetivo de la ingeniería es controlar la temperatura y humedad relativa (RH). Alcanzar las condiciones adecuadas del microclima para garantizar la alta productividad y calidad de los cultivos mientras se reducen los consumos de energía ha sido el objetivo de diversos investigadores a través del tiempo. Diversos esquemas de teoría de control han sido aplicados con el objetivo de resolver los problemas antes mencionados. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este artículo es presentar una revisión de las diferentes técnicas de control aplicadas en agricultura de precisión para manejar las condiciones del microclima del invernadero, presentando las ventajas y desventajas de los sistemas desarrollados con la finalidad de proponer una metodología de diseño de acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos de las diferentes investigaciones.

Constipation affects 2% to 27% of individuals. It is associated to irritable bowel syndrome in 59% of cases, to a pelvic floor dysfunction in 29% and to a low transit time in 13%. During assessment of patients with constipation the effects of medications and chronic diseases must be discarded and the ideal is to determine which type of functional disorder it present. An algorithm for the management of chronic idiopathic constipation, that includes a recommendation to increase fiber and liquid intake as an initial approach and an orientation to the use of different laxatives, is presented. The usefulness of biofeedback in patients with pelvic floor dysfunction and without organic cause of constipation, is also discussed.

Constipation affects 2% to 27% of individuals. It is associated to irritable bowel syndrome in 59% of cases, to a pelvic floor dysfunction in 29% and to a low transit time in 13%. During assessment of patients with constipation the effects of medications and chronic diseases must be discarded and the ideal is to determine which type of functional disorder it present. An algorithm for the management of chronic idiopathic constipation, that includes a recommendation to increase fiber and liquid intake as an initial approach and an orientation to the use of different laxatives, is presented. The usefulness of biofeedback in patients with pelvic floor dysfunction and without organic cause of constipation, is also discussed.

During 2006, Chilean universities had 586,000 students, corresponding to 41% of the population aged 18 to 23 years.To evaluate the situation of health care teaching in Chile.Data from 6,212 careers were elaborated, considering the area of knowledge taught, level of teaching, geography, number and type of students, admission and tuition fees.There are 537 programs for health care teaching in Chile. Of these, 231 are for nursing or dentistry aide personnel. The system has 60,648 matriculated students and it collected a total of US$250 millions in tuition fees. Only 9,8% of programs are accredited. The students who chose health careers had the highest scores in the National University Selection Examination or PSU. Between 2000 and 2006, there was a significant increase in the number of medical students and every year, 1,000 new physicians will receive their title. During 2007, 1,634 new posts were offered in medical schools, 3,873 in nursing and 5,671 for kinesiology.There is a disharmonic growth of University teaching in Chile, that will solve historical deficits of professionals such as nurses but will introduce important changes in Chilean medicine.

Background: During 2006, Chilean universities had 586,000 students, corresponding to 41% of the population aged 18 to 23 years. Aim: To evaluate the situation of health care teaching in Chile. Material and Methods: Data from 6,212 careers were elaborated, considering the area of knowledge taught, level of teaching, geography, number and type of students, admission and tuition fees. Results: There are 537 programs for health care teaching in Chile. Of these, 231 are for nursing or dentistry aide personnel. The system has 60,648 matriculated students and it collected a total of US$250 millions in tuition fees. Only 9,8% of programs are accreditated. The students who chose health careers had the highest scores in the National University Selection Examination or PSU. Between 2000 and 2006, there was a significant increase in the number of medical students and every year, 1,000 new physicians will receive their title. During 2007, 1,634 new posts were offered in medical schools, 3,873 in nursing and 5,671 for kinesiology. Conclusions: There is a disharmonic growth of University teaching in Chile, that will solve historical deficits of professionals such as nurses but will introduce important changes in Chilean medicine

Mortality data of a community allow to identify its severest diseases and health problems.To report epidemiologic data on Chilean mortality.Information about mortality was obtained from the World Health Organization, Pan American Health Organization, the Chilean Institute of Statistics and Ministry of Health.A continuously declining trend in the risk of dying during the last 30 years was observed. Chile has the best situation among South American countries. Infant and general mortality rates fell in 89 and 39%, respectively, during the period 1970-2003. This reduction is observed in all Chilean geographical regions. At the county level, there are 11 counties that duplicate the figure of mortality of the 337 other counties. In the case of infant mortality, there are 91 counties that duplicate the national figure, indicating an important inequity. Mortality is significantly associated with population aging, availability and use of hospital beds. There is a lower level of association with the proportion of population living in urban areas and poverty levels. A projection until 2010 shows and increasing mortality caused by malignant tumors and diabetes and a declining trend for circulatory, respiratory and digestive diseases and accidental deaths.Mortality has been managed efficiently in Chile but future trends underscore the need for cancer and diabetes prevention and management programs.

Antecedentes: Colombia presenta un patrón de prevalencia heterogéneo para la infección por virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) con regiones de alta, moderada y baja prevalencia. Objetivo: identificar los casos de infección por VHB y caracterizar los genotipos virales en población con factores de exposición en las ciudades de Quibdó y Apartadó, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: la población del estudio correspondió a 768 individuos asintomáticos con factores de exposición a la infección por VHB. El primer análisis fue la detección del antígeno de superficie del VHB (HBsAg) por prueba rápida. En las muestras de individuos positivos para esta prueba, se confirmó la presen- cia del HBsAg por ELISA y se detectó el genoma del VHB por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). El genotipo viral fue determinado por secuenciación y análisis filogenético. Resultados: se identificaron 17/768 individuos con infección por VHB (2,2%) según la detección del HBsAg por prueba rápida y por ELISA. Los análisis filogenéticos permitieron la identificación de los genotipos F, (subgenotipos F3 y F1a) y A en las muestras. Conclusiones: se reporta por primera vez la circulación del subgenotipo F1a en Colombia y se confirma la circulación del subgenotipo F3 y el genotipo A.

Several agencies have proposed infection control guidelines for management of patients admitted with the diagnosis of avian influenza. These guidelines aim to prevent transmission from the patient to hospital personnel and other inpatients. The guidelines presented here by the Advisory Committee of Nosocomial Infections have been elaborated for the local medical community after reviewing currently available recommendations. Key recommendations include admission to an isolation ward, cohorting of confirmed cases, hand hygiene with antiseptic solutions, use of N95 type masks, non-sterile disposable gloves and eye protection equipment during examination or when performing aerosols-generating procedures. Use of patient-exclusive clinical instruments, daily disinfection of the hospital ward, implementation of measures to reduce risk of needle stick injuries and eye splashing, and reinforcement of appropriate sampling and transport of blood and other corporal fluids, are also recommended.

Para que continúe la reducción de la mortalidad infantil en Chile se requiere conocerla en detalle para formular las políticas y acciones pertinentes. Objetivo: Evaluar la dinámica del proceso de la mortalidad infantil y de los factores de riesgo en la actualidad. Material y Método: Se han calculado los riesgos de mortalidad infantil en las regiones, provincias y comunas chilenas, como igualmente las tendencias en el tiempo y los factores determinantes asociados utilizando los datos básicos existentes en el INE, Ministerio de Salud, OPS y OMS. Resultados: Las causas actuales de mayor importancia son las afecciones perinatales y las malformaciones congénitas registrándose bajas cifras de desnutrición, diarreas y enfermedades trasmisibles y una ubicación intermedia de las muertes de origen respiratorio. Como factores asociados de mayor importancia aparecen factores sociales como la desocupación del jefe de familia junto a la desnutrición materna, el bajo peso de nacimiento, la atención profesional del parto y la disponibilidad de recursos técnicos en el S.N.S.S. Conclusiones: Una disminución de la mortalidad infantil a valores de 5 por mil nacidos vivos podría obtenerse reduciendo la mortalidad neonatal en un tercio y la infantil tardía a la mitad, lo que disminuiría el número actual de 1 935 fallecidos a 1 219. Como condiciones deseables para obtener esta reducción aparecen la alta escolaridad materna, una edad media de las madres (20 a 35 años) y un peso de los recién nacidos superior a 2 500 gramos. El objetivo del trabajo ha sido explorar la dinámica del proceso de la mortalidad y los factores determinantes de importancia en la actualidad In order to continue with Chilean infant mortality rate decrease, it is necessary to acquire acute knowlegde that will allow the formulation of adequate actions. Objetive: Study the mortality dinamic process and important associated factors. Method: Evaluation of risk factors in Chilean regions and determinant factors using information from I.N.E, OPS, OMS and health goverment department. Results: The most important causes of infant death are congenital malformations and perinatal diseases. In second place, respiratory diseases and finally, malnutrition, diarrhea and infectious diseases. The most important risk factors are parents unemployment, maternal malnutrition, low birth weight and birth assistance, and S.N.S.S technical resources. Conclusions: A decrease in mortality rate to 5/1000 newborns could be achieved if neonatal mortality falls to 1/3 and infant mortality to 1/2, so that the actual deaths fall from 1935 to 1219. Appropiate conditions include maternal scolarity, mothers age between 20 - 35 years and birth weight over 2500 g

II SIMPOSIO NACIONAL SOBRE CONTROL DE LA DEGRADACIÓN DE SUELOS. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid., {ESP}Con la participación de instituciones de investigación europeas y mejicanas concurrentes en el Proyecto REVOLSO/INCO (), se evaluaron durante 3 años consecutivos manejos agroecológicos de bajo costo en la cuenca del Lago de Cuitzeo (Michoacán), que procurasen: 1) recuperar y mejorar la capacidad productiva del sistema de año y vez en Acrisoles; 2) reducir el arrastre de sedimentos en cárcavas; y 3) estabilizar taludes de cárcavas. Este manejo consiste en prácticas de encalado y uso de rotaciones bianuales cereal-leguminosa con aportaciones de fuentes orgánicas (estiércol y composta) como fertilizante. Con ello se pretende acelerar la rehabilitación del epipedón edáfico, corregir la acidez, aumentar el tenor del C y el N edáficos, disminuir la densidad aparente para lograr una mayor infiltración y disminuir el escurrimiento hídrico y el arrastre de sedimentos., {ENG}Different European and Mexican institutions are collaborating in an international Project (named REVOLSO, INCO Program) working at the Cuitzeo Basin (Michoacán, Mexico). During three years different soil managements of low costs were assessed with the following objectives: a) The improvement of the soil productivity of Acrisols; b) The reduction of soil erosion; and c) the gully stabilisation. The selected and proposed management includes teaching techniques to the producers as limimg, rotations including legumes, manure and compost admenements, etc. This communication reports results obtained at the experimental plots. The monitoring of the epipedon revealed that the application of different managements produced increase in pH, SOM and total N, but a decrease in the soil bulk density and erosion . during this period., Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Consejería de Economía e Innovación Tecnológica

Background: The study of mortality of human groups is important to judge the health conditions of population. Aim: To study the main mortality features among Chilean adults. Material and methods: Information about mortality in Chile from the Instituto nacional de Estadísticas and The World Health Organization, was analyzed. Data was expressed mainly as rates. Results: Annual mortality risk among Chileans is 812 per 100,000 inhabitants and is low compared to the rest of Latin America. In the last 30 years it has decreased systematically at a rate of 1% per year in both genders. The risk of mortality caused by cerebrovascular disease, coronary heart disease, hepatic cirrhosis, gastric cancer and tuberculosis has decreased. On the other hand, the risk of mortality caused by diabetes,hypertension and lung, gallbladder, prostate and colorectal cancer has increased. Mortality varies from 604 per 100,000 in Atacama to 934 per 100,000 in Valparaiso. The most factor that influences thiis variation is population aging. Mean survival at the start of adulthood is 54 years in men and 61 years in women. At 60 years, the expectancy is 19 and 24 years respectively. Mean age of death in Chile was 71,5 years in 1998. Seventy six percent of deaths occurs in the elderly and 33%, in people of 80 years or more. Conclusions: Chile is one of the four Latin American countries with lower mortality risk. In the last 30 years, the main causes of deaths among adults, with exception of pneumonia, have decreased. Therefore health care of the adult is in the correct track (Rev Méd Chile 2000; 128: 1144-49).

Background: Epidemiological studies suggest a relation between breast cancer, diet and life styles. Aim: To analyze the association between food patterns, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk in women of Santiago. Patients and methods: A case-control study design (170 cases and 340 controls), matched by age and sex, was used. Through a food frequency questionnaire the average daily intake of vegetables, fruits, ß-carotene, vitamin A, C, E and fiber was analyzed. Other exposures to non-nutritional risks (parity, smoking, cancer history) were also studied. Conditional logistic regression was calculated to determine the odds ratio associated with variations in food and nutrient intake and nonnutritional factors. Results: Cases had a greater BMI and a higher prevalence of obesity than controls (p< 0.02). No differences were observed in either group food patterns. The ORs for breast cancer associated with obesity and alcohol consumption were 1.65 (95% CI 1.06-2.64) and 1.61 (95% CI 1.06-2.54) respectively (p< 0.05). Multiparity had a protective effect with 0.66 less risk (95% CI 0.44-0.99). No protective effect associated to a greater intake of vegetables, fruits or natural antioxidants was observed. Multivariate analysis model disclosed obesity as a risk factor (OR 1.79, p< 0.02) and parity ³ 4 as protective (OR 0.62, p

En este artículo se pretende llamar la atención sobre el estado crítico en que se encuentran las poblaciones de Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. (Hydrocharitaceae) en la Península Ibérica. Se indica su distribución en dicho territorio y en su área de estudio. Se describe el medio y la vegetación de la única población viviente en la actualidad, se dan algunos datos acerca de su biología, se indican los principales factores de amenaza y se apuntan medidas para su conservación. In this paper we focus on the critical conditions of Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. in the Iberian Peninsula. Its distribution is presented. The environment and the vegetation of the only living population is described. Some of its biological characteristics and the main factors of threat are indicated and measures for its conservation are suggested.

Resumen Objetivo: conocer los resultados alejadcs de la atencion medica ambulatoria explorando la situacion de pacientesconsultantes de atencion primaria no urgente procedentes de consultorics del sector pCblico del area norte deSantiago, 30 dias despues de haber sido alendidos. Pacientes y meiodos: 41 2 ninos y adolescentes consultantes fue-ron visitados en sus domicilios, idenlificando su situacion: sanos y recuperados; complicados o con secuelas;hospitalizacion; fallecidos. Las visitas fueron realizadas por internos de medicina adiestrados para el propcsito.Resullados: los pacientes habian consultado mayoritariarnente por problemas respiratorios e infecciosos trasmisiblescon un lapse medio de 3 dias entre aparicion de sintomas y consulta. Se emplearon los sisternas de apoyodiagnostico y terapeurico habituales. Los ninos pertenecian a grupos socioeconomicos bajos de acuerdo al ingresofamiliar y escolaridad de las madres. Treinta dias despues de la consulta, el 80,1 % se habian recuperado totalmente,17,7% tenia complicaciones o secuelas y 2,4% requirieron hospitalizacion. Ninguno habia fallecido. Los resultadosse asocian significativamente al tipo de patoiogia alendida, a la duracidn de ia enfermedad, el cumplimiento de lasindiccciones posrconsulta, la calidad de la ater.cion y el nivel de vida de los pacientes. No se encontro relacion conla edad, genero, precocidad de la primera consulta o nurnero lotal de ccnsultas. Condusiones: la capacidad reso-lutiva real de fa atenci6n primaria alcanza a un 80% y varia significativamente de acuerdo al diagnostico, elcumplimiento de indicaciones y el nivel de vida de los pacientes.(Palabras clave: atencion cmbulatoria, primaria, ninos, adolescentes.1

Resumen Objetivo: estaolecer los resultados ale;cdos de la hospitalizacion explorando la condlcion de los egresados 30,1 80 y 365 dias despues del alia, sepcranco los grupos de sanos y recuperados, problemas persistentes, empeora-miento, rehospitalizacion y fallecirnienlo. Pocientes y metodos: se estudio una muestra aleatoria de 1 000 enterinosingresados en 1997 a los hospitoles San Jose, Roberto del Rio y Clinico de la Universidad de Chile. Un totcl de 414casos corresponden a nlnos y cdolescentes que constituyen el molivo de esta comunicocion. Los pacientes fueronvisitados en sus domicilios, identificandose su condicion alejada, el cumplimiento de las indicaciones posaita, comoasimismo la rnagnitud del gasto en atenci6n medico y opiniones sabre la atencion recibida. Resultados: el 70% de losccsos se encontraban sanos y recuperados 30 dias despues del alta, subiendo a 75,9% a ios 6 meses. En 1 8,8% semantenia una condicion alterada estable, 0,7% habian empeorado, 9,5% necesito una nueva hospitalizacion y 0,2%hcbian fallecido en el rnes siguiente al alta. Los resultados son similares en ambos sexos. Difieren significativamente[p-0,05) de acuerdo a la eaad con ios mejores resultados en recien nacidos y adolescentes de 15 a 19 afios. Lamayor proporcion de recuperacion correspondio a hospitalizaciones por enfermedades respiratortas e infecciosastrasmisibles. Una estada hospitalaria enlre 2 a 5 dias se asocia a mejores resultados. Se registran diferencicssignificativos segun tipo de tratarniento, condicion al aha, cumplimiento de indicaciones posaita y tipo de prevision ensalud. Conclusion: la atenci6n hospitalaria infantil tiene un resuilada satisfoctorio, superior al registrado en adultos,con una baja letalicad posaita, pero con una alta tasa de rehospitalizacion.(Palabras clave: hospital, pediatrico, hospitalizacion, alta.)

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The Petrifilm plates method was compared to conventional methods (PCA, VRBA, Levine EMB agar and OGYE agar) for enumeration of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, coliforms, Escherichia coli, and yeasts+molds in six homogeneous lots of different food groups (pasteurized milk, yoghurt ice cream, eggs, minced meat, fresh strawberries and frozen green beans). For all the microbiological criteria except for yeasts and molds and mesophilic aerobic bacteria in frozen green beans, the mean values of counts with Petrifilm plates were higher than those obtained with traditional methods. The correlation coefficient of Petrifilm aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and yeasts + molds v. PCA, VRBA and OGYE agar for each microbiological criterion for a composite of six food products were 0.897, 0.861 and 0.981, respectively.

A chronological analysis of the Argentinian insect pests affecting not only native but introduced tree species as well, is presented. The main pests were arranged in accordance with their economical consequences and allocated by taking into consideration their taxonomy (Order, Family and Species). The insect geographical distribution, host species and damages are also described. The families included are: Formicidae, Cerambicidae; Curculionidae, Platipodidae, Chrysomelidae, Tortricidae, Psichidae, Hemileucidae, Megalopygidae, Phycitidae, Pyralididae, Aphididae, Adelgidae and Cercopidae., Se realiza un análisis de las variantes que se presentaron cronológicamente respecto de los estudios de los insectos forestales argentinos e introducidos de otros países, tanto en bosques cultivados como en bosques nativos. Se establece luego un ordenamiento de las principales plagas forestales, tomando en cuenta la gravedad de la incidencia económica de las mismas, distribuyéndolas por Orden, Familia y Especie. Además se consigna la distribución geográfica, las especies hospedantes y los daños producidos. Las familias incluidas son las siguientes: Formicidae, Cerambicidae; Curculionidae, Platipodidae, Chrysomelidae, Tortricidae, Psichidae, Hemileucidae, Megalopygidae, Phycitidae, Pyralididae, Aphididae, Adelgidae, Cercopidae

The authors' experience with salivary gland imaging in patients with Warthin's tumor was reviewed and the scans correlated with the pathologic findings of each tumor in an attempt to explain the scintigraphic variants found. Most Warthin's tumors show increased perfusion on imaging. The predischarge static images have a low sensitivity, detecting only 33% of the tumors. Warthin's tumors may appear hot, warm, or cold on the predischarge images but invariably become hot in the postdischarge study, for a 100% sensitivity. Many tumors reveal internal warm or cold areas. These focal defects correlate well with the presence of intratumoral cysts. The presence of these mixed lesions should not lead the physician away from the diagnosis of Warthin's tumor.

II SIMPOSIO NACIONAL SOBRE CONTROL DE LA DEGRADACIÓN DE SUELOS. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid., {ESP}Con la participación de instituciones de investigación europeas y mejicanas concurrentes en el Proyecto REVOLSO/INCO (, se evaluó durante 3 años consecutivos, en la cuenca del Lago de Cuitzeo (Michoacán, Méjico), la construcción de pequeñas represas con neumáticos de desecho para la retención de azolves y control de cárcavas, producto del efecto erosivo del escurrimiento del agua de escorrentía producida por la compactación del suelo. La estabilización de taludes se realizó con veza (Vicia villosa), janamargo (V. sativa), pasto llorón (Eragrostis curvula), acacia (Acacia retinoides) y garrapata (Desmodium grahamii). Como resultados de estas medidas (basadas en el conocimiento de procesos de recuperación de suelos) se contribuye al mejoramiento de áreas productivas y se diminuye la erosión de las cárcavas, con lo cual se reduce el aporte de sedimentos a los cuerpos de agua y, en suma, se mejora el ambiente, aportándose soluciones de bajo costo que pueden romper el círculo vicioso erosión-pobreza., {ENG}Different European and Mexican institutions are collaborating in an international Project (named REVOLSO, INCO Program) working at the Cuitzeo Basin (Michoacán, Mexico). During 3 years the efficience of small dams built with tyres for the erosion control of gullies was assessed. Plant species tested for gullies stabilization were: Vicia villosa, V. sativa, Eragrostis curvula, Acacia retinoides, and Desmodium grahamii. Results are promising, because a deacreasing of erosion process was evident to a low cost. In this way, this actions could improve the soil conservation, diminishing the amount of sediments arriving to the big dams and broken the feedback circle soil erosion-poverty., Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Consejería de Economía e Innovación Tecnológica

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, renal failure, retinopathy, and neuropathy. Over the last years, there has been an increasing demand in folk medicine for natural sources that could help in the treatment of chronic diseases, including diabetes. The rind of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. Flavicarpa) is traditionally used as a functional food due to its high concentration of soluble and insoluble fiber.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of high-fiber diet albedo of passion fruit on the metabolic and biochemical profile in diabetic rats induced by alloxan (2%).The passion fruit mesocarp fiber was dried in an oven with circulating air at 60°C and pulverized. We used 32 adult male rats, divided into 4 groups: Wistar group 1 control (GC), Wistar group 2, 15% fiber (GF15), Wistar group 3, 30% fiber (GF30), Wistar group 4, fiber disolved in water (GFH2O). The ratio of passion fruit was prepared according to the AIN 93M guidelines, varying only the source of dietary fiber. The corresponding diet for each group was offered to the animals for 60 days.There was a statically significant decrease in plasma glucose for GFH2O, GF15%, and GF30% groups with 27.0%, 37.4%, and 40.2%, respectively.The use of mesocarp fiber of passion fruit at concentrations of 15% and 30% are an important dietary supplement for the treatment of DM due to its potential hypoglycemic effect, and its ability to reduce triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol levels with a principal reduction of insulin and leptin.