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This research was aimed to document the ethnobotanical information of plants used as sedatives, analgesic and blood tonic in Abeokuta, Nigeria and to evaluate the phytochemical, mineral and anti-nutrient contents in some of these plants. A total of 60 structured and validated questionnaires were administered using purposive sampling method. The names of plants were further authenticated using the plant list ( www.theplantlist.org ) and the world flora ( www.worldfloraonline.org ). Twenty-eight (28) plants belonging to Twenty-one (21) families were documented as being used as sedatives, analgesic and blood tonic. The most frequently mentioned were Theobroma cacao, Morinda lucida, Sorghum bicolor, Alstonia congensis, Harungana madagascariensis and Viscum album. Parts of the plants mentioned by respondents were leaves (78.3%), stem bark (18.3%), roots (3.3%). T. cacao contained highest amount of sodium (18.69 mg/100 g). Potassium (73.35 mg/100 g), Calcium (40.20 mg/100 g), Phosphorus (11.80 mg/100 g) and Magnesium (4.59 mg/100 g) were significantly higher in the leaves of Alstonia congensis. Oxalate (0.28 mg/100 g), Phytate (0.36 mg/100 g) and trypsin inhibitor (0.17 mg/100 g) were significantly higher (p

Ethnomedically, the root, stem bark, seed or leaves of Picralima nitida are relevant in local preparations as antimalaria, antipyretic, antihypertensive and gastrointestinal agents. This study was therefore designed to determine the antimalarial and antioxidant effects of the methanol extract of the root bark of Picralima nitida using standard procedures. The antioxidant activity of the methanol root bark extract was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The antimalarial activity of the methanol root bark extract was investigated using the 4-day suppressive test in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. The extract showed a concentration-dependent antioxidant activity with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) for free radical scavenging activity of 10.19 µg/mL, while the FRAP value was 0.17 ± 0.00 mM FSE/g Extract. The extract demonstrated significant antimalarial activity with 68.33% and 67.27% parasitaemia suppression at doses of 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg, respectively. The present study has shown that the root bark extract of P. nitida has antioxidant and antimalarial activities. This study does not only validate the claimed ethnomedicinal use of the plant as antimalaria but also has shown the plant as a potential source of active antimalarial agent.

Diabetes mellitus is a long term, diverse metabolic illness with a complex pathophysiology. Hyperglycemia, which stems from anomalies in either insulin secretion or insulin action or both, is its defining feature. Metabolic dysfunctions involving proteins, carbohydrates, and fats originate from hyperglycemia, which can express itself in a variety of ways. The main cause of diabetes related morbidity and mortality is long term hyperglycemia, which frequently results in a variety of microvascular and macro vascular diabetic complications. The main biomarker for determining diabetes diagnosis is hyperglycemia. The increase in prevalence rate, high expense of treatment, common side effects of oral antidiabetic medications is a global health challenge. Therefore, medicinal plants could be a viable ways to maximize its utilization in both food and medicine for management of diabetes and its complications. This review discussed the classification of diabetes, its pathophysiology, approved drugs and several medicinal plants that are used to manage diabetes.

Background Medicinal plants occupy an important place in the lives of people around the world. This study covers an area where medicinal plants are widely used for various health-related problems due to easily available sources. Objective: The current study aimed to document the quantities of data about the most commonly used medicinal plants in the district Bannu and two common species' biological activities. Methods Ethno-pharmacological data were collected from different locations of district Bannu in the period from 2018 to 2019.The information about biological activities was concentrated on two species: Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal and Mentha viridis L. The data was compiled randomly by semi-structured interviews from having different groups, ages consist of both genders, male and female. Results The ethno-pharmacological data were collected from 115 native people, including 14 traditional healers. The most frequently cited families were: Solanaceae and Moraceae with 5 species (5.88%) followed by Apiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae with 4 species each (4.7%). The highest use-value was reported for Withania coagulans (0.47), followed by M. viridis (0.44), Tamarix aphylla (0.43), Curcuma longa (0.42), Plantago ovata (0.41), Linum usitatissimum (0.40). Least use value was reported for Ziziphus nummularia (0.04).The highest RFC value was reported for W. coagulans (47.82), followed by M. viridis (44.34), and T. aphylla (43.47). Conclusion The study will result in further pharmacological and clinical research to discover new medicines to improve the health system. It is the first step in unraveling natural products' potential and requires careful study and investigation to enrich the system worldwide. The study will also contribute to the conservation of medicinal plants in the area of Bannu.

Phytochemicals are bioactive plant chemicals nutrients typically found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and other plant foods which may provide desirable health benefits beyond basic nutrition and can help reduce risks of major chronic diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical constituents of fresh roots ethanolic and aqueous extracts of medicinal plants of Uvaria chamae, Anthocleista djalonensis and Euadenia eminens using standard methods of phytochemical screening and Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Phytochemical screening revealed a diverse array of phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, isoprenoids, steroids, phlobatanins and cardiac glycosides. The results of GC-MS analysis of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of U. chamae revealed the presence of four and fourteen compounds respectively. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. djalonensis had ten and seventeen compounds respectively while the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of E. eminens was found to have six and twenty compounds respectively. These results indicate U. chamae, A. djalonensis and E. eminens possess phytochemicals which have potential antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activity amongst others and as such, can be recommended as plants of phytopharmaceutical importance.

Local communities in Mzimba District, Malawi, have limited access to healthcare services and often rely on traditional medical practice and medicinal plants (MPs) for most of their medical care. However, phytomedicines’ use has not been well documented. This study aimed to identify and document medicinal plants and the associated ethnobotanical knowledge. Ethnobotanical data were collected in seven localities (19 villages) in the T/A Mbelwa, Mzimba, from May to June 2021. Forty traditional healers, herbalists, and farmers selected purposively and by snowball sampling were interviewed through semi-structured interviews, field observations, group discussions, and guided field walks. Quantitative indices, viz. relative frequency of citation (RFC), use value (UV), relative importance (RI) values, informant consensus factors (ICFs), and fidelity levels (FLs), were used to analyze the data. Eighty MPs belonging to 43 families and 77 genera were recorded. The Leguminosae family showed the highest number of species (16), followed by Solanaceae, Rubiaceae, and Phyllanthaceae. Trees (35 species) and roots (62%) accounted for the most significant habit and part, respectively. Washing (29%) was the most common preparation method. The most cited plant was Zanthoxylum chalybeum (RFC = 0.80, UV = 0.28, RI = 1.66), followed by Cassia abbreviata (RFC = 0.68, UV = 0.35, RI = 1.50). Respiratory disorders showed the highest ICF (0.53), followed by general and unspecified disorders (0.31). Z. chalybeum, C. abbreviata, and Oldfieldia dactylophylla showed maximum FLs (100%) for treating malaria and dysentery. Phytochemical, bioassay, toxicity, and conservation studies are needed to assess medicinal plants’ safety, efficacy, and quality as steps toward discovering new promising therapeutic leads without neglecting conservation programs for their sustainable utilization.

Background Tribal people of India still use ancient traditional health care practices, using available plants in their surroundings. Traditional knowledge of medicine is vanishing due to urbanization and outmigration thus its urgent need to preserve this valuable knowledge. Methods This recent study was carried out in Pakyong subdivision of East Sikkim during 2016–17, and information was collected interviewing 71 informants of the Lepcha, Bhotia, and Nepali tribes. Results Present study documenting 60 useful plant species belonging to 38 families, used for local health care needs including ten veterinary useful species. Herbaceous plants were used in high proportion (32 species, 54%) followed by trees (20, 33%), shrubs (20, 8%) and climbers (3, 5%). Leaves were the most frequently used plant parts and decoction was the common drug formulation among the inhabitants. The Informant consensus factor (ICF) ranged between 0.88 and 0.97, and fidelity levels in the study region were varied from 11.53% to 100%. Conclusion Documentation of local plant uses by tribal people will be helpful in sustainable use of indigenous practices of medicinal plants, and further information may be used for pharmacological investigation and novel phytoconstituents isolation.

Ficus simplicissima Lour. is an Asian species of fig tree in the family Moraceae. The chloroplast (cp) genome of F. simplicissima m3 was sequenced using the Pacbio sequel platform. The F. simplicissima cpDNA has a size of 160,321 bp in length, of which GC content accounts for 36.13%. The cp genome of F. simplicissima consists of a single large copy (LSC) with a size of 91,346 bp, a single small copy (SSC) with a size of 20,131 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats with a size of 24,421 to 24,423 bp. The cp genome of F. simplicissima has 127 genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, eight rRNA genes, and 34 tRNA genes; 92 simple sequence repeats and 39 long repeats were detected in the cpDNA of F. simplicissim. A comparative cp genome analysis among six species in the Ficus genus indicated that the genome structure and gene content were highly conserved. The non-coding regions show more differentiation than the coding regions, and the LSC and SSC regions show more differences than the inverted repeat regions. Phylogenetic analysis supported that F. simplicissima m3 had a close relationship with F. hirta. The complete cp genome of F. simplicissima was proposed as a chloroplast DNA barcoding for genus-level in the Moraceae family and the psbA-trnH gene region for species-level identification.

Medicinal plants, which are widely used in the treatment of many diseases in folk medicine, are alternative treatment approaches that allow to overcome the limitations of modern treatments such as high treatment costs and difficulty in accessing health services. In addition to their traditional uses, the World Health Organization (WHO) also recommends the use of medicinal plants as alternative applications, especially in countries where have limited access to modern medical facilities. Limitations on the methods used in the treatment of lower urinary tract diseases such as urinary tract infection and urolithiasis in both human and veterinary practice (high treatment cost, low tolerability, development of antibacterial resistance, etc.) have brought the use of natural products of herbal origin within the scope of supportive/complementary treatment approaches. Although the mechanism of action of medicinal plants in the treatment of lower urinary tract diseases is not clearly known, studies have shown that they increase the glomerular filtration rate; and they can be complementary alternatives to conventional treatment due to their anti-lithogenic, antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Patients that referred to with one or more of the symptoms of urinary system diseases such as polyuria, pollakiuria, dysuria, stranguria, anuria, hematuria, urinary incontinence constitute the case group of one of the first three systemic diseases most frequently brought to the clinic. Failure to intervene in the diseases shaped in the lower urinary system in a timely manner causes negative consequences such as the disease becoming chronic, the progression of the disease to the upper urinary system in progressive cases, and a decrease in the quality of life. Complementary products used in addition to medical treatment are sometimes used for prophylactic purposes. In this context, many supplements have been prescribed for different diseases in small animal practice in recent years. In this review, it is aimed to convey current developments about medicinal plants, which are used effectively within the scope of supportive treatment practices in lower urinary system diseases of cats and dogs, to veterinary clinical practice.

Introduction: Skin inflammations that are more common and affect the pediatric age group more are rash, atopic dermatitis, fungal infections, psoriasis. The use of medicinal plants and herbal based preparations in the treatment of skin diseases, results from their impact on several stages of inflammation. The aim of this study was to review the information about the effects and anti-inflammatory activity, of medicinal plants and their preparations related to the treatment of most frequent skin inflammations in the pediatric age group, and to assess the trend of use of herbal remedies for these inflammations from our population. Methodology: For the realization of this descriptive and analytical study, multiple sources of information were used for the literature review, as well as through a random questionnaire conducted in a sample of 120 pharmacies in country. The data was collected from the pharmacists ‘responses and was analyzed specifically for the skin inflammations of pediatric age groups and the use of herbal preparations for the treatment of this disorders. Results: From the literature review the most frequent skin inflammations in the pediatric age group identified were rash, atopic dermatitis, fungal infections, folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncles. During the last years, among the medicinal plants mostly used locally for skin treatment areMatricaria Recutita,Calendula officinalis,Aloe Vera,Echinacea purpurea,Oenothera biennis, etc. From the completed questionnaire, a significant part of pharmacists (45%), reported that the most common skin inflammations in pediatric age presented in pharmacy are atopic dermatitis, rash for 17% of them, and fungal infections (12%). Regarding the way of using these preparations, 57% of them reported that they are used locally as combined therapy with the conventional one. Pharmacists reported that herbal preparations mostly used locally are those withAloe Vera(31%), 13% of them reported those withCalendula officinalisand 5% of them reported preparations withMatricaria Recutita. Meanwhile, 48% of them reported that combined preparations of these herbs were used. Pharmacists are mostly the ones who suggest the use of these herbal based preparations (48.31%). Also, 65% of them think that the use of herbal based preparations for the treatment of skin inflammations in the pediatric age group has increased in recent years. Conclusions: Medicinal plants are rich with active ingredients and can be effective for the treatment of skin inflammations in the pediatric age group. As their use has increased in recent years, further research is needed regarding the efficacy, safety, optimal uses, and standardization of herbal preparations.

The purpose of this study is to investigate in vitro hypoglycemic and free radical scavenging activities of some medicinal plants including Ficus glomerata (FG), Pandanus amaryllifolia (PaA), Artocarpus altilis (AA), Gomphrena celosioides (GC) and Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP). Alpha-amylase inhibitory assay was examined by dinitrosalicylic acid reaction. Glucose uptake assay was investigated by LO-2 cell model. DPPH and ABTS+ scavenging assays were performed by spectrophotometry. Cell viability was determined by MTT method. It was found that the extracts including FG, PaA, AA, GC and GP were able to inhibit alphaamylase activity up to 38.4 ± 4.2%, 47.8 ± 4.3%, 49.3 ± 3.5%, 40.1 ± 4.4% and 38.5 ± 3.8%, respectively. Moreover, glucose adsorption and glucose uptake capacity of these extracts were evidenced. In addition, free radical scavenging activity of these extracts was indicated in a range of 30.6-54.5% for DPPH radical and 31.8-51.1% for ABTS+ radical. Especially, these extracts exhibited no cytotoxicity effect on human hepatic LO-2 cells and human gastric BGC-823 cells at the concentration of 100 μg/ml. The results indicated that A. altilis leaves were effective in inhibiting alpha-amylase activity, increasing glucose adsorption and glucose uptake and scavenging free radicals. Therefore, it could be suggested to be a promising hypoglycemic agent for managing type 2 diabetes.

Medicinal plants have worldwide applications in the treatment of different types of human diseases. Among the medicinal plants of Ethiopia, Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. Ex Benth (Damakese, in Amharic) is one of the well celebrated and most widely used home remedy for the treatment of a disease locally known as “Mitch” which is characterized by headache, fever, inflammation, joint pain, sweat, loss of appetite, etc. The aim of the present study on this medicinal plant was to determine the levels of heavy and trace metals in the leaves using the flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS), which is nov AA model. The sampling technique used to carry out the analysis was purposive for the community in the selected area use the plant widely to treat different diseases. In addition, for each of three kebeles, selected from Duguna Fango District, three sites were selected to homogenize the samples. The concentrations or levels of heavy and trace metals, Cd, Co, Pb, Cr, Cu and Zn, in the leaves of the selected medicinal plant were found to be (in mg/L) 0.0489, 0.0579, 0.0936, 0.153, 0.214 and 0.847, respectively. The results revealed that the selected medicinal plant accumulated these metals at different concentration levels in different sites. The results also confirmed that the concentration levels of the metals in the leaves of the selected medicinal plant were not higher than the internationally accepted permissible limits. Thus, the results indicated thatthe medicinal plant under the study is safe for medicinal uses. Furthermore, monitoring such medicinal plants for heavy and trace metals concentrations is of great importance in protecting the community from the adverse effects of the heavy metals.

Background: Some medicinal plants can stimulate growth in poultry. Objective: To compare the effects of dietary addition of virginiamycin antibiotic and galbanum plant (Ferula gummosa) on the performance, carcass characteristics, immune system, and blood factors of broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 250 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to five treatments with five replicates (10 birds per replicate). The treatments were: control (basal diet), virginiamycin (basal diet plus 0.1 g virginiamycin/kg of diet) or one of three levels of galbanum powder (2.5, 5, and 10 g galbanum/kg of diet). Results: Body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio improved in the groups containing galbanum compared to the other groups (p

OBJECTIVES: Obesity, which is a risk factor for diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, is caused serious health problems and economic costs on a global scale. Nowadays, pancreatic lipase inhibitors that cause inhibition of lipid digestion and lipid absorption are one of the limited treatment approaches for obesity. Plant-derived secondary metabolites can be used for treating obesity. The aim of this study was to research the antiobesity potential of Amaranthus albus L. (Amaranthaceae), Helichrysum compactum Boiss. (Asteraceae), Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae), and Agrimonia eupatoria L. (Rosaceae). MATERIALS AND METHODS: To detect the antiobesity potentials of the plants, in vitro lipase inhibitory activity studies by spectroscopic method and quantitative analysis studies of some anti-obesity effective secondary metabolites by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) technique were carried out. RESULTS: In vitro lipase inhibitory studies showed that all plant extracts possess lipase inhibitory effect, and the highest lipase inhibitory potential was observed for H. compactum (IC(50): 45.70 μg/mL ± 2.3618). According to HPLC analyses, p-coumaric acid (0.27 mg/g) in A. albus; benzoic acid (0.33 mg/g) in C. album; vanillic acid (7.32 mg/g), syringaldehyde (14.97 mg/g), quercetin (4.66 mg/g), p-coumaric acid (0.71 mg/g), and benzoic acid (3.43 mg/g) in H. compactum; p-coumaric acid (0.71 mg/g) and benzoic acid (3.43 mg/g) in A. eupatoria were detected. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, H. compactum is the most remarkable natural source for the study. The fact remains that all plants may be promising candidates for treating obesity.

Planta medicinal é qualquer planta que produza princípios ativos que possam ser utilizados com finalidade terapêutica. Essas plantas podem ser atacadas por pragas e doenças que comprometem suas propriedades curativas e a produção. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a reação de boldo (Plectranthus barbatus), menta (Mentha spicata), penicilina (Alternanthera brasiliana), hortelã-pimenta (Mentha piperita) e citronela (Cymbopogon nardus) a Meloidogyne javanica. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação no campo experimental do Instituto Taquaritinguense de Ensino Superior (ITES), Taquaritinga, SP, a partir de mudas transplantadas para vasos de 5 L contendo substrato esterilizado. Realizou-se a inoculação nas mudas após 20 dias do transplante com 640 ovos + juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) por planta. Decorridos 90 dias após a inoculação, as raízes foram processadas para extração dos ovos e determinação do fator de reprodução (FR) do nematoide. Todas as plantas medicinais avaliadas foram resistentes (FR < 1) a M. javanica, podendo ser utilizadas em rotação de culturas em áreas com ocorrência desse nematoide. Medicinal plant is any plant that produces active principles that can be used for therapeutic purposes. These plants can be attacked by pests and diseases that compromise healing properties and production. In this sense, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the reaction of boldo (Plectranthus barbatus), mint (Mentha spicata), penicillin (Alternanthera brasiliana), peppermint (Mentha piperita), and citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) to Meloidogyne javanica. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in the experimental field of Instituto Taquaritinguense de Ensino Superior (ITES), municipality of Taquaritinga, São Paulo state, Brazil, using seedlings transplanted into 5 L pots containing sterilized substrate. The seedlings were inoculated 20 days after transplanting with 640 eggs + second stage juveniles (J2) per plant. After 90 days after inoculation, the roots were processed to extract the eggs, and determine the nematode reproduction factor (RF). All medicinal plants evaluated were resistant (RF < 1) to M. javanica, and can be used in crop rotation in areas with occurrence of this nematode. Made available in DSpace on 2022-09-15T17:06:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 27361.pdf: 213035 bytes, checksum: ae0e75ab8d8d2b0d0175dbf60ddd389d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022

Background: Use of plants and plant products in health care has shown exponential increase in past two decades. Introduction: In-spite of the availability of well-established pharmacotherapy for epilepsy, a large no of population still explores alternative treatments due to refractory seizures, adverse effects of drugs, chronic treatment, inaccessibility of standard therapies in rural areas and the social stigma attached to the disease. Various studies on medicinal plants showed the protective effect of herbals in animal models of epilepsy. Method: In the present review, a status analysis of the traditional use of various medicinal plants in epilepsy with a special focus on plats having anti-inflammatory potential is recorded. Result and Conclusion : The shortcomings of research on medicinal plants which needs to be explored further in order to tackle the growing need of safer and effective drugs for epilepsy are discussed. Overall, there is a huge scope of herbal drugs in CNS disorders especially epilepsy, either as an adjunct by reducing the dose and thus side effects of standard anti-epileptic drugs or as standalone agent . Although, there is still an urgent need of well planned randomized controlled clinical trials to validate their efficacy and safety.

Abstract: Constipation is one of the most common and prevalent chronic gastrointestinal conditions across the globe that is treated or managed through various methods. Laxatives are used for the treatment or management of chronic/acute constipation. But due to the adverse effects associated with these laxatives, herbal foods should be considered as alternative therapies for constipation. In this review, the laxative potential of plant-based medicines used for constipation is discussed. Constipation may be caused by various factors such as lifestyle, particular food habits, pregnancy and even due to some medication. Chronic constipation is responsible for different health issues. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological paradigms are applied for the treatment or management of constipation. In the pharmacological way of treatment, medicinal plants have a key role because of their fibrous nature. Numerous plants such as Prunus persica (Rosaceae), Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (Leguminosae), Citrus sinensis (Rutaceae), Planta goovata (Plantaginaceae), Rheum emodi (Polygonaceae), Cassia auriculata (Caesalpinacea), Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae), Croton tiglium (Euphorbiaceae), Aloe barbadensis (Liliaceae), Mareya micrantha (Euphorbiaceae), Euphorbia thymifolia (Euphorbiaceae), Cascara sagrada (Rhamnaceae), Cassia angustifolia (Fabaceae) have laxative activity. Medicinal plants possess a significant laxative potential and support their folklore; therefore, further, well-designed clinical-based studies are required to prove and improve the efficacy of herbal medicine for constipation. The present review showed that herbs laxative effect in various in-vivo/ in-vitro models.

The utilization of wild medicinal plants in primary healthcare system is still vital for mankind, particularly for people residing nearby the protected area. However, ethnobiological knowledge of indigenous people on plant usage is diminishing. The present study aimed at documenting the wild ethnomedicinal plants and to evaluate their importance in the healthcare among the local inhabitants in the fringe villages of Kitam Bird Sanctuary, South Sikkim, India. The methodology comprised interviews and questionnaire-based household surveys focusing on the informant's knowledge and experience in the use of wild medicinal plants against several diseases and ailments. Data was analysed using relative frequency citation (RFC), use value (UV), informant consensus factor (ICF) and fidelity level (FL%). A total of 23 ethnomedicinal plant species belonging to 20 families were recorded from the study area. Among the growth forms, herbs accounted the highest number of species (39%), followed by trees (30%), climbers (13%), ferns and shrubs with 9% each. Fruits have shown the highest use (20%), followed by leaves (16%) and whole plant. Terminalia chebula had the highest RFC (0.91) and UV (0.99), followed by Terminalia bellirica (RFC = 0.89, UV = 0.96) and Phyllanthus emblica (RFC = 0.84, UV = 0.91). Results indicate that the locals in the area had good ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants which indicates their dependency on plants for treating several ailments and diseases. Some unexplored species such as Calamus erectus, Laportea bulbifera, Pteris biaurita and Solanum viarum possessing high fidelity level have scope for further pharmacological investigation.

Este trabajo analiza la valorización de saberes tradicionales sobre plantas medicinales en el espacio académico-científico mexicano, focalizando suinstitucionalización en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Así, considerando que la figura de una tesis, y su propuesta, constituye un instrumento de movilización de saberes, se identificaron y caracterizaron los trabajos realizados a este respecto en la UNAM durante las décadas1900-2010, complementando los datos mediante investigación documental y entrevistas con actores clave. Encontrando que durante la década de 1970el interés por el estudio de las plantas medicinales irrumpió abruptamente en el espacio académico-científico de la UNAM, manteniendo una tendencia creciente hasta nuestros días, configurándose paulatinamente como un objeto de estudio válido, aperturando nuevas líneas de investigacióny configurando un nuevo campo de conocimiento: la etnobotánica médica. No obstante, este nuevo campo emerge al seno de otros campos, desde loscuales aún se le aborda y materializa, circulando en una existencia todavía un poco velada. This paper analyzes the valorization of traditional knowledge on medicinal plants in the Mexican academic-scientific milieu, focusing on its institutionalization at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Thus, considering that the proposal of a thesis is an instrument of knowledge mobilization, the tasks carried out in this regard at the UNAM during the 1900s-2010s were identified and characterized, eliciting additionaldata through documentation research and interviews with key actors. The research found that during the 1970s the interest on the study of medicinal plants abruptly broke into the academic-scientific space of the UNAM, maintaining a growing trend up to these days, gradually forming itself as a valid object of study, opening new lines of research and shaping a new field of knowledge: medical ethnobotany. However, this new field emerges within other fields, from which it begins to be approached and materialized, still circulating in a somewhat veiled existence.&nbsp

Strobilanthes glutinosus (family: Acanthaceae) is one of the important medicinal plants and the current research work was carried out to assess the phytochemical, biological, and in-silico evaluations of different solvent extracts of S. glutinosus. The phytochemical composition was assessed by determining qualitative phytochemical testing, total bioactive contents, and GC-MS analysis. For biological evaluation, antioxidant (DPPH and FRAP), antibacterial, and enzyme inhibition (urease) potential were determined. The methanol extract was found to contain the highest total phenolic (247.85 mg GAE/g extract), and flavonoid content (71.91 mg QAE/g extract), which can be correlated to the observed higher antioxidant potential of this extract. On the contrary, the n-hexane extract presented maximum anti-urease activity with IC50 value of 0.244 mg/ml, whereas, in the case of antibacterial assays, a dose-dependent activity was observed. Similarly, the GC-MS investigation of methanol extract and n-hexane fraction revealed the tentative identification of several important classes of secondary metabolites. Furthermore, the main compounds as identified by GC-MS were further studied for in-silico molecular docking studies in order to highlight any interactions between the compounds identified and the urease enzyme. Overall, the present investigation highlighted the studied plant extracts to be considered further for the isolation of bioactive compounds for the pharmaceutical and food industry.

Hyperlipidemia refers to elevated levels of lipids and cholesterol in the blood. It plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis, the main cause of death in the world. Medicinal plants can lower blood lipids by many mechanisms included inhibition of the expression of fatty acid synthase, decreasing free fatty acid release, inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, increasing the fecal excretion of fat and cholesterol, inhibition of the activity of pancreatic lipase and inhibition of cholesterol absorption. The current review will highlight the hypolipidemic effects of medicinal plants as promising effective and safe therapies.

Plants are a valuable source of a wide range of secondary metabolites, which are used as pharmaceuticals preparations. The previous studied showed that many medicinal plants possessed hypotensive effects and affected vascular activity either by direct effect on vascular smooth muscles or indirectly by affecting endothelium vasoactive substances. The current review was designed to highlight the medicinal plants with hypotensive and vascular effects as promising future therapies because of efficacy and safety.

Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history for its different activities. This study was carried out to screen the aqueous, butanol, ethyl acetate, methanol and n-hexane fractions of the leaves ofAnthocleista djalonensisfor anti-helminthic activity across various concentrations (10–50 mg/ml) of the crude extract and 10 mg/ml of the different fractions. Albendazole (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard drug while 20% Tween 80 was used as control. Determination of paralysis time and death times of the worms were recorded. In vitro treatment of the parasite with the highest dose of crude extract (50 mg/ml) resulted in paralysis and death at 20 min and 110 min respectively. Butanol showed greatest anti-helminthic activity even higher than that of the reference drug with paralysis and death times of 13 min and 51 min respectively. The order of sensitivity of the fractions to the worms was butanol > n-hexane > ethyl acetate > aqueous. The overall finding of this study demonstrates that the leaves possess anthelminthic compounds and should be further evaluated as a remedy to various disease conditions associated with worm infestation.

The present research focused on medicinal uses of plants by the local peoples at Sadar upazila of Sirajganj district was carried out from October 2019 to December 2021. The information about medicinal uses of rural people was collected through interview. A total of 78 plant species under 73 genera and 46 families have been recorded which were used for the treatment of 85 categories of diseases. This medicinal plants were used by the rural people for the treatment of various disease like diabetes, bronchitis, weakness, leprosy, insect and snake bites, high blood pressure, asthma, passing of semen, gonorrhea, skin disease, jaundice, headache, acidity, diarrhea, dry cough, cancer, dysentery, scabies, menstrual disorder, fever, toothache, burning wounds, stomachache, epilepsy, gout, rheumatism, traumatic injury, tonsillitis, abortion, vomiting, bleeding, ulcer, anemia , ring worm, hiccup, pneumonia, tuberculosis, arthritis, heart disease, diuretic, hypertension, paralysis, constipation, nausea, sore, dyspepsia, chicken pox, pain, pyorrhea, eczema, cholera, scurvy, infection, measles, itches, whooping cough, digestive system disorder, liver disorder, heart disease, sexual disease, gastrointestinal problem, lung infection, wound healing, high cholesterol, urinary tract infection, hepatitis, kidney disease, eye inflammation, cough, catarrhal fever, malarial fever, hair treatment, dry skin, scrofulous sore, piles, sedative, swelling, tumor and other diseases. The result of the study revealed that the local people had rich knowledge of medicinal plants and were using the plants for their primary health care though people inside the study area are most often dependent on allopathic medicine. Now day’s plants are used broadly in modern medication. Therefore, it would be important to document the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants for further healing purpose.

The paper report the oral traditional knowledge of wild medicinal plants usage by the indigenous ethnic tribal community from the Peren district of Nagaland, India in the Indo-Burma Hotspot. The pioneer study was based on the semi-structured interview of locals (N = 240) in the 12 villages of the Peren District during 2014 ‐ 2018. In total, 179 ethnomedicinal plants from 140 genera and 72 families were documented and identified. The medicinal plants were used for the treatment of 96 different ailments grouped into 18 categories. The medicinal plants also showed high versatile nature with 85 species reported to treat five / eleven different ailments, respectively. The ethnobotanical information obtained from the field documentation will contribute in the development of potential drugs in the future from the diverse wild medicinal plants of the region and contribute towards the preservation of the oral tradition that is disappearing.

Coronaviruses have been receiving continuous attention worldwide as they have caused a serious threat to global public health. This group of viruses is named so as they exhibit characteristic crown-like spikes on their protein coat. SARS-CoV-2, a type of coronavirus that emerged in 2019, causes severe infection in the lower respiratory tract of humans and is often fatal in immunocompromised individuals. No medications have been approved so far for the direct treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the currently available treatment options rely on relieving the symptoms. The medicinal plants occurring in nature serve as a rich source of active ingredients that could be utilized for developing pharmacopeial and non-pharmacopeial/synthetic drugs with antiviral properties. Compounds obtained from certain plants have been used for directly and selectively inhibiting different coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. The present review discusses the potential natural inhibitors against the highly pathogenic human coronaviruses, with a systematic elaboration on the possible mechanisms of action of these natural compounds while acting in the different stages of the life cycle of coronaviruses. Moreover, through a comprehensive exploration of the existing literature in this regard, the importance of such compounds in the research and development of effective and safe antiviral agents is discussed. We focused on the mechanism of action of several natural compounds along with their target of action. In addition, the immunomodulatory effects of these active components in the context of human health are elucidated. Finally, it is suggested that the use of traditional medicinal plants is a novel and feasible remedial strategy against human coronaviruses.

Nowadays whole world blessed with medicinal plants for using as a major bio-source of modern synthetic drugs which are used widely in medicinal field. In this study Qualitative experiments of phytochemical and antibacterial tests were performed of ethanolic extracts of leaf and root parts ofHeliotropium supinum. The Qualitative experiments revealed that the presence phytochemicals such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, and carbohydrates. In this experiment alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, Carbohydrates and glycosides were observed in ethanolic extract leaves while alkaloids, flavonoids terpenoids were found in roots extract. For being presence of these essential propertiesH. supinumshowed antibacterial activity. Maximum zone of inhibition was recorded in 500 µg concentration of leaves and root extracts where leaves extract showed highest inhibition zone (21 mm) againstS. aureuswhile root extracts showed against E. coli (17 mm). Present study was designed to identify the sources and accurate information regarding the active components of this medicinal plant and to enhance awareness to public and private sector.

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, commonly known as okra, is one of the most widely used vegetable crops currently used for diabetes treatment as well. It is thought that the large amount of soluble dietary fibers present in okra is responsible for the slowing of the absorption of glucose from the gut. However, its role in concomitant administration with commonly prescribed medications, including metformin (MET) and acarbose (ACR) for diabetes, is unclear. Therefore, this study assessed the effect of A. esculentus pod extract (AEE) administered concomitantly with MET and ACR in the glucose-induced hyperglycemic mice model. The AEE was prepared using green okra pods. In this experiment, each male Swiss Webster mouse was administered a 2.5 gm/kg/BW dose of glucose via gastric lavage to induce hyperglycemia. The experimental animals were divided into five groups: (i) negative control, (ii) positive control, (iii) MET only, (iv) MET and ACR, and (v) MET, ACR, and AEE. The orally administered doses of the MET, ACR, and the extract were 150 mg/kg/BW, 15 mg/kg/BW, and 0.2 mL/kg/BW, respectively. We found that MET only and a combination of MET and ACR reduced glucose levels significantly (p < 0.01) compared to the positive control. On the other hand, when MET, ACR, and AEE were administered simultaneously, the synergistic antihyperglycemic action of the MET and ACR was diminished. After 150 min, the blood glucose level was 4.50 ± 0.189 mmol/L (iv) and 6.58 ± 0.172 mmol/L (v). This study suggests that taking AEE concurrently with MET and ACR would reduce the effectiveness of antidiabetic drugs; thereby, concomitant administration of these antidiabetic agents is not recommended. This study provides an essential basis for decision-making about the consumption of AEE with conventional medicine. Further study is required to find the molecular insight of drug interactions in combination therapy of medicinal plants for diabetes.

Livestock production is an integral part of the agricultural industry in Ethiopia. However, livestock diseases are a major hindrance especially among rural communities lacking access to conventional veterinary services. This study was conducted to explore medicinal plants and practices used to treat livestock ailments across varied agro-climatic zones in northeastern Ethiopia. Ethnoveterinary data was collected between December 2019 and July 2020 across three districts using a semi-structured questionnaire with a total of 120 informants. Chi-square and ANOVA were used to compute ethnoveterinary indices among agro-climates. A total of 95 plants in 44 families were used by the healers for treatments of 45 livestock ailments mostly collected from wild habitat (70.65%). The leaves (39.05%), and crushing and pounding were the major parts and modes of herbal preparations. The analysis unveiled a significant association between numbers of ethnoveterinary plant citations with sex (P= 0.001) and age categories (P=0.02). Also, considerable variations in medicinal plants distribution, Use Value (UV), Relative Frequency of Citations (RFC), and Fidelity Level (FL) were also observed among the studied agro-climates. Datura stramonium (UV= 0.85; FL=90.4%; RFCs=0.8) was the most often cited species to treat livestock ailments. Bloating (ICF= 0.87) and bloody diarrhea (ICF=0.85) were the most frequent livestock ailments. The studied districts are rich in medicinal floras and concomitant ethnoveterinary knowledge, and therefore essential to implement sustainable management and conservation of these plant genetic resources.

Diabetes mellitus (subsequently referred to as diabetes), a non-communicable and chronic metabolic disorder, remains a global epidemic with a high burden of morbidity. Traditional healers in Vhembe district, Limpopo Province of South Africa traditionally use medicinal plants in treating diabetes. The aim of this study was to document medicinal plants used by traditional healers in this district to treat diabetes. Sixty traditional healers made up of fifteen traditional healers from each of the four local municipalities (Thulamela, Makhado, Musina and Collins Chabane) in the Vhembe district were interviewed, using a semi-structured questionnaire. Ethnobotanical data including the local names of the plants, plant parts used, method of preparation, and dosages of the remedies were documented. Sixty-three medicinal plant species from 37 families were documented for treating diabetes. The top cited medicinal plants include Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) Skeels, Elaeodendron trasvaalense (Burtt Davy) R.H.Archer, Brackenridgea zanguebarica Oliv., Moringa oleifera Lam., Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen, Cassia abbreviata Oliv., Tabernaemontana elegans Stapf., Capparis tomentosa Lam., Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight and Arn, and Anthocleista grandiflora Gilg. Twenty-six species were recorded for the first time in the folkloric treatment of diabetes, including the two species (Aloe grandidentata Salm-Dyck. and Grewia retinervis Burret.) with no prior record of being used as a traditional remedy for any specific ailment. Many of the plants are used in combinations. The most frequently used plant parts were roots (47%), followed by stems (23%), and leaves (17%). Majority of the plant materials (62%) were sourced from the wild. Decoctions (68%) and infusions (25%) were the leading methods of preparation. The documentation of these plants highlights the value of further ethnobotanical studies to curb the erosion of important traditional knowledge systems for the benefit of both the present and future generations.

Background: In Malawi, cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. This has led to increased use of herbal medicines for cancer management. Objective: This study aimed at identifying medicinal plants that are used for the management of cancer in the southern area of Karonga district, Northern Malawi. Methods: Semi-structured individual questionnaire interviews were used to collect ethnobotanical data from traditional herbal practitioners in the study area. Results: A total of twenty six (26) plant species from seventeen (17) botanical families were reported by Traditional Herbal Practitioners to be effective in the management of cancer. The botanical families with representation of more than one plant species were Fabaceae with five species, followed by Combretaceae and the Anacardiaceae with three species each, and Meliaceaewith with two species. The relative frequency of citation (RFC) showed that Senna singueana (RFC = 0.833), Lannea discolour (RFC = 0.833), Melia azedarach (RFC = 0.667), and Moringa oleifera (RFC = 0.667) were the medicinal plant species which were frequently mentioned and used in the study. The recipes could be a mixture of plant species or plant parts such as the leaves, barks, roots, rhizomes, seeds, flowers, and fruits. Conclusion: The study showed that a potential cancer management drug could be developed from the medicinal plant species found in the area. The results of this study could provide baseline information on medicinal plant species for further phytochemical studies and other studies to validate their use.

Medicinal plants are the primary material basis for disease prevention and treatment in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The conservation and sustainable utilization of these medicinal plants is critical for the development of the TCM industry. However, wild medicinal plant resources have sharply declined in recent decades. To ameliorate the shortage of medicinal plant resources, it is essential to explore the development potential of the TCM industry in different geographical regions. For this purpose, we examined the spatial distribution of commonly used medicinal plants in China, the number of Chinese medicinal material markets, and the number of TCM decoction piece enterprises. Specifically, multispecies superimposition analysis and Thiessen polygons were used to reveal the optimal range for planting bulk medicinal plants and the ideal regions for building Chinese medicinal material markets, respectively. Furthermore, we quantitatively analyzed mismatches between the spatial distribution of commonly used medicinal plant richness, Chinese medicinal material markets, and TCM decoction piece enterprises. We found that the areas suitable for growing commonly used medicinal plants in China were mainly distributed in Hengduan Mountain, Nanling Mountain, Wuling Mountain, and Daba Mountain areas. The Thiessen polygon network based on Chinese medicinal material market localities showed there are currently fewer markets in southwestern, northwestern, and northeastern China than in central and southern China. TCM decoction piece enterprises are concentrated in a few provinces, such as Hebei and Jiangxi. We found that the distribution of commonly used medicinal plants, Chinese medicinal material markets and TCM decoction piece enterprises are mismatched in Henan, Shaanxi, Hunan, Hubei, Zhejiang, Fujian, Chongqing, and Xizang. We recommend strengthening development of the TCM industry in Henan, Hunan, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Hubei, Chongqing, Fujian, and Xizang; building more Chinese medicinal material markets in southwestern, northwestern, and northeastern China; and establishing medicinal plant nurseries in resource-rich provinces to better protect and domesticate local medicinal plants.

Abstract: Over-prescription of medicines leads to some crucial health issues like resistance, non-specificity, etc. Therefore, a human consumes various natural foods, therapeutics, and nutritional supplements to combat this problem. Various therapeutic properties of secondary metabolites, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties, are important in drug discovery and medicinal application. These natural products have replaced synthetic materials, resulting in a great deal of sustainability, rational use, and preservation of biodiversity. This review described the potential therapeutic applications of secondary plant metabolites found in Himalayan Indian plants. The database contains 45 plants to treat various diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, and microbial infections. Besides authorized ITIS names, it includes Hindi names, family names, and active constituents. The most important information about the molecules can be found in the hyperlinks for the active constituents. It includes structures (two-dimensional and threedimensional), names and identifiers, chemical and physical properties, spectral information, biochemistry, literature and patents. The review also references various phytochemicals responsible for preventing COVID-19. Despite several challenges in manufacturing natural products, researchers may conduct research to produce successful medicines with few side effects.

INTRODUÇÃO:Feridas são interrupções da continuidade cutânea, ocasionadas por afecções clínicas ou traumatismo. O processo de cicatrização de feridas é um fenômeno complexo, dinâmico e comum em todas as feridas, independentemente do tipo de etiologia. O uso de plantas medicinais é uma prática milenar articulada com a sabedoria popular que está inserida nos eixos de cultura e saúde de uma população. No que tange ao tratamento de ferimentos e lesões sua utilização não se difere. AAloe vera,popularmente chamada de babosa, possui ações anticancerígenas, anti-inflamatórias, antimicrobianas, antioxidantes e antisséptica.OBJETIVOS:Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar e analisar as evidências científicas acerca da aplicabilidade e atuação daAloe verano processo de cicatrização.METODOLOGIA:Trata-se de uma Revisão integrativa da literatura, de natureza qualitativa, descritiva, nas seguintes bases de dados:Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/PUBMED (MEDLINE);Web Of Science;EMBASE; Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) via Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS).RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO:A amostra final foi composta por dez estudos. Extraíram-se, destes, quatro (40%) da base de dados EMBASE, três (30%) da MEDLINE/PubMed e três (30%) daWeb of Science. Os resultados dos estudos levantados demonstraram dados estatísticos significativos daAloe verano processo de cicatrização em diversos sujeitos e cenários.CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS:Os resultados obtidos nesta revisão apontam os benefícios daAloe veracomo intervenção terapêutica em feridas além de fomentar a continuação de pesquisas sobre esta planta medicinal, avaliando sua toxicidade e associação com outros compostos e substâncias.

Septoria melissae Desm., the most important pathogen of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) occurs each year on plantations. The fungus may cause serious yield losses in the absence of proper plant protection. Breeding resistant or tolerant cultivars could play an important role in plant protection of medicinal plants. However, only a few descriptions of tolerant varieties of lemon balm are available. The goal of this work was to evaluate the susceptibility of three accessions of M. officinalis against the pathogen of Septoria leaf spot under field conditions at Budapest-Soroksár (Hungary) in 2017–2018. Differences in susceptibility of the accessions were observed in both years. The accession of M. officinalis subsp. altissima proved to be the least susceptible to Septoria infection. The frequency of the infected leaves was only 5.1 and 28.1% in 2017 and 2018, respectively. However, the cultivar M. officinalis subsp. officinalis ‘Lorelei’ turned out to be the most susceptible to the pathogen with an average infection level of 26.1 and 66.6%, 1.3–6.1 times higher than that of the other accessions in each year, respectively. Development of disease tolerant M. officinalis cultivars may be an effective tool in the plant protection of lemon balm.

A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) define planta medicinal como sendo todo e qualquer vegetal que possui substâncias que podem ser utilizadas com fins terapêuticos. Como nos casos do câncer, em sua grande maioria, é considerado como um dos problemas mais desafiadores da medicina, sendo uma das alternativas o uso de plantas medicinais, como por exemplo o Pau D’Arco (Handroanthus avellanedae (Lorentz Ex Griseb) Mattos), também muito conhecida como Ipê Roxo. Esta espécie tem como principais constituintes as naftoquinonas lapachol e β-lapachona, com atividade antineoplásica, sendo que nos ensaios de avaliação farmacológica de atividade antitumoral, as preparações feitas com o extrato da planta (complexo fitoterápico) se mostraram mais eficazes do que aquelas feitas com qualquer de seus princípios ativos, isoladamente, indicando a existência de uma ação sinérgica entre seus componentes. Foi realizada revisão de escopo, onde pode verificar que a medicina complementar enfatizando o uso de plantas medicinais são comprovadas cientificamente na sua eficácia contra a neoplasia e na diminuição da sintomatologia do tratamento agressivo, porém é necessário que os pacientes sejam acompanhados para correto uso desses medicamentos fitoterápicos.

Cholinesterase catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine in the synapse, into choline and acetic acid, a reaction necessary to return the cholinergic neuron in the central and peripheral nervous systems, to the resting potential after activation. The cholinesterase enzyme inactivation, or inhibition induced by various inhibitors, leads to accumulation of acetylcholine, and subsequent hyper-stimulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Hence, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, are applied as relevant drugs and toxins. The current review highlighted the medicinal plants with cholinesterase inhibitory effects.

Malaria is one of the severe infectious diseases that has victimized about half a civilization billion people each year worldwide. The application of long-lasting insecticides is the main strategy to control malaria; however, a surge in antimalarial drug development is also taking a leading role to break off the infections. Although, recurring drug resistance can compromisethe efficiency of both conventional and novel antimalarial medicines. The eradication of malaria is significantly contingent on discovering novel potent agents that are low cost and easy to administer. In this context, plant metabolites inhibit malaria infection progression and might potentially be utilized as an alternative treatment for malaria, such as artemisinin. Advances in genetic engineering technology, especially the advent of molecular farming, have made plants more versatile in producing protein drugs (PDs) to treat infectious diseases, including malaria. These recent developments in genetic modifications have enabled the production of native pharmaceutically active compounds and the accumulation of diverse heterologous proteins such as human antibodies, booster vaccines, and many PDs to treat infectious diseases and genetic disorders. This review will discuss the pivotal role of a plant-based production system that expresses natural antimalarial agents or host protein drugs to cure malaria infections. The potential of these natural and induced compounds will support modern healthcare systems in treating malaria infections, especially in developing countries to mitigate human fatalities.

Staphylococcus aureus is the second leading pathogenic cause of nosocomial infections and plays an important role in the development of food poisoning and purulent, systemic and nosocomial infections. This bacterium is responsible for infections such as abscess, food poisoning, third grade burns, traumatic ulcers, surgical incisions, bed sores or atrophic ulcers. Long-term use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains in infectious diseases. Due to increased resistance of bacteria to chemical drugs and the few side effects of medicinal plants, medicinal plants have nowadays attracted much more attention of researchers. In this regard, studies have been done on the effectiveness of medicinal plants against infectious agents such as S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Therefore, in this review study, native Iranian herbs that are effective on S. aureus were reported. In this review study, search terms including Staphylococcus aureus, herbs, extracts and essential oils were used to retrieve articles indexed in databases such as the Institute for Scientific Information, PubMed, Scopus, Scientific Information Database, Magiran, and Google Scholar. Garlic, pomegranate, Anethum graveolens, coriander, eucalyptus, Lawsonia inermis, Descurainia sophia, Figworts, artemisia, thyme, etc. are some of the most important anti-staphylococcal herbs.

Garam Chashma valley is a mountainous valley situated in the Hindukush mountain range in Pakistan. This area is blessed with rich and diverse medicinal flora extensively utilized by the local community to cure health issues. The present article aims to explore and document the indigenous traditional knowledge about wild plants and their curative properties. This survey was carried out during April 2018 to September 2019. Data was collected from 153 indigenous people through semi structure questionnaire, group discussion, field survey and formal talks with elder people. Quantitative analysis of recorded data was obtained by applying quantitative indices like Frequency of Citation (FC) Use Reports (UR), Family Use Value (FUV), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), Use Value (UV) and Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC). About 83 plant taxa belonging to 36 different families were recorded for the treatment of 95 different disorders grouped into sixteen disease categories. Herbs were the most leading plant habit (81.9%) and dried plant material (51.8%) usually preferred for therapeutics uses. Among families Asteraceae (16.86%) was recorded as major taxon with highest number of species followed by Lamiaceae (12.06%). Leaves 33% were recorded most abundantly used plant part followed by flowers (17%). Regarding to formulations, decoction (39.3%) and powder (17.1%) were recorded most frequent mode of preparation while oral intake (78%) was most preferred administration route. About (40%) plants species were utilized to treat Gastrointestinal diseases (GIT) disorders. Informant consensus revealed that Gastrointestinal disorders and Dermatological disorders were top ranked ailments categories with 0.94 consensus. The current study imparted that medicinal plants are still used by the indigenous communities of Garam Chashma valley, district lower Chitral, Pakistan. Thus, this investigation provides basis for the conservation of medicinal flora in the area. Medicinal plants (MPs) having high value of FC, RFC, UV, FUV, FL and ICF should be further study for phytochemistry and ethnopharmacology to evaluate novel active ingredients for new drugs discovery.

Introduction Herbal medicines have drawn a great attention Worldwide owing to their medicinal application without side effects. The present study aimed to document and quantitatively analyze the usage of medicinal plants in the Udumalpet Block, Tiruppur District, Tamil Nadu by conducting medico-ethnobotanical survey as the existence of traditional knowledge on medicinal plants in the rural and urban areas are questionable and need the documentation work to conserve. Methods Frequent surveys were carried out during the period of December 2017–December 2018 among the rural/urban communities of Udumalpet block. Data were collected by interviewing the informants. For each recorded species, quantitative data of Informant Consensus Factor (Fic), Use value (UV), Family Use value (FUV), Relative Frequency Citation (RFC), Fidelity Level (FL) and Informants Agreement Ratio (IAR) have been analyzed using Chi-Square test and t-test. Results A total of 57 informants were interviewed to document the herbal preparation and 128 flowering plants belonging to 111 genera of 56 families were recorded. The results of Fic value showed that, Respiratory System Diseases (RSD) has the greatest agreement, followed by Dental Care (DC) and Skeleto-Muscular System Disorder (SMSD) etc. 62 species were recorded with highest Fidelity Level (FL) are Abrus precatorius, Gymnema sylvestre, Justicia tranquebarensis, Oxalis corniculata etc. for various ailments. Allium cepa var. aggregatum is recorded with highest UV in the treatment of RSD and DID. The Family Zingiberaceae having the highest FUV of 0.38 with 65 uses reports. As a result of the study Acalypha fruticosa, Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, Delonix elata, Kedrostis foetidissima, Senna auriculata, Withania somnifera and Zingiber officinale are used in the treatment of more than five ailment categories. Conclusion Results of the present study showed that the rural and urban inhabitants of the study areas are still considerably relying on the medicinal plants for the treatment of common ailments and diseases. However, urbanization due to the anthropogenic pressure is found to be the major threats for the medicinal flora of the study areas.

Erectile dysfunction is the persistent inability of a man to achieve or maintain an erection of the penis sufficient for satisfactory intercourse. Its socio-cultural involvement is important, since one of the purposes of marriage is procreation. In the past, the woman was indexed as the cause of the couple's infertility or lack of procreation. Nowadays, this disorder is quite common among men. The objective of this work is to contribute to the study of medicinal plants used by traditional herbalists for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in the Municipality of Ngaba in Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Surveys conducted with herbalists have identified 22 plant species belonging to 19 families. The most used organs are the root and the stem. The seeds are the least used. Chewing is the predominant mode of preparation. It is followed by the decoction and the grounded material. Maceration is the least prescribed. These results have made it possible to inventory the medicinal plants involved in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

The objective of this work was to collect information on the curative use of plants in the municipality of Teziutlán, Puebla through semi-structured interviews. Thus, 78 plants used for medicinal purposes were identified, of which 40 are native to Mexico and 38 introduced; The value of use (UV) of each one and the Informant's Consensus Factor (FCI) of 10 categories of diseases were calculated. The five most frequently used plants are Ruta chalepensisL., Rosmarinus officinalis, Arnica montana, Loeselia mexicana(Lam.) Brandegee and Sambucus ceruleavar., Neomexicana, which underwent a chemical and pharmacological review. On the other hand, the most frequent preparations are infusion and decoction, using mainly leaves (49.34%) and flowers (19.51%). It is concluded that the inhabitants of Teziutlán have a fairly homogeneous ethnomedical knowledge, setting the standard for research on its pharmacological properties.

Background: Infectious diseases remain a major public health problem in the world with a considerable impact in developing countries. Bacterial infections are of increasing concern due to the emergence and spread of bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Thus, it is necessary to develop methods and means to tackle drug resistance. The present study aimed at evaluating the antibacterial and antibiotic-potentiating activities of eleven Cameroonian medicinal plants: Sambucus nigra, Erigeron floribundus, Desmodium uncinatum, Neoboutonia glabrescens, Ficus exasperata, Sida rhombifolia, Echinaceae augustifolia, Centella asiatica, Tradescantia zebrina, Desmodium intortum and Ternstroemia cameroonensis against bacteria with multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes. Methods: The microdilution method was used to assess the antibacterial activities of the extracts as well as the effect of their combination with antibiotics. The phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out according to qualitative described methods. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, triterpenes, polyphenols, and flavonoids in almost all the extracts, with the other classes of secondary metabolites being selectively distributed. The tested extracts exhibited variable antibacterial activities, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging between 512 and 1024 μg/mL. The Ficus exasperata leaves extract, Ternstroemia cameroonensis back extract, Erigeron floribundus whole plant extract, and Neoboutonia glabrescens leave extracts, presented the best spectra of inhibitions evaluated respectively at 60%, 60%, 70%, and 70% vis-à-vis all the bacterial strains tested. The whole plant extracts of Desmodium uncinatum and Centella asiatica, and of Ternstroemia cameroonensis have shown synergistic effects with more than 50% of the antibiotics (chloramphenicol, tetracycline, kanamycin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, azithromycin and erythromycin) against more than 70% of the MDR bacteria tested. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that extracts from the bark of Ternstroemia cameroonensis, Neoboutonia glabrescens and Ficus exasperata leaves, Desmodium uncinatum, and Erigeron floribundus whole plants can be used alone or in combination with antibiotics against bacterial infections involving MDR bacteria. Keywords: Antibacterial; antibiotics; medicinal plants; multidrug resistance.

A number of valuable medicinal plants will grow in the Trans-Baikal Territory, but there is not enough information on the content of chemical elements in them, including vital and toxic ones. The aim of the work was to study the content of chemical elements in medicinal plants in one of the districts of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The concentration of 43 chemical elements in the roots of Saposhnikovia divaricata, Paeonia lactiflora and Phlojodicarpus sibiricus growing in the Nerchinsk steppe (Eastern Transbaikalia) was studied. Soil samples were taken at the plant growth sites to analyze the granulometric composition, pH, content of mobile forms N, P, K, and a number of trace elements. The ecological conditions of the habitat were noted: the height above sea level, the exposure and steepness of the slope, the type and floral composition of the plant community. The roots of the plants, after being released from the ground, were placed in cloth bags and dried. At each site, a mixed sample of 5–15 roots was taken, depending on the weight of the root. Chemical analysis of the soil and plants was carried out in certified laboratories in Moscow. Kostroma and Khabarovsk. In the roots of plants, the concentration of Ti, Cr, Sc, La, Ce, Li, Nb and a number of other elements was found to be high relative to the Clark of terrestrial plants, and the content of Mn, Tl, Se, Cd and other elements was relatively low. The concentration of toxic elements Pb, Cd and Hg did not exceed the MPC in the medicinal raw materials, and the accumulation of As exceeded the MPC in the medicinal raw materials by 4–6 times. The studies conducted in this area were conducted for the first time, they allow us to judge the quality of medicinal raw materials, and in the future, to compare the results with other areas of plant growth., В Забайкальском крае произрастает ряд ценных лекарственных растений, однако недостаточно информации по содержанию в них химических элементов, в том числе жизненно необходимых и токсичных. Целью работы было исследовать содержание химических элементов в лекарственных растениях в одном из районов Забайкальского края. Исследована концентрация 43 химических элементов в корнях сапожниковии растопыренной (Saposhnikoviadivaricata), пиона молочноцветкового (Paeonialactiflora) и вздутоплодника сибирского (Phlojodicarpussibiricus), произрастающих в Нерчинской степи (Восточное Забайкалье). На участках произрастания растений отбирались образцы почвы для анализа гранулометрического состава, pH, содержания подвижных форм N, P, K и ряда микроэлементов. Отмечали экологические условия местообитания: высоту над уровнем моря, экспозицию и крутизну склона, тип и флористический состав растительного сообщества. Корни растений после освобождения от земли помещались в тканевые мешки и подсушивались. На каждом участке отбирался смешанный образец из 5–15 корней, в зависимости от массы корня. Химический анализ почвы и растений был выполнен в сертифицированных лабораториях Костромы и Хабаровска. В корнях растений выявлена высокая относительно кларка наземных растений концентрация Ti, Cr, Sc, La, Ce, Li, Nb и ряда других элементов и относительно низкое содержание Mn, Tl, Se, Cd и других элементов. Концентрация токсичных элементов Pb, Cd и Hg не превышала ПДК в растительном сырье, а накопление As превышало ПДК в растительном сырье в 2–3 раза. Проведенные исследования в указанном районе проведены впервые, они позволяют судить о качестве растительного сырья и в дальнейшем сравнить полученные результаты с другими районами произрастания растений.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the major and common metabolic and chronic disorders in the world. Several medicinal plants have been used globally for the management of diabetes mellitus. The current study aimed to study the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Bersama abyssinica. Methods: Antidiabetic effect of 80% methanolic crude extract of Bersama abyssinica was studied in a repeated dose-treated STZ-induced diabetic mice model. The activities of Bersama abyssinica on serum lipid level and body weight were investigated on STZ-induced diabetic mice. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and were significant when the p-value was less than 0.05. Results: All doses of the crude 80% methanolic extract of Bersama abyssinica (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg) exhibited a noticeable BGL reduction when compared with baseline blood glucose level and diabetic control on the 7th and 14th days of administration. Moreover, higher dose of the extract (at 400 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.001, 54.3%) decreased the BGL in STZ-induced diabetic mice. The maximum decrement in fasting BGL was achieved at the 14th days: 34.92%, 41.10%, 54.30%, and 59.66%, respectively for BAC 100 mg/kg, BAC 200 mg/kg, BAC 400 mg/kg, and GLC 5 mg/kg treated groups. Bersama abyssinica also displayed a significant (p < 0.05) improvement of serum lipid levels and body weight. Conclusion: Bersama abyssinica crude extract exhibited a significant antidiabetic effect and prevented body weight loss in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The finding also confirmed the valuable biochemical activity of Bersama abyssinica by improving serum lipid levels.