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В данной статье затрагивается актуальная на сегодняшний день тема формирования аспектов медианасилия в качественной и желтой британской прессе. Целью исследования является выявление элементов медианасилия в разных видах британской публицистики, а также доказать воздействие данных элементов на картину мира читателей. Публикация основана на контекстном анализе англоязычных статей, который позволил выявить способы формирования медианасилия в разных видах британской публицистики, а также цели использования приема медианасилия в публицистике. В качестве исследовательской задачи автором была предпринята попытка выявить виды лексики, содержащие в себе смысловые элементы насилия, а также лексику, имеющую косвенные отсылки к насилию. Анализ англоязычной желтой и качественной прессы показал, что способы формирования медианасилия в обоих типах прессы являются одинаковыми, авторы используют лексику, содержащую в себе смысловые элементы насилия, но если в качественной прессе это военная лексика и терминология, такая как названия оружия, военной техники, названия военных действий, то в желтой прессе – это общеупотребительная лексика, которая имеет косвенные отсылки к насилию, или лексика, которая напрямую обозначает насилие., This article is devoted to peculiarities of formation of aspects of media violence in the high-quality and yellow British press. The aim of the study is to identify elements of media violence in different types of British journalism, as well as to prove the impact of these elements on the reader’s worldview. The article is based on the contextual analysis of English-language articles, which made it possible to identify the formation of media violence in different types of British press, as well as the purposes of using media violence in journalism. The material presented in the paper leads to the conclusion that printed elements of media violence, such as vocabulary containing semantic elements of violence, vocabulary that has indirect references to violence or military terminology, have an undeniable psychological impact on the reader, as well as TV, video and audio products, the results of which can be depression or apathy. The analysis of the English-language yellow and quality press also showed that, while the ways of forming media violence in both types of press are the same, the authors use vocabulary that contains the semantic elements of violence, but if in the quality press it is military vocabulary and terminology, such as the names of weapons, military equipment , the names of hostilities, then in the yellow press, this is a common vocabulary that has indirect references to violence, or vocabulary that directly refers to violence.

Research suggests that the representation of violence against women in the media has resulted in an increased acceptance of attitudes favoring domestic violence. While prior work has investigated the relationship between violent media exposure and violent crime, there has been little effort to empirically examine the relationship between specific forms of violent media exposure and the perpetration of intimate partner violence. Using data collected from a sample of 148 inmates, the current study seeks to help fill these gaps in the literature by examining the relationship between exposure to various forms of pleasurable violent media and the perpetration of intimate partner violence (i.e., conviction and self-reported). At the bivariate level, results indicate a significant positive relationship between exposure to pleasurable television violence and self-reported intimate partner abuse. However, this relationship is reduced to insignificant levels in multivariable modeling. Endorsement of domestic violence beliefs and victimization experience were found to be the strongest predictors of intimate partner violence perpetration. Potential policy implications based on findings are discussed within.

Adolescents’ dating violence is a public health concern due to its damaging consequences on the wellbeing of individuals involved and the possible risk of progression into adulthood. Previous studi...

What do we think of when referencing the term, Media Violence? Surely television comes to the forefront immediately, but media violence can run the gamut from print media with its photographs of violence as well as violence portrayed in cartoons...through violence displayed in video games with action heroes and an arch-nemesis engaged in a duel to the death. DC's with Hip Hop music echoing violence against girls in the form of words associated with a rhythmic beat; video games with images of Alice and dice and blast away are part of media violence; movies geared for children have forms of violence that are hurtful...even little Bambi's mother dying in a fire. Such images affect children deeply. DVD's and old videos also are violent-prone in certain circumstances. Punching, kicking, hitting, spitting, degrading words, killing and intimidation are some forms of violence to mention. Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory denotes the various processes within which children are affected by media violence. Are all children affected? Most likely but it may depend on whether parents have relinquished their role of active parenting as well as the culture involved. So let's take a look at the effects.

Understanding the relationship between media and communication as increasingly conflictive under conditions of de-democratization in India, this essay proposes a focus on violence-induced conditionalities of political communication among the affected. I introduce the term ‘media/violence’ as I look at two spaces in North Indian cities that have been turned into ‘Muslim ghettos’ over the past two decades: Jamia Nagar in New Delhi and Juhapura in Ahmedabad (Gujarat). Based on intermittent fieldwork between 2015 and 2020 (partly online), I argue that differences both in the quality of the violence as well as in the interaction between mediated and physical violence executed on the two spaces conditioned long-term options of collective communication (and their absence). The analysis helps us understand how massive political and legal protests could eventually erupt in Jamia Nagar (Shaheen Bagh) in late 2019, while the very reason for protest appears to have eluded residents of Juhapura.

The mainstream media and communication discourses in India in the present times engender ‘media violence’ embedded in the dominant productions of ‘Hinduism’ together with aspirations for neoliberal...

In this article, I examine the development of aggressive behavior from middle childhood to adolescence as a result of the interaction between the person and the environment and discuss implications for intervention measures. Three main questions are addressed and illustrated by examples from recent research: What are intrapersonal risk factors for the development and persistence of aggressive behavior from middle childhood to adolescence? What factors in the social environment contribute to the development of aggressive behavior? How do individual dispositions and environmental risk factors interact to explain developmental trajectories of aggressive behavior?

매체의 폭력성은 매체 효과 연구에 있어 중요한 문제로 대두되고 있다. 정보 글로벌화 시대에 들어서면서 대중 매체에 폭력적인 내용들이 대량으로 등장하기 시작하였고 심지어 아이들이 주요 시청층인 애니메이션에도 폭력 화면들이 포함되어 아동의 심리적 건강에 부정적인 영향을 주고 있다. TV 애니메이션은 중요한 시각 문화의 한 장르로서 독특한 시청각 및 미학적 특징을 갖고 있으며 특히 아동 심리 발전 단계에 맞춰 아이들이 좋아하는 다양한 콘텐츠로 창작되어 왔다. 애니메이션은 아이들의 시야와 사고의 폭을 넓히고 상상력을 키워줄 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 지식에 대한 호기심을 해결시켜주고 순수한 동심을 채워주며 아이들의 사회화 과정에도 도움이 된다. 이처럼 애니메이션은 아이들의 성장과정에 있어 긍정적인 영향을 가져다주는 반면 심리건강 및 행동 발달에 부정적인 영향을 미치기도 한다. 부정적인 영향의 주요 원인으로 애니메이션 심사 등급 제도의 미비에 따른 폭력적 화면에 대한 필터링 부족, 성인 수요에 맞춰진 애니메이션 스토리 등을 들 수 있다. 관련 연구에 따르면 폭력적인 내용이 포함된 애니메이션(신체적 폭력, 언어적 폭력, 외적인 폭력, 공포 음악)은 아동의 공격적 행동 성향을 키울 수 있다고 한다. 모방능력이 뛰어난 저연령 아동은 주로 모방을 통해 사물을 인지하고 내용을 이해하는데 흔히 “보고”, “들은” 정보에 대한 분별력이 부족하여 무조건 따라하려는 경향이 있다. 현재 중국 애니메이션 시장을 살펴보면 상업적인 성격이 짙고 아동용 애니메이션임에도 불구하고 아동 중심의 제작 이념이 결여되어 있는 상황이다. 또한 성인화 된 언어와 폭력적 요소가 애니메이션에 대량으로 포함되어 있어 어린이용 애니메이션의 교육적 효과가 약화되고 있다. 애니메이션은 아이들의 인지 능력, 감정, 행동뿐만 아니라 인생관 및 가치관 형성에도 중요한 영향을 미치고 있다. 따라서 모방능력이 뛰어나지만 정보의 좋고 나쁨을 구분하는 능력에 한계가 있는 아동의 특징을 감안하여 아이들이 올바른 방향으로 성장하고 옳고 그름을 가리는 능력을 갖도록 사회, 정부, 학교, 보호자 등 관계자들이 힘을 모아 함께 노력해야 한다. 본 연구는 최근 중국에서 인기를 누리고 있는 〈부니 베어〉를 사례로 해당 애니메이션의 내용 및 형식에 대한 샘플링 분석을 통해 고위험적인 요소 폭력성을 직관적으로 보여주기 위해 그래프 형식으로 설명하였다. 미국국가TV폭력연구 보고에 따르면 취학 전 아동에게 위험 요소로 작용할 수 있는 애니메이션 폭력 표현의 특징으로 폭력 가해자의 히어로화, 폭력 형식의 정당화, 폭력 가해자에 대한 처벌 부재, 피해자의 피해에 대한 생략, 폭력성의 리얼리티 등을 들 수 있다. 이러한 특징을 기반으로 가해주체 및 가해빈도, 폭력 수단과 성격, 가해자에 대한 처벌 여부, 피해자의 피해 여부 등 네 가지 차원에서 〈부니 베어〉 애니메이션 작품 속 폭력적인 내용이 아이들에게 고위험적 요인으로 작용하고 있는지를 논의하고 그에 따른 대안을 제안하였다.

Homeless communities have garnered recent public attention in Canada due to their high rates of violence, victimization, and being reported as missing. There have been several high-profile cases, investigations, and inquiries involving missing homeless persons, yet very little is known about what cases are reported to the police, under what circumstances they go missing, and the outcomes of those cases. As a result, the purpose of this study is to provide some insights into some of these unresolved issues by offering an exploratory, descriptive analysis of 291 closed missing person cases from the records of a municipal police service. What this analysis reveal is a somewhat more mundane picture. Specifically, results indicate that the majority of missing person reports are of those who are female and White, have a drug/alcohol addiction, are residing at homeless shelters/missions, and have a history of being reported as missing. As well, it was revealed that most people are reported as missing due to shelter/mission reporting issues with curfews and that all are located alive. This study extends the minimal existing scholarship on the missing homeless population by providing some preliminary insights on the vulnerabilities and factors that can impact these cases.

The effects of violent media on aggression-related outcomes is an ongoing debate, often focusing on the effects of violence portrayals that are sanitized for the viewer. However, narratives that fo...

Aggressive behavior is defined as social behavior carried out with the intention to harm. Violence denotes those forms of aggression that are intended to cause severe physical harm. Aggressive behavior has severe negative consequences for individuals, social groups, and societies as a whole. Therefore, understanding why some individuals are more prone to engaging in aggressive behavior than others and some situational circumstances and social contexts are more likely to elicit aggressive behavior is a critical task. Influential psychological theories of aggression conceptualize aggression as the result of the interplay between variables in the person and the situation. To explain individual differences in aggressive behavior, one line of research has looked at broad personality dimensions, such as self-esteem and narcissism, lack of self-control, and the “Big-Five” personality factors. Evidence shows that high narcissism, low self-control, low openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness, and high neuroticism are linked to a higher propensity to engage in aggressive behavior. Another line of research has focused on more circumscribed, aggression-related personality constructs, demonstrating that individuals who are habitually anger-prone, have a tendency ruminate about anger-eliciting experiences, and show a hostile attributional style in terms of seeing other persons’ behavior as an expression of hostile intent are more likely to show aggressive behavior. On the side of the situation and social environment, several conditions have been identified under which the likelihood of aggressive behavior is increased. Individuals are more likely to show aggressive behavior when they have consumed alcohol, after they have experienced social rejection by others, when aggressive cues, such as weapons, are present in the situation, and when they have access to a firearm. Aggression is also more likely to be shown under conditions of anonymity and high temperature and as a result of regular exposure to depictions of violence in the media. In addition to such “main effects,” there is evidence of an interactive effect of individual and situational characteristics. For example, the impact of exposure to violent media is greater on individuals with a higher disposition to show aggressive behavior, and the effect of alcohol consumption on aggression is greater among people who are habitually prone to engage in angry rumination. Approaches to preventing aggression may build on the evidence on personal and situational differences. For example, anger management trainings may promote better control of angry impulses, focusing on the personal risk factors for aggression, whereas providing role models who show nonaggressive responses in anger-eliciting situations reflects a focus on situational interventions. In conclusion, personality and situational variables need to be considered in combination and interaction to predict when aggressive behavior is likely to occur. Gaining a better understanding of the factors promoting aggressive behavior needs to remain high on the agenda for theory building and empirical research in psychology.

Value: In addition to questioning the claims made by media violence researchers, these five errors serve as a cautionary tale to social media researchers. Scholars investigating the effects of social media use might consider the possibility that social media are nothing more than new modes of communication.

It has been evident that violence showing through media is creating numerous issues in youth as well as in younger children. In this study we have scrutinize the effect of violence exhibiting through the media, on the mental health of a viewer and as well as its effects on economics. By using a primary data methodology, a total of 100 respondents submitted their response to the database for this study. Majority of the participants in the survey were females aged between 18–24 years. The results have shown that by picturing violent content on media has an impact on mental health, both long term and short-term impacts depends on the content and its severity.

The role of violence in the media often enters the debate over how to address and mitigate the national gun violence epidemic. Since the early days of television, there have been concerns about the corrupting influence of violent media on the minds of young people. As teens consume more hours of media per day and the types of available media have evolved, these concerns have become more complex. Current research is unclear as to whether a causal relationship between violent media and violent actions exists but there is evidence that exposure to guns in video games increases interest in real guns. The internet poses unique threats to the mental health and safety of young people in the form of cyberbullying and pro-suicide websites. Child health professionals should screen children and teens for unhealthy media use and should ask research questions to clarify any causal relationship between media violence and violent acts.

En esta investigación estudiamos cómo influye la violencia de los medios en chicos y chicas de 12 a 15 años. Les preguntamos, desde un marco cualitativo, cómo esta violencia influye en sus percepciones, en sus esquemas cognitivos. Los estudiantes opinan que la violencia no les influye y afirman estar muy desensibilizados ante la violencia de ficción y real, ante las víctimas de ficción y reales. En contradicción con sus primeras afirmaciones percibimos preocupación por el bullying y el cyberbullying. Temen, implícitamente sin afirmarlo, ser objeto de bullying y cyberbullying. Provisionalmente percibimos unaactitud muy banal y mundana ante la violencia., In this research, we study the influence of media violence on 12 to 15 years old boys and girls. We asked, from a qualitative framework, how this violence influences their perceptions in their cognitive schemas. Students say that violence does not affect them and that they are very desensitized to fictional and real violence, as well as their victims. In spite of their first statements, we perceive concerns about bullying and cyberbullying. Without affirming it implicitly, they fear to be a subject of bullying and cyberbullying. We provisionally perceive a very banal and mundane attitude towards violence.

Evidence about the relationship between exposure to media violence and criminal activity remains mixed. While some scholars argue that exposure to violent media content "triggers" crime and aggress...

As violence shown in films steadily increases, notably in those targeted towards the teenage audience, this research looks into its effect specifically by observing the change in audiences’ hostility. An experiment was done on 125 Indonesian secondary school students to observe the effect of exposure to media violence on their feelings of hostility, measured using Anderson’s State Hostility Scale (1995, 2012). Students’ hostility scores were measured beforeand after being exposed to an assigned clip; either a violent clip, or an equally exciting but non-violent clip as a control group. Results showed that those in the violent condition were significantly more hostile after watching than before watching, and those in the violent condition were significantly more hostile post-exposure than those in the non-violent condition. Out of the four dimensions of hostility, the dimension ‘Lack of positive feelings’ was significantly highest in both conditions, and only the dimension ‘Aggravation’ significantly differed between the two conditions. These findings indicate that exposure to media violenceraises teen audiences’ hostility levels significantly, which implies that further precaution should be taken when exposing teens to certain film content which has significant immediate effects ontheir moods, while also raising the issue of its potential long-term effects, should this exposure be continuous.

With the rising ownership of mobile phones and access to social media, school teachers have noted and reported on the increase in secondary school students’ use of verbal aggressive behaviours at school compared to the past. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the effect of media violence on the verbal aggressive behaviours of male and female Chinese independent secondary school students in Malaysia. In this quantitative study, 380 male and female Malaysian secondary school students enrolled in Forms Three to Five were selected through simple random sampling method. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed through a survey form. The Free Time Questionnaire (Gunderson, 2006), Content-Based Media Exposure Scale (Den Hamer, 2017), and the Verbal Aggressive Scale (Infante& Wigley,1986) were used to collect data. The data were then analysed using the SPSS- 23. The results showed that the most popular media used among Malaysian secondary school students were videos and computer games. The results also showed that media violence significantly affected the verbal aggressive behaviours of Malaysian Chinese independent secondary school students. However, there was no significant difference between male and female students in indulging in verbally aggressive behaviours. Thus, the results of this study are significant for parents, educators and school administrators to be aware on the types of media violence that could indirectly stimulate students to committing verbally aggressive behaviours which in turn lead to other negative socio-communicative implications. Keywords: Social Media, Teenagers, Verbal Aggressive Behaviour

Malaysia is a melting pot of cultures and a country that consists of various ethnic groups and races that livetogether in the similar surroundings. However, the similarity between every race is that most individualsview action fi lms as merely a form of entertainment and get away from stress. Action fi lms have becomea popular genre among youngsters these days. The long hours of television viewing have contributedto this fact. Youngsters of the current generation are exposed to the negative eff ects of media violencein action movies due to their social activities in which they are consumed by the media itself. Theseeff ects have a great impact on our society that regarding their perceptions and thoughts about the world.Many researchers have studied similar social issues, and several theories have been picked to supportthe central objective of the research. Thus, this research intends to study the impact of fi lms exhibitingmedia violence towards potential viewers regarding their behaviour and personality and examine therole of action fi lms depicting extensive violence and brutality in creating distorted perception among thecollege youths regarding social reality. Additionally, the research focuses on examining the popularity andpreference of the movie KL Gangster, representing the action genre in the Malaysian cinema industryamong youths and the extent of imitation of violent actions portrayed in action fi lms among potentialviewers in their daily lifestyle. Furthermore, the research also intends to examine the relationship betweenimitation, preference, behaviour and personality with the eff ects exerted by depictions of media violencein action movies on the perception of youngsters. Anak muda generasi sekarang terdedah kepada kesan negatif keganasan media dalam fi lem tindakandisebabkan oleh aktiviti sosial mereka di mana mereka dikonsumsi oleh media itu sendiri. Kesan-kesanini mempunyai kesan yang besar kepada masyarakat kita dari segi persepsi dan pemikiran merekatentang dunia. Ramai penyelidik telah mengkaji isu sosial yang sama dan beberapa teori telah dipilihuntuk menyokong objektif utama penyelidikan. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kesanfi lem yang menunjukkan keganasan media ke arah penonton yang berpotensi dari segi tingkah lakudan keperibadian mereka dan mengkaji peranan fi lem tindakan yang menggambarkan keganasan dankekejaman yang meluas dalam mewujudkan persepsi yang menyimpang di kalangan golongan muda darisegi sosial realiti. Selain itu, kajian ini menumpukan perhatian untuk meneliti populariti dan keutamaanfi lem KL Gangster, yang mewakili genre aksi di industri perfi leman Malaysia di kalangan belia dan sejauhmana tiruan terhadap tindakan ganas yang digambarkan dalam fi lem tindakan di kalangan penontonyang berpotensi dalam gaya hidup seharian mereka. Selain itu, kajian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengkajihubungan antara tiruan, keutamaan, tingkah laku dan keperibadian dengan kesan yang ditunjukkan olehgambaran keganasan media dalam fi lem tindakan mengenai persepsi golongan muda.

Even though clan membership plays an important role in the context of playing first-person shooters, only little is known about the questions, what makes a clan membership attractive and what effects go hand in hand with a clan membership. The current study fills this gap by applying Self-Determination Theory to the context of playing in first-person shooter clans. 585 players of Counter-Strike clans were asked about their behaviors within their clans, the psychological needs clan-life potentially satisfies and the outcomes of playing in clans in terms of well-being. A path analysis shows that playing in a first-person shooter clan could help players to fulfill elementary psychological needs and at least in the short term induce well-being. These results give clear evidence that it is worth broadening the perspective of research on first-person shooters and not only to concentrate on the discussion about media violence and aggressiveness.

Research on restrictive mediation seldom considers whether parents work together to regulate their child's media use. As an initial investigation, one parent per family (an MTurk sample of 1201 US parents of 2- to 17-year-olds) completed an online survey reporting on consistency and conflict between themselves and their partner with regard to their child's media restrictions. When one parent was more restrictive than the other, participants reported more inter-parent conflict about media rules and more child exposure to media violence. These two variables in turn predicted the child's physical and relational aggression, and internalizing and externalizing behaviors. When both parents were highly restrictive, there was less conflict and exposure to media violence, which predicted lower levels of all four negative outcomes. Rule disparities and media-related conflict did not vary by child's age.

Decades of research have shown that violent media exposure is one risk factor for aggression. This review presents findings from recent cross-sectional, experimental, and longitudinal studies, demonstrating the triangulation of evidence within the field. Importantly, this review also illustrates how media violence research has started to move away from merely establishing the existence of media effects and instead has begun to investigate the mechanisms underlying these effects and their limitations. Such studies range from investigations into cross-cultural differences to neurophysiological effects, and the interplay between media, individual, and contextual factors. Although violent media effects have been well-established for some time, they are not monolithic, and recent findings continue to shed light on the nuances and complexities of such effects.

Research on violence in movies, television programs, music and video games indicates consistently that media violence increases the aggression and violence, in both immediate/short term and long term contexts. The relationship between violent video games and aggressive behavior is widely studied, but less is known regarding the relationship with school behavior problems. This study investigates the relationship between violent video games exposure and school behavior problems in a sample of 202 students. Multiple regression analysis showed that time spent playing violent video games was positively related to physical fights and antisocial behaviors. This is consistent with a meta-analytic review that found similar violent video game effects for people whether they lived in Western or Eastern countries.

One-hundred Black college students attending a historically Black college and university (HBCU) on the east coast of the United States participated in a study intended to explore and provide baseline information on the relationship between violent media consumption and aggression in Black college students. Results suggest that, consistent with college students and emerging adults in general, Black college students are heavy users of violent media and that violent media is related to aggression. This study makes an important contribution to the research literature by illuminating violent media consumption and the relationship between violent media consumption and aggression in a population that has been overlooked or understudied by previous media violence-aggression research.

When learners collaborate with each other in order to elaborate on a particular subject, this collaboration may be influenced by the differing perspectives the learners have on the topic. There has been very little research to date on how differing perspectives have an impact in collaboration situations in which people are supposed to form a shared opinion on a particular topic. In this study, we analyzed which stages people’s activities pass through on their way to reaching shared opinions in a collaborative writing task. We examined how dyads of secondary school students, who in a previous instructional session had dealt with differing theoretical approaches to media effects, collaborated in writing a shared text about the topic of media violence. Quantitative analysis indicated that the participants engaged in different activities at different stages of the collaboration processes: In the early stages they were predominantly engaged in introducing the knowledge that they had acquired in the previous lesson. This activity was replaced in the middle stage of the collaboration by restructuring activities. Forming and phrasing shared opinions rarely occurred until very late in the collaboration, but played the leading role in the final stage. We applied a qualitative content analysis to illustrate these different activities by presenting examples of the collaboratively written texts. In doing so, we discuss the distinct activities as well as their character and functionalities for collaboration.

An experiment investigated the effects of violent content in video games on two physiological indicators of the fight-or-flight response (cortisol and cardiovascular changes) and on accessibility of aggressive thoughts in children. Participants played a randomly assigned violent or nonviolent video game, rated the game on several dimensions, and did a word completion task. Results showed that the violent video game increased cortisol and (for boys) cardiovascular arousal (relative to baseline) more than did the equally exciting nonviolent game. The violent game also increased the accessibility of aggressive thoughts. The cortisol findings in particular suggest that playing a violent video game may activate the sympathetic nervous system and elicit a fight-or-flight type response in children. Theoretical implications and future research are discussed.

The original online version of this article (Zhang, Q., Xiong, D.Y. and Tian, J.J. (2013) Impact of Media Violence on Aggressive Attitude for Adolescents. Health, 5, 2156-2161. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2013.512294) was published as some results data reported mistakenly. The author wishes to correct the errors to

The main aim of the study was to examine a potential moderator role of social context in which children are exposed to media (alone, with peers, with parents) in the relationship between the frequency of media use and the frequency of committed peer aggression. The study included 880 elementary school students, which completed the following self-assessment measures: Peer violence among school children questionnaire (Velki, Kuterovac Jagodić, & Vrdoljak, 2012), and Exposure to the media scale (Velki & Kuterovac Jagodić, 2012). A moderation effect of parental and peer social context was found; e.g., social context had a positive effect on decreasing the correlation between watching TV and electronic peer aggression. Peers social context during playing computer games was associated with decrease in physical peer aggression. Browsing the Internet with parents or peers also decreased physical and/or electronic peer aggression. The importance of social context as a protective factor is highlighted in the discussion.

The current study tested whether participants who played a violent video game (VVG) would exhibit increased aggressive inclinations relative to those who played a non-violent video game (NVG). Participants ( N = 386) were randomly assigned to play a VVG or a NVG prior to presumably interacting with another (non-existent) participant. We then measured participants' aggressive inclinations: Participants reported how many pins they would like to stick into a “voodoo doll” representing their interaction partner, and participants reported how likely they would be to actually harm their interaction partner. We did not detect any differences between conditions for several outcomes: the amount of aggressive inclinations displayed during the interaction, the number of pins participants chose to stick into a representation of their interaction partner, and participants' self-reported likelihood they would harm their interaction partner. Thus, the hypothesis that playing a VVG would increase aggressive inclinations was not supported in this study. Exploratory analyses revealed associations between (1) participants' self-reported likelihood to aggress and perceptions of the game as frustrating or difficult, (2) gender and higher levels of pin selection, and (3) participants' self-identification as a gamer and lower levels of pin selection.

Although many studies examine the behavioral effects of viewing media violence, there is little research on whether such violence is perceived as offensive to viewers. Accordingly, the current study examines whether media violence is offensive to viewers and whether feelings of offense mediate the r

Studying the problems that journalists face is important, considering the role that journalists play in reporting about and legitimizing the problems that confront society. This study explores what journalists in the Philippines, a young democracy with a unique media ecology, consider to be the most important problem they face. Drawing on a survey of 349 Filipino journalists, this study found that journalists in the Philippines are most concerned about low pay, media violence, information access, and professionalism. Younger journalists tend to identify low pay as the most important problem, while the problem of violence against journalists was more salient for reporters than for editors and managers.

In responding to the published comments on our SPSSI Research Summary on Media Violence, we note that several key themes emerge. In assessing the media violence research evidence, it is more informative and less biased to draw conclusions based on the full range of findings than to emphasize findings from individual studies. Using the full range of studies, it is clear that consuming violent media influences the way people think and feel, and increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior. However, when placing such findings into real world settings, it is important to consider media violence exposure as one of many risk factors for violence and aggression rather than as a sole factor. This acknowledgment of multiple causal factors does not make media violence unimportant––it is one of the few risk factors for aggression that can be addressed relatively easily and inexpensively. To this end, researchers are encouraged to now focus their efforts on finding those factors that moderate the media violence exposure–aggression link, and policy makers and professionals who work with children are encouraged to incorporate media violence science into their practices and decision-making.

Qualitatively analyzing 35 responses from a letter-writing homework in a media literacy education program, this study examines sixth graders’ understandings of producers’ responsibility in creating media content. Responses suggest their understandings about producers’ responsibility are bounded within the context of their media use as consumers, rather than as citizens. Findings focus on the importance of introducing contextual factors of media production as well as the challenges that researchers and educators might face.

The impact of violent entertainment on viewer behavior remains disputed in the academic community. Although most studies focus on negative outcomes such as aggression, some studies also consider whether violent entertainment may reduce positive behaviors such as cooperation. The current article describes 2 studies of violent TV influences on cooperative behavior. The first study examined whether exposure to violent TV shows impacted cooperative behavior using the prisoner’s dilemma task in a sample of 181 mostly Hispanic young adults. Results indicated that exposure to violent TV had no impact on short-term cooperative behavior. Long-term exposure to violent TV in real life also did not predict the level of cooperative behavior. The second study examined how motivational factors influenced the relationship between violent TV and cooperative behavior. Overall, these results do not support traditional media effects models of violent entertainment, at least in regard to short-term influences in an experimental setting.

The study is a qualitative analysis of how sixth graders responded to varying homework prompts from a media literacy education curriculum that focused on the prevalence of media violence and gender stereotypes in media. Textual analyses with constant comparisons suggested that students’ engagement with critical thinking differed across the prompts provided by the media literacy facilitators primarily in their responses to the question about the production and distribution of violent media. Compared to students who received the prompt that referenced both the entertainment and problematic aspects of the production/circulation of violent content, students who received the unfavorable prompt or no prompt at all were more likely to demonstrate richer thinking and go beyond mere description to discuss potential implications of media violence for audiences and/or consider the profit-seeking aspect of the media industries.