Search

Background: In order to remove the gall bladder, cholecystectomy, which may be performed laparoscopically, is one option. Before, acute cholecystitis was a barrier to laparoscopic treatment, but that limitation has been removed as the technique has evolved and become more refined. Objective: To see the outcome of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute gall bladder disease. Methods: This prospective observational research was undertaken from July 2021 to July 2022 at Rangpur Medical college Hospital. This research includes 52 acute cholecystitis patients. Age and gender didn't affect patient selection. Detailing routine and unusual clinical histories Blood, bilirubin Sugar, serum creatinine, CBC, SGPT, HBsAg, etc. Same surgical team performed all procedures. Post-op course and problems were noted. Everyone had four ports (Additional ports) Few individuals had 2-7-day cholecystectomy after acute attack. After attack conversion counseling, all patients had urgent Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Results: Ultrasonographic findings (Table 2) showed that all the 52 patients had features of acute cholecystitis i.e. distended tense gallbladder with oedematous wall. In this series, 51patients had stones in the gall bladder and 1 patient had only features of acute cholecystitis. 27 patients had single stone. None of them had dilated biliary tree or stone in common bile duct. Most of the patients (41 patients, 78.85%) had leucocyte count (Table-3) between 11000- 13000/cmm, 4 (26.92%) had 13000-15000/cmm and rest seven patients had normal leucocyte count. Conclusion: Early surgery for acute calculous cholecystitis and acute biliary discomfort had a better prognosis than delayed treatment. Acute biliary pain patients benefit from early surgery to prevent read mission, however laparoscopic surgeries in the acute and elective context had a comparable conversion rate. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is doable and useful provided the patient has the proper support and skill.

Proper management and selection of a single drug or multiple drugs for the treatment of diabetes is very important. The choice of treatment depends on a number of factors. With the proper treatment, the state of diabetes can be managed very smoothly. The main objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of insulin, biguanides and sulfonylurea on HbA1C in diabetic patients. This interventional type of study was carried out among 102 diabetic patients attending at different hospitals in Rajshahi of Bangladesh. In this case purposive sampling technique was followed and data revealed that mean age of the patients was 45.98±11.23 years and most of them (35.30) were housewife. Among the insulin receiving group, 41.18% were male and 58.82% were female. In case of the biguanide receiving taking group 44.12% were male and 55.88% were female while for the sulfonylurea receiving group 35.29% were male and 64.71% were female. Regarding body mass index (BMI) among the respondents, it was found that 0.98% had BMI

A novel coronavirus is known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 was identified at the end of 2019 in Wuhan City, Hubei in China. Due to the emergence in the cases of the COVID-19, there was complete lockdown in the world which led to a situation of psychological distress among the population and socio-economic crisis. Objectives: The main goalofthestudyistolearning the Insight into the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general people all over the world. Methods: This was an experimental study. The subject’s demographic details and responses were collected with the help of a standardized questionnaire. The collected data were entered in Microsoft Excel and then suitablegraphical and inferential statistical investigation was performed. Results: It was found that the Fear of Covid-19 (FCV-19) scores on average, were increased among females (17.2), younger adults (16.15) and older adults (17.78). The frequency of stress, depression and anxietywas higher in younger adults (18-27 years) when compared to older adults according to this study. Female subjects had a higher prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress when compared to the males. Conclusion: From this study, it is evident that there is a need for early strategies, programs and mental health policies to alleviate the effect of the pandemic on mental health. People should be educated regarding the COVID-19 disease, its preventive measures and also the importance of mental health during the times of this deadly pandemic.

Today, most of the students at the university level are facing career-related problems in the form of either career indecision or the wrong decision. For university-level students' career preference is a crucial issue. Being successful in life depends on making the appropriate career decision. This study aims to identify the recent trends of job preferences and elements influencing job desire and how family, friends, and peer relationships affect students' preferences for choosing a career. A survey was carried out at Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur (BRUR) with regular students of 4th year and Masters; with a sample size of 272. An interview schedule was used to carry out the survey. In order to acquire a better understanding and more knowledge about the research, some material was gathered through in-person interviews. Using stratified simple random sampling technique, respondents were chosen from four faculties of the University. The study revealed that there is no discernible difference between the genders in terms of preferred careers, but there is a difference in faculty and family status. BCS and first-class government jobs are the preferred career fields for 116 out of 272 students (42.6%). The respondents' hesitation to seek employment in the small- and medium-sized business and non-profit sectors was also discovered. The main drivers of these professional choices are that today's graduates place a high importance on monetary rewards, social status, and public acknowledgement, in addition to power and authority. Furthermore, the current BCS test system attracts students more due to job stability and transparency in the hiring process. The interest of young people in working in banks has recently increased due to the emergence of private and foreign banks. The primary factors luring these graduates into these industries are the excellent compensation packages. This study recommends that more market-driven, practical, and relevant courses should be developed by the university

A study was conducted in the research field of Regional Horticulture Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Chapainawabganj to know the morphology of 60 germplasm of mango leaf, inflorescence, flower and fruits. A great morphometric variation was observed in the leaf. The inflorescences were pyramidal or conical in form except for Khudikhirsha, Narikeli and Himsagor which were cylindrical. The ratio of hermaphrodite and male flowers showed variation. Fruit characters like length, breadth, weight and colour were studied. The highest fruit weight and length were found in Fazli (760 g and 15.17 cm) and the lowest fruit weight was recorded in Modhuchoski (128.50 g). Variation in fruit colour was also recorded among the germplasm. The highest percentage of Total Soluble Solid (TSS) in the germplasm khodikhirsapat (24.33%) and the maximum stone weight (69.87g) was recorded in Fazli. The longest fruit length was observed in the germplasm of Ashwina (13.03 cm). The highest fruit breadth was observed in the germplasm Fazli (9.87 cm). The present investigation has established that the morphological characters can be used as a tool for the taxonomic discrimination of varieties of Mangifera indica.

Field experiment was conducted during November 2009 to March 2010, to investigate growth and yield attributes of advanced tomato mutants (TM-110 and TM-219) along with three cultivars (BARI tomato-3, BARI tomato-14 and BINA tomato-5) following randomized complete block design with three replications. There were significant genotypic differences in respect of morpho-physiological characters (plant height, branch and leaf area, total dry mass, absolute growth rate and relative growth rate), biochemical parameter (nitrate reductase), reproductive characters (number of effective and non-effective flower cluster, number of flowers and reproductive efficiency), phenological characters (days to flowering start, days to first harvest and harvesting duration), yield attributes and fruit yield. In general high yielding genotypes showed superior performance in plant height, branch number, leaf area, total dry mass production, absolute growth rate, nitrate reductase activity and fruit size compared to low yielding ones. Relative growth rate,chlorophyll, photosynthesis, reproductive characters and fruit number had no relationship with fruit yield in tomato. The variety BARI tomato-14 showed the highest fruit yield (77.7 t ha-1) due to its superiority in respect of morpho-physiological, biochemical and larger fruit sizes. In contrast, the mutant TM-110 and the variety BINA tomato-5 produced the lower fruit yield (average 51.2 t ha -1) due to poor performance in growth characters and smaller size of fruits. However, TM-110 matured 4-15 days earlier than the other mutant/varieties. Further, harvesting duration was higher in high yielding genotypes than low yielding ones. The highest harvesting duration was recorded in BARI tomato-14 (28 days) followed by BARI tomato-3 (26 days). This information may be implicated in future plant breeding programme.

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare disease that is characterised by recurrent episodes of angioedema in absence of urticaria or pruritus. It usually affects skin and the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tracts. It is usually a self-limited disease and resolves without treatment in a few days, although fatal asphyxiation may occur due to laryngeal involvement. The rarity, severity of the presentation and the need for appropriate treatment made a special interest to the clinicians for the disease. Early diagnosis can enable the attending physicians to administer an appropriate treatment to rescue the life of the patient. Our case is a 21-year medical student presented with several occasions of attack of angioedema involving lips, eyelids, and face since her 12 years of age. Lack of appropriate diagnostic facilities made the diagnosis of her disease delayed.

The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University to observe the effect of sowing methods and weeding regimes on the yield of sesame. The experiment comprised of two factors. Two methods of sowing i.e., broadcasting and line sowing (S2), and six weeding regimes- control (T0), weed free (T1), one hand weeding at 15 DAS (T2), two hand weedings at 15 and 30 DAS (T3), three hand weedings at 15, 30 and 45 DAS (T4) and application of Panida (Pendimethalin) herbicide (T5) at 3 DAS. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Almost all the yield characters of sesame were affected significantly due to sowing methods, weeding regime and their interaction. Result showed that the l ine sowing showed better performance regarding plant height (100.40 cm), number of branches (4.983) plant–1, number of capsules plant–1 (47.82), number of seeds capsule–1 (69.66), 1000–seed weight (2.96 g), seed yield (956.90 kg ha–1), stover yield (2167.0 kg ha–1), biological yield (3123.00 kg ha–1) and harvest index (31.45%) than that of broadcasting method. Also weed free treatment had the highest plant height (101.90 cm), highest number of branches (5.00) plant-1, highest capsule (47.08) plant–1, heaviest 1000–seed weight (3.28 g), highest number of seeds capsule–1 (76.22), highest seed yield (974.30 kg ha–1), stover yield (2947.0 kg ha–1) and biological yield (3922.0 kg ha–1) as compared to other treatments while unweeded plot had least significant effect among the whole yield and yield attributes of sesame. In case of interactions, both weed free treatment and herbicidal effect with line sowing methods produced the highest plant height, number of branches and capsules plant–1, seeds capsule–1, seed yield, stover yield and biological yield (109.80 cm, 5.967, 56.57, 81.53, 1054.0 kg ha–1, 3139.0 kg ha–1 and 4193.0 kg ha–1, respectively) as compared to other interaction combinations. The results of the study reveal that the weed free treatment along with line sowing would be the proper technique for higher production of sesame. But line sowing along with application of Panida herbicide would be the best combination for obtaining higher yield of sesame since it is not feasible for the farmers to keep their field weed free throughout all the growing periods. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.8(3): 291-299, December 2021

Regional climate model is a scientific tool to monitor present climate change and to provide reliable estimation of future climate projection. In this study, the Regional Climate Model version 4.7 (RegCM4.7) developed by International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) has been adopted to simulate rainfall scenario of Bangladesh. The study examines model performance of rainfall simulation through the period of 1991-2018 with ERA-Interim75 data of 75 km horizontal resolution as lateral boundaries, downscaled at 25km resolution using the mixed convective precipitation scheme; MIT-Emanuel scheme over land and Grell scheme with Fritsch-Chappell closure over ocean. The simulated rainfall has been compared both at spatial and temporal scales (monthly, seasonal and annual) with observed data collected from Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) and Climate Research Unit (CRU). Simulated annual rainfall showed that the model overestimated in most of the years. Overestimation has been observed in the monsoon and underestimation in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Spatial distribution of simulated rainfall depicts overestimation in the southeast coastal region and underestimation in the northwest and northeast border regions of Bangladesh. Better estimation of rainfall has been found in the central and eastern parts of the country. The simulated annual rainfall has been validated through the Linear Scaling bias correction method for the years of 2016, 2017, and 2018 considering the rainfall of 1991-2015 as reference. The bias correction with linear scaling method gives fairly satisfactory results and it can be considered in the future projection of rainfall over Bangladesh.

In this study an attempt has been made to inspect the forecasting of thunderstorms based on two cases (1st case: 17th May, 2019 and 2nd case: 31st March, 2019) over Dhaka using WRF Model. The model is run for 72 hours with 03 nested domain of 09 km, 03 km and 01 km horizontal resolutions using 0.25º X 0.25º six hourly global data assimilation system. For model simulation, Milbrandt-Yau Double-Moment 7-class scheme (9) has been used as microphysics scheme in this study. The model performance is evaluated by calculating hourly instability indices (VTI, TTI, KI, CTI, MCAPE, MCIN, BRN, LI, SI, SWI) value and have been compared with the threshold value of indices. Different meteorological parameters such as MSLP, temperature, winds at upper (300 hPa) and lower (925 hPa) level, relative humidity along with vertical cross section are also studied by the model and compared with the favorable conditions for forming of thunderstorms. Area rage rainfall (hourly) value has been also calculated and compared with indices value to comprehend the nature of thunderstorms. Observing the indices value it is seen that all indices value increase sharply 5-6 hours before of thunderstorm occurring and MCAPE is giving more reliable result. Moreover, this study shows that inner two domains (3 and 1 km resolution) are giving better results than outer one and which indices are more probable in forecasting of thunderstorm for our country as well as giving less Root Mean square Error. From the simulated and validated results, it can be concluded that the model performance of instability indices can be used as forecasting of thunderstorms over Bangladesh.

Background: Tomato is one of the most important and popular vegetable crop grown mainly in dry seasons in Bangladesh. The southern part of the country is suffering from soil salinity problem due to tidal floods. The increasing salinity in the cultivatable land causes huge crop failure. A dozen of tomato varieties have been developed but they are not been tested for salinity tolerance. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the tolerance level of tomato varieties against NaCl salinity stress at the vegetative stage. Methods: The study comprised of four levels of electrical conductivity (EC) based NaCl salinity viz., EC 2 (control), EC 4, EC 6 and EC8 mS/cm and eight varieties of tomato. The two-factor pot experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. NaCl salinity was imposed on the tomato plants through a hydroponic culture system and the effects of salinity on shoot-roots traits were measured. Result: Results showed that morphological traits of tomato plants varied significantly with the salinity levels and variety. It is also noticed that all the vegetative traits reduced as salt concentrations increased in the solution. In combined effects of variety and salinity levels, it was found that BARI Tomato-17 performed superior. It can be concluded that variety BARI Tomato-17 showed comparatively salt tolerant than the other varieties.

The physical and dynamical characteristics of pre-monsoon (March–May) thunderstorms (TS) are investigated over Bangladesh using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The model was run for 24-h using 6-hourly data sets as initial and lateral boundary conditions. The Milbrandt cloud microphysics scheme, Krain–Fritsch cumulus scheme, and Yonsei University planetary boundary layer are found to be the best combination by comparing the root mean square error of rainfall from 18 sensitivity experiments. The synoptic condition and atmospheric instability associated with three TS cases have been analyzed based on mean sea level pressure, convective available potential energy (CAPE), and thermodynamic indices. CAPE is found between 500 and 2700 J kg−1 at 0000 UTC for the TS cases. The presence of low-level southerly wind from the Bay of Bengal and upper-level westerly or north-westerly wind with speeds ranging from 5 to 30 m s−1 is found during the storms. The cloud characteristics and intensity were investigated based on Doppler Weather Radar and INSAT 3DR satellite observations. Cloud micro-physical hydrometeors and other composite features (e.g., cloud top and core precipitation altitude, length of squall line) were also studied by the model and then compared with available observed values. For 24-h rainfall, 2 × 2 contingency tables are computed using Model Evaluation Tools. Categorical skill scores such as proportion correct, frequency bias index, probability of false detection, false alarm ratio, and Gilbert skill score were calculated to evaluate the model's performance. The forecast goodness is found to be reasonably satisfactory after analyzing the significance of the skill scores.

Today, the internet has become so interwoven in our lives that it is difficult to fathom life without it. Technology advancements have led to the emergence of digital media as a significant aspect of our lives, the growing use of mobile information, and social media, which provide platforms for easy global interaction. Technology has many advantages, but it also puts people at risk. As the amount of crimes committed online has multiplied, digital media has become a haven for crooks. The advantages of the internet are no longer a mystery to anyone, and the most recent social media platform is open to anyone. The anonymity it offers and the creation of a genuine atmosphere where users may connect, swap photos, meet others, play games, fall in love, argue, etc. without ever having met in person are the main draws of social media. The exploitation of a victim's name, residence, location, and other personal information by criminals is now, however, all too typical, particularly in situations involving women. Due to the confidentiality and fakeness that are present in social media, as well as jurisdictional concerns, cybercrime has become more prevalent among people of all ages and is now a global problem. The study describes and discusses the effects of digital media on young people as well as the reasons behind the increase in cybercrime on social media. The study addresses the common types of cybercrime that happen there as well as the role of the law in dealing with and preventing it on social media. The research makes numerous recommendations for completely and sufficiently teaching the nation's children about the dangers of cybercriminals.

We have studied reflection spectra of dye-doped and undoped polymers deposited onto Ag and Au substrates and found anomalous dips in the UV spectral range. On top of Ag substrates, the λ ∼ 375 nm dips were observed in undoped PMMA, PVP, and PS polymers as well as PMMA doped with Rh590 and HITC laser dyes. In silver-based samples, the spectral positions of the observed reflection dips were close to singularities in the refractive indexes of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) propagating at the interface between Ag and polymer. The latter singularities can tentatively explain the λ ∼ 375 nm reflection dips, if the scattering of Ag and polymeric films is large enough to launch SPP without any prism or grating. The dips observed in reflection of Rh590:PMMA and HITC:PMMA on top of Au, were more pronounced than those on Ag, broader, shifted to shorter wavelengths, and their spectral positions had large standard deviations. Furthermore, no anomalous dips in gold-based samples were observed in the reflection spectra of undoped PMMA, PVP, and PS polymers, and a modest singularity in the SPP refractive index, predicted theoretically at λ ∼ 500 nm, cannot explain the dips in the UV reflection spectra observed experimentally. It appears likely that the origin of the reflection dips on top of Au substrates is different from that on top of Ag substrates.

Fog causes severe hazards in the fields of aviation, transportation, agriculture and public health over Dhaka, Bangladesh during the winter season every year. The characterization of fog occurrences, its onset, duration and dissipation time over Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport, Dhaka are the topics of interest in the present study. Attempts have therefore been made to investigate the climatological perspectives of fog over Dhaka, Bangladesh by conducting two selected dense fog events occurred during 24-25 December 2019 and 14-15 January 2020 using WRF-ARW model. The model performance is evaluated by analyzing different meteorological parameters namely visibility, relative humidity, temperature, and wind. The model outputs have been compared with METAR data from Dhaka Airport, Sounding data and INSAT 3D satellite images for validation purpose. Considering RMSE, the model underestimates of relative humidity. Model simulations are good for other meteorological parameters. Thermodynamic analysis reveals that calm wind persists at surface level during fog formation, southwesterly dry wind was over Dhaka and inversion layer is found to persist in the lower troposphere over Dhaka during the event dates. It is observed in the satellite images that fog/low-level cloud was present over Dhaka during the fog events. The Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 9(1), 2020, P 39-47

The underutilized

ObjectiveWe aimed to rapidly assess the health system impact of COVID-19 in the urban slums of Bangladesh.DesignSetting and participantsA cross-sectional survey among 476 households was conducted during October–December 2020 in five selected urban slums of Dhaka North, Dhaka South and Gazipur City Corporation. In-depth interviews with purposively selected 22 slum dwellers and key informant interviews with 16 local healthcare providers and four policymakers and technical experts were also conducted.Outcome measuresPercentage of people suffering from general illness, percentage of people suffering from chronic illness, percentage of people seeking healthcare, percentage of people seeking maternal care, health system challenges resulting from COVID-19.ResultsAbout 12% of members suffered from general illness and 25% reported chronic illness. Over 80% sought healthcare and the majority sought care from informal healthcare providers. 39% of the recently delivered women sought healthcare in 3 months preceding the survey. An overall reduction in healthcare use was reported during the lockdown period compared with prepandemic time. Mismanagement and inefficient use of resources were reported as challenges of health financing during the pandemic. Health information sharing was inadequate at the urban slums, resulting from the lack of community and stakeholder engagement (51% received COVID-19-related information, 49% of respondents knew about the national hotline number for COVID-19 treatment). Shortage of human resources for health was reported to be acute during the pandemic, resulting from the shortage of specialist doctors and uneven distribution of health workforce. COVID-19 test was inadequate due to the lack of adequate test facilities and stigma associated with COVID-19. Lack of strong leadership and stakeholder engagement was seen as the barriers to effective pandemic management.ConclusionThe findings of the current study are expected to support the government in tailoring interventions and allocating resources more efficiently and timely during a pandemic.

Introduction:Psychological stress from the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic can potentially aggravate the course of several stress-sensitive skin and hair diseases. This study aimed to determine the potential association of COVID-19 stress with hair diseases, such as telogen effluvium (TE), alopecia areata (AA), and seborrheic dermatitis (SD), among medical students in Bangladesh.MethodsThis online-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 404 medical students of Bangladesh using a self-administered questionnaire, including sociodemographic information, status of hair diseases (i.e., TE, AA, and SD), COVID-19 fear scale, impact of event scale specific for COVID-19 (IES-COVID-19), and COVID-19 student stress questionnaire (CSSQ) scale, to determine pandemic-related stress. The logistic regression model was used to analyze the association.ResultsOverall prevalence of TE, AA, and SD was 61.1, 24.7, and 57.7%, respectively, with female predominance in case of TE and male predominance in case of AA and SD. More than half of the participants had COVID-19-related fear and traumatic stress symptoms. In the multiple logistic regression model, smoking [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.93, 95% CI 1.29–6.65 for AA and aOR 4.19, 95% CI 1.83–9.56 for TE], COVID-19-related fear (aOR 1.70, 95% CI 1.01–2.89 for AA and aOR 2.620, 95% CI 1.25–5.48 for TE), and COVID-19-related traumatic stress symptoms (aOR 1.84, 95% CI 1.08–3.13 for AA, aOR 2.61, 95% CI 1.19–5.68 for TE, and aOR 1.92, 95% CI 1.14–3.25 for SD) were the risk factors of hair fall disorders.ConclusionOur study showed that a large number of medical students experienced TE, AA, and SD during the pandemic era. COVID-19-related stress and fear potentially have an association with these diseases.

not available J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2022; 40: 116-117

The major aims of this study were mainly to determine and describe the extent of farmers’ crop productivity and also explore the relationship between the 12 selected characteristics of the farmers with their crop productivity level. The study was designed with a mixed-method approach where both qualitative and quantitative analyses are blended in a rational way to have a deeper understanding of research problems. The study was conducted in Dumki Upazilla under Patuakhali district, Bangladesh. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 110 farmers except landless engaged in crop production. Data were collected by face to face interview using a pre-tested interview schedule during the period from March 10 to April 15, 2016. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical measures and computer software like SPSS. Pearson's Product Moment coefficient of correlation results showed that out of 12 independent variables, the correlation coefficients of 7 variables had a positive and significant relationship with their level of crop productivity. The stepwise multiple regression analyses stated that only 4 variables such as communication exposure, innovativeness, risk orientation and training experience had a significant contribution to the farmers' crop productivity level and also accounted for 52.8 per cent of the total variation in productivity index. This study also showed some problems which were faced by the farmers during crop production. If these problems can be solved, the farmers’ crop productivity level will be increased.

Conducting polymers and their metals or metal oxides-based composites are promising for applications in aerospace engineering, construction, computer chips, electronic circuits, energy storage systems, catalysis of reaction and so on. Supercapacitor electrodes and devices comprising polymers/metal oxides composites are envisaged to bridge the gap between existing carbon-based supercapacitors and batteries to form units of intermediate specific energy. In this work, polyaniline (PAni) and its composite with MnO2 were successfully deposited by electrochemical method. Simultaneous polymerization of aniline to PAni, and in situ formation and incorporation of MnO2 into the PAni matrix, and their deposition on Fe substrate took place during the cycling of potential in oxalic acid solution containing aniline and a salt of manganese. Elemental characterization and investigation of morphology and microstructure of the deposits were performed by infra-red, UV–visible reflectance and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The band gap energy of PAni was substantially higher compared to PAni/MnO2 composite. The specific capacitance of the electrodes prepared was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and charge–discharge test by chronopotentiometry. Fe-PAni and Fe-PAni/MnO2 composite modified electrodes exhibited excellent supercapacitive property, energy density and power density compared to their bulk Fe electrodes in aqueous sodium sulfate solution.

Objectives: To test the hypothesis that there is no difference between adults with Class I crowded (CICR) and Class I normal (CIN) occlusions with respect to width of the maxillary and mandibular arches and gender comparisons. Materials and Method: In this cross sectional study, 52 pairs of study models were selected from the patients and students of the Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Department of Dhaka Dental Collage and Hospital and were divided into two groups, 27 pair of dental casts with normal occlusion, 25 pair of dental casts with Class I crowded malocclusion including equal males and female samples. Results: The result of this study evaluated two study groups (Normal occlusion and Class I crowded ). Between different arch dimension maxillary arch widths were found to have significantly smaller in Class I crowded malocclusion compared with Normal Class I occlusion. Conclusion: In conclusion, the hypothesis was partially rejected by the finding of the study. Ban J Orthod & Dentofac Orthop, April 2017; Vol-7 (1-2), P.1-5

Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) comprise a heterogeneous group of rare inherited diseases in which the neuromuscular transmission in the motor plate is compromised by one or more genetic pathophysiological specific mechanisms are characterized by fatigable weakness of skeletal muscle (e.g., ocular, bulbar, limb muscles) with onset at or shortly after birth or in early childhood; rarely, symptoms may not manifest until later in childhood. The diagnosis of CMS is based on clinical findings, a decremental EMG response of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) on low-frequency (2- 3 Hz) stimulation, absence of anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and anti-MuSK antibodies in the serum, a positive response to acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitors and lack of improvement of clinical symptoms with immunosuppressive therapy. Pathogenic variants in one of multiple genes encoding proteins expressed at the neuromuscular junction are currently known to be associated with subtypes of CMS. The most commonly associated genes include: CHAT, CHRNE, COLQ, DOK7, GFPT1 and RAPSN. We studied on a sibling presented with progressive fatigability and fluctuating ptosis with frequent exacerbations of muscle weakness during infections since infancy. On both cases CT scan of chest were negative for thymoma, antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and the muscle specific kinase (MuSK) were negative and decremental response on electrophysiological study of Repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) and EMG were consistent with disease of neuromuscular junction (post synaptic) and they were only on pyridostigmine for long time with marked improvement of symptoms and signs. Considering all scenario both of our cases mostly fits with the autosomal recessive, post synaptic CMS associated with Rapsyn deficiency. Objective : As in Bangladesh, there is inadequate data on the epidemiological profile of CMS, our aim is to describe these cases for their rarity and the difficulty encountered in diagnosis as they are easily confused with Juvenile Myasthenia Gravis (JMG) and familial myopathies. As both the cases are very rare, it should be an original article. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2019; Vol. 35 (2): 95-103

The first COVID-19 case in Bangladesh was detected on March 8, 2020. Since then, efforts are being made across the country to raise awareness among the population for preventing the spread of this virus. We aimed to examine the urban slum dwellers’ knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards COVID-19 transmission-prevention. A phone-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in five slums of Dhaka City. Total 476 adult slum dwellers were interviewed between October 31 to December 1, 2020 using a pre-tested questionnaire. During an interview, information was collected on participants’ demographic characteristics and KAP items towards COVID-19. We used quartiles for categorization of knowledge and practice score where the first quartile represents poor, the second and third quartiles represent average while the fourth quartile represents good. Attitude score was standardized using z-score and identified as positive and negative attitude. Multiple linear regression models were used separately to identify the socioeconomic predictors of the KAP scores. The results showed that 25% of the respondents had good knowledge and 25% had poor knowledge, 48% had a positive attitude and 52% had a negative attitude, and 21% maintained good practice and 33% maintained poor practice towards COVID-19 transmission-prevention. About 75% respondents relied on television for COVID-19 related information. Regression results showed that knowledge and attitude scores were significantly higher if respondents had primary or secondary and above level of education compared to the uneducated group. Female respondents maintained significantly good practice compared to their male counterparts (β = 6.841; p

BACKGROUND The world has been grappling with the COVID-19 pandemic, a dire public health crisis, since December 2019. Preventive and control measures have been adopted to reduce the spread of COVID-19. To date, the public’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding COVID-19 across Bangladesh have been poorly understood. Therefore, it is important to assess people’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward the disease and suggest appropriate strategies to combat COVID-19 effectively. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the KAP of Bangladeshi people toward COVID-19 and to identify their determinants. METHODS We conducted a country-wide cross-sectional telephonic survey from May 7 to 29, 2020. A purposive sampling method was applied, and adult Bangladeshi citizens who have mobile phones were approached to participate in the survey. Interviews were conducted based on verbal consent. Multiple logistic regression analyses and several tests were performed to identify the factors associated with KAP related to COVID-19. RESULTS A total of 492 of 576 Bangladeshi adults aged 18 years and above completed the interview, with a response rate of 85.4% (492/576). Of the 492 participants, 321 (65.2%) were male, and 304 (61.8%) lived in a rural area. Mean scores for knowledge, attitudes, and practices were 10.56 (SD 2.86), 1.24 (SD 0.83), and 3.17 (SD 1.5), respectively. Among the 492 respondents, 273 (55.5%) had poor knowledge, and 251 (49%) expressed a negative attitude; 192 out of 359 respondents (53.5%) had poor practices toward COVID-19. Mean scores of knowledge, attitudes, and practices differed significantly across various demographic and socioeconomic groups. Rural residents had lower mean scores of knowledge (mean 9.8, SD 3.1, PPr=0.21, Pr=0.45, Pr=0.27, P CONCLUSIONS Evidence-informed and context-specific risk communication and community engagement, and a social and behavior change communication strategy against COVID-19 should be developed in Bangladesh based on the findings of this study, targeting different socioeconomic groups.

ObjectivesTo examine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with tobacco smoking in the Gambia.DesignA nationwide cross-sectional study.SettingThe Gambia.ParticipantsThe study participants were both women and men aged between 15 and 49 years old. We included 16,066 men and women in our final analysis.Data analysisWe analysed data from the Gambia Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), 2019–2020. DHS collected nationally stratified data from local government areas and rural–urban areas. The outcome variable was the prevalence of tobacco smoking. Descriptive analysis, prevalence and logistic regression methods were used to analyse data to identify the potential determinants of tobacco smoking.ResultsThe response rate was 93%. The prevalence of current tobacco smoking was 9.92% in the Gambia in 2019–2020, of which, 81% of the consumers smoked tobacco daily. Men (19.3%) smoked tobacco much higher than women (0.65%) (pMen were 33 times more likely to smoke tobacco than women. The chance of consuming smoked tobacco increased with the increase of age (adjusted OR (AOR) 9.08, 95% CI 5.08 to 16.22 among adults aged 40–49 years, pManual workers (AOR 2.73) and people from the poorest households (AOR 1.86) were the risk groups for smoking. However, place of residency and region were insignificantly associated with smoking in the Gambia.ConclusionsMen, older people, manual workers, individuals with lower education and lower wealth status were the vulnerable groups to tobacco smoking in the Gambia. Government should intensify awareness programmes on the harmful effects of smoking, and introduce proper cessation support services among tobacco smoking users prioritising these risk groups.

This chapter presents a very brief overview of the impacts of climate change on water and relevant sectors in South Asia. It provides an overview of the basic concepts and science of climate change. The chapter includes the observed changes in the climate system and the parameters in South Asia including Bangladesh. It describes the impacts of climate change on water resources and the connected ecosystems in South Asia with special reference to Bangladesh. The chapter also provides an overview on the global and regional responses to address climate change. Climate Change is basically the changes of climate over a time period that usually ranges from decades to centuries. Most of the climate models estimate that precipitation will increase during the summer monsoon because they estimate that air over land will get warmer than air over oceans in the summer. The rapid growth of population in South-Asia is putting additional pressure on the natural resources including water.

The world is grappling with Covid-19, a dire public health crisis. Preventive and control measures are adopted to reduce the spread of COVID-19. It is important to know the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of people towards this pandemic to suggest appropriate coping strategies. The aim of this study was to assess the KAP of Bangladeshi people towards Covid-19 and determinants of those KAPs. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 492 Bangladeshi people aged above 18 years from May 7 to 29, 2020 throughout the country. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the factors associated with KAP on COVID-19. About 45% of respondents had good knowledge, 49% of respondents expressed positive attitude towards controlling of COVID-19 and 24% of respondents had favorable practice towards COVID-19. Almost three fourths of the respondents went outside home during the lockdown period. Furthermore, the study found that good knowledge and attitude were associated with better practice of COVID-19 health measures. An evidence informed and context specific risk communication and community engagement, and a social and behavior change communication strategy against COVID-19 should be developed in Bangladesh, based on the findings of this study, targeting different socio-economic groups.

The coastal region of Bangladesh is highly vulnerable due to its low adaptive capacity, dense population, flat topography and exposure to various natural disasters such as cyclone, storm surges, sea level rise, tidal floods, bank erosion etc. In addition to present vulnerability, climate change will bring detrimental impact on socio-economic performance, health, and livelihood of the coastal population. This study has been conducted to assess the vulnerabilities of the coastal region of Bangladesh by considering the IPCC framework of vulnerability studies and using multivariate statistical techniques. A total of 31 indicators have been used of which 24 are socio-economic and 7 are natural (exposure) indicators and these indicators have been retrieved from the secondary source. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been applied to find unequal weights of all indicators. Afterward, 7 vulnerability groups (Principal Components - PCs) have been retained which eigenvalue greater than one in accordance with Kaiser Criterion. Demographic Vulnerability (PC1), Economic Vulnerability (PC2), Agricultural Vulnerability (PC3), Water Vulnerability (PC4), Health Vulnerability (PC5), Climate Vulnerability (PC6) and Infrastructural Vulnerability (PC7) are the principle vulnerable groups considering both present (2013) and the future (2050) climate change scenarios. Spatial maps of each group have been generated to assess the regional variation of above mentioned multispectral vulnerability profile across the coastal region of Bangladesh. Climate change will change dramatically the future vulnerability profile which will be alarming for agro-ecological systems of that region. The findings of this study might be useful for policy makers as well as planners.

The underutilized Amaranthus leafy vegetables are a unique basis of pigments such as β-cyanins, β-xanthins, and betalains with radical scavenging capacity (RSC). They have abundant phytonutrients and antioxidant components, such as pigments, vitamins, phenolics, and flavonoids. Eight selected genotypes (four genotypes from each species) of underutilized Amaranthus leafy vegetables were evaluated for phytonutrients, pigments, vitamins, phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidants in a randomized complete block design under ambient field conditions with three replicates. The studied traits showed a wide range of variations across eight genotypes of two species of Amaranthus leafy vegetables. The highest fat, β-xanthins, K, dietary fiber, Mg, β-cyanins, Mn, chlorophyll ab, Zn, TP, TF, betalains, chlorophyll a content, and (RSC) (DPPH) and RSC (ABTS+) were obtained from A. tricolor accessions. Conversely, the highest protein, Cu, carbohydrates, Ca, and chlorophyll b content were obtained from A. lividus accessions. The highest dry matter, carotenoids, Fe, energy, and ash were obtained from A. tricolor and A. lividus. The accession AT2 confirmed the highest vit. C and RSC (DPPH) and RSC (ABTS+); AT5 had the highest TP content; and AT12 had the highest TF content. A. tricolor accessions had high phytochemicals across the two species, such as phytopigments, vitamins, phenolics, antioxidants, and flavonoids, with considerable nutrients and protein. Hence, A. tricolor accessions can be used as high-yielding cultivars comprising ample antioxidants. The correlation study revealed that vitamin C, pigments, flavonoids, β-carotene, and phenolics demonstrated a strong RSC, and showed a substantial contribution to the antioxidant potential (AP) of A. tricolor. The investigation exposed that the accessions displayed a plentiful origin of nutritional values, phytochemicals, and AP with good quenching ability of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that provide enormous prospects for nourishing the mineral-, antioxidant-, and vitamin-threatened community.

a

IntroductionHypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. In 2015, over 1.13 billion individuals worldwide had hypertension. Globally, it results in 10.8 million deaths every year. Around half of the individuals do not continue treatment with medicine to control blood pressure. Physical activity, a non-pharmacological option of treatment, reduces blood pressure. We aim in this research to examine the effect of leisure-time physical activity in controlling blood pressure.Methods and analysisWe will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses to conduct this study. We will perform a systematic search in Medline/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Physical Education Index (ProQuest) and CENTRAL (the Cochrane Library). Both experimental and observational studies will be included. The study population would be people with hypertension. Two reviewers will perform screening of the articles, bias assessment and data extraction independently. We will use the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools to assess the risk of bias. We will conduct a meta-analysis if it is applicable.Ethics and disseminationThe results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at relevant scientific seminars and conferences. Ethical approval is not applicable.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021260751.

The Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna river system carries the world's third-largest fresh water discharge and Brahmaputra alone carries about 67% of the total annual flow of Bangladesh. Climate change will be expected to alter the hydrological cycles and the flow regime of these basins. Assessment of the fresh water availability of the Brahmaputra Basin in the future under climate change condition is crucial for both society and the ecosystem. SWAT, a semi-distributed physically based hydrological model, has been applied to investigate hydrological response of the basin. However, it is a challenging task to calibrate and validate models over this ungauged and poor data basin. A model derived by using gridded rainfall data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite and temperature data from reanalysis product ERA-Interim provides acceptable calibration and validation. Using the SWAT-CUP with SUFI-2 algorithm, sensitivity analysis of model parameters was examined. A calibrated model was derived using new climate change projection data from the multi-model ensemble CMIP5 Project over the South Asia CORDEX domain. The uncertainty of predicting monsoon flow is less than that of pre-monsoon flow. Most of the regional climate models (RCMs) show an increasing tendency of the discharge of Brahmaputra River at Bahadurabad station during monsoon, when flood usually occurs in Bangladesh.

Climate-induced hazards are adversely affecting the pond ecosystems in Bangladesh. Most of the poor communities collect water from isolated ponds for drinking and other domestic needs. This paper explores how the small pond ecosystems and associated livelihoods of the coastal communities are vulnerable and argues that the pond ecosystem can be a potential resource base for community based adaptation in the coastal regions of Bangladesh. A set of quantitative and qualitative tools were applied to 309 households across five villages. The study showed that 96% of the respondents are dependent on pond water for drinking. More than 50% households expressed that temperature, rainfall variations and salinity intrusion, directly and indirectly, affect the pond water. Physical parameter values of temperature, pH and salinity from the ponds showed changes across different seasons. Drinking water scarcity during pre-monsoon (March–May), winter (Dec–Feb), disaster and immediate post-disaster period among the communities is high. Salinity intrusion and surface runoff caused by excessive rainfall in short periods also cause deterioration in the quality of pond water. However, successful examples of pond water usage emerged through the discussions, especially during a post-disaster crisis, which strengthens the idea that ponds could be a resource base for community-based adaptation in the coast of Bangladesh.

A multi-model ensemble provides useful information about the uncertainty of the future changes of climate. High-emission scenarios using representative concentration pathways (RCP8.5) of the Fifth Phase Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP5) in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) also aids to capture the possible extremity of the climate change. Using the CMIP5 regional climate modelling predictions, this study analyses the distribution of the temperature and precipitation in Bangladesh in the recent years (1971–2000) and in three future periods (2010–2040, 2041–2070 and 2070–2100) considering RCP8.5 scenarios. Climate changes are expressed in terms of 30-year return values of annual near-surface temperature and 24-h precipitation amounts. At the end of the century, the mean temperature increase over Bangladesh among the 11 RCMs will vary from 5.77 to 3.24 °C. Spatial analysis of the 11 RCMs exhibited that the southwest and the south central parts of Bangladesh will experience a greater temperature rise in the future. Possible changes in rainfall are also exhibited both temporally and spatially. Based on the analysis of all the RCMs, a significant increase of rainfall in the pre- and post-monsoon period is observed. It is also evident that monsoon rainfall will not increase in comparison with pre-monsoon season. Zonal statistics of 64 districts of Bangladesh are also conducted for the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s to find out the most exposed regions in terms of the highest rise in temperature and changes in precipitation.

The study aimed at analyzing the fluctuation, and production-price relationship of ginger in Bangladesh. Nineteen years (1975 to 2013) time series data of area, production and prices of ginger, collected from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics were used to analyze the simplest method for fluctuation, and the Koyck model of distributed lag. The extent of annual price fluctuation of ginger ranged between -50 to 63 percent, while the fluctuation of area, production and yield ranged between-5 to 13, -17 to 22 and -20 to 11 percent, respectively. The study revealed that ginger production in Bangladesh had been influenced by the average price lag value formed in the market. The most striking result of the study was that the time required to get an effect on ginger production for the changes of ginger prices in Bangladesh was 19.83 years. This result shows that the farmers are very enthusiastic for growing ginger, the widely grown major spice crop. The correlation/regression coefficients indicated that the changes in lag values of the prices had a positive influence on production. It may be recommended that to keep the ginger price fluctuation under control, sustainable ginger farming and establishment of an efficient marketing organization is necessary.The Agriculturists 2017; 15(1) 01-09

The student’s performance plays an important role in producing the best quality graduate who will responsible for the country’s economic growth and social development. The labor market also concerns with student’s performance because the fresh graduate students are considered as an employee depends on their academic performance. So, identification of the reason behind student’s performance variation provides valuable information for planning education and policies. Many researchers try to find out the reason with different types of data mining approaches in different countries. However, none of them worked with Bangladeshi students. This paper proposed a model for identifying the key factors of variation Bangladeshi students’ academic performance and predicts their results. This paper proposes a model which able to identify the students who need special attention. Different types of feature selection methods were used such as Co-relation, Chi-Square and Euclidean distance to select valuable features and feature selections result through decision tree, Naive Bayes, K-nearest neighbor and Artificial Neural Network classifiers algorithm were compared. The performance analysis is done by using student SGPA and review on given facilities from a university. From the performance analysis result it is found that, decreasing number of classes in dataset, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) (93.70%) performs better than Decision Tree (DT) (92.18%), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) (77.74%) and Naive Bayes (NB) (68.33%). However, an increasing number of classes in dataset the DT perform better than ANN, KNN, NB.

In today's world business are becoming online based. Companies sell their products and seek for consumer's feedback. When all the consumer writes their review about that's a product, It's becomes difficult to say that product is good or not based on their review. That's where Deep learning come. By using this, we can extract opinion or sentiment from the text which is written by the consumer. This is sentiment analysis. It can classify the emotional status of that review. Our project detects opinion from consumer's review whether it is good or bad. We use SVM, Naive Bayes algorithm and some methods. We use the Naive Bayes algorithm because we want to know how often words occur in the document. And then we use SVM for classifying whether words are positive or negative. For our researching purpose, we use the Amazon consumer review data set, which was available online. Some methods that we are using for preprocessing and cleaned the document where just words are left. We trained our model so well with twenty-four thousand data. So, it will give us the best accuracy and we make this model with the best algorithm and after that, it gives the accuracy of 98.39%. This project will help us in real life when we are having trouble with product reviews. Our machine will help us to determine which review is good and which review is bad and make a category of a positive and negative review and saves our time.