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To achieve ambitious UK decarbonisation targets, consumers will need to engage with energy services more so than they have done to date. This engagement could be active or delegated, where in the latter consumers pass responsibility for engagement to a third party in return for ceding some control over decisions. To date, insight into the barriers to consumer adoption of future business models has been limited. To address this gap this study explored benefits, risks and enabling conditions using two extreme consumer-centric business models, 3rd Party Control and Shared Economy, using elements of a backcasting approach. The approach yielded information from stakeholders on what would have to be true for one of the business models to dominate the market. The results show substantial agreement across the expert groups on five key issues that will need to be addressed in the near-term to enable energy business model innovation in the UK market. These are: (1) Space to enable business model innovation is crucial; (2) Smart devices and data must be interoperable and secure; (3) Energy businesses need to improve service standards; (4) Solutions are required for consumers in all situations; and (5) Targeted carbon regulation is required.

The unsteady aerodynamic and aero-thermal performance of a first stage gas turbine bucket with thermal barrier coating (TBC) and internal cooling configuration were investigated by application of a three dimensional Navier–Stokes commercial turbomachinery oriented CFD-code. Convection and conduction were modeled for a super alloy blade with TBC. The CFD simulations were configured with a mesh domain including the nozzle and bucket interstage in order to accurately predict the fluid parameters at inlet and outlet of bucket. Comparisons to the gas turbine manufacturer data have permitted validation of the flow conditions at the inlet of the rotor. The effects of blade TBC surface temperature changes during a start-up cycle were simulated by means of an unsteady simulation, with unsteady inlet/outlet boundary conditions specified according to test data. The calculations include not only the fluid but also the solving of conduction within the blade, allowing for a correct modeling of the large difference of thermal inertia between the fluid and solid. The role of thermal barrier coatings (TBC) is, as their name suggests, to provide thermal insulation of the blade. A coating of about 100–400 μm can reduce the temperature by up to 200 °C. A TBC can be used either to reduce the need for blade cooling (by about 36%) increasing the turbine efficiency, while maintaining identical creep life of the substrate; or to increase considerably the creep life of the blade while maintaining level of blade cooling (and therefore allowing the blade to operate at a lower temperature for an identical turbine inlet temperature).

During a major overhaul of a 30 MW geothermal turbine for the electricity sector of Mexico, a new rotor and new diaphragms were provided to recovery the power rate of the unit. Recuperation of the horizontal joint of upper and lower casings was required, as well as the inner diameter for diaphragm lodgings in both casings. The Geothermal steam turbines in Mexico suffer of accelerate degradation due mainly to high levels of sulphidric acid in the geothermal steam flow. Corrosion and dust particles are often present in the flow path turbine components affecting the performance and maintenance. In addition, the paper includes topics for on-site rehabilitation which include complex activities and challenges that must be taken into account for a successful rehabilitation process. The mapping process for horizontal joint casing, the processes used for recovery of planarity, the post weld heat treatments used for these components, and the machining process used for recovery inner diameters of casings.Copyright © 2009 by ASME

The unsteady aerodynamics and aerothermics of a first stage gas turbine bucket with thermal barrier coating (TBC) and internal cooling configuration were investigated by application of a three dimensional Navier-Stoke commercial turbomachinery oriented CFD-code. Convection and conduction were modeled for a super alloy blade with TBC. This work is the second part of the paper “Unsteady 3-d conjugated heat transfer simulation of a thermal barrier coated gas turbine bucket”, and includes the simulation of shut down cycle. The CFD simulations were configured with a mesh domain of nozzle and bucket inter-stage using real turbine parameter data as boundary condition (BC) at nozzle inlet. The BC’s were adjusted in accordance with standard start-up and shut-down diagram for a gas turbine from Takahashi work [3]. Additionally a parabolic turbine inlet temperature was set for main gas flow. The problem was launched in a minicluster of 8 HP Workstation. Reasonably good comparisons in the main flow parameters with the manufacturer data were obtained. The effects of blade TBC surface temperature changes during a start-up and shut-down cycle were simulated using the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model. A TBC can be used either to reduce the need for blade cooling (by about 36%) increasing the turbine efficiency, while maintaining identical creep life of the substrate; and increase considerably the creep life of the blade while maintaining level of blade cooling (and therefore allowing the blade to operate at lower temperature for an identical turbine entry temperature).Copyright © 2008 by ASME

The unsteady aerodynamic and aero-thermal performance of a first stage gas turbine bucket with thermal barrier coating (TBC) and internal cooling configuration were investigated by application of a three dimensional Navier-Stokes commercial turbomachinery oriented CFD-code. Convection and conduction were modeled for a super alloy blade with TBC. The CFD simulations were configured with a mesh domain including the nozzle and bucket inter-stage in order to accurately predict the fluid parameters at inlet and outlet of bucket. Comparisons to the gas turbine manufacturer data have permitted to validate the flow conditions at the inlet of the rotor. The effects of blade TBC surface temperature changes during a start-up cycle were simulated by means of an unsteady simulation, with unsteady inlet/outlet boundary conditions specified according to test data. The calculations include not only the fluid but also the solving of conduction within the blade, allowing for a correct modeling of the large difference of thermal inertia between the fluid and solid. The role of thermal barrier coatings (TBC) is, as their name suggests, providing thermal insulation of the blade. A coating of about 100–400 μm can reduce the temperature by up to 200°C. A TBC can be used either to reduce the need for blade cooling (by about 36%) increasing the turbine efficiency, while maintaining identical creep life of the substrate; or to increase considerably the creep life of the blade while maintaining level of blade cooling (and therefore allowing the blade to operate at lower temperature for an identical turbine inlet temperature).Copyright © 2008 by ASME

As a gas turbine entry temperature (TET) increases, thermal loading on first stage blades increases too and therefore, a variety of cooling techniques and thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are used to maintain the blade temperature within the acceptable limits. In this work a multi-block three dimensional Navier-Stokes commercial turbomachinery oriented CFD-code has been used to compute steady state conjugated heat transfer (CHT) on the blade suction and pressure coated sides of a rotating first inter-stage (nozzle and bucket) with cooling holes of a 60 MW Gas turbine. A Spallart Allmaras model was used for modeling the turbulence. Convection and radiation were modeled for a super alloy blade with and without TBC. The CFD simulations were configured with a mesh domain of nozzle and bucket inter-stage in order to predict the fluid parameters at inlet and outlet of bucket for validate with turbine inter-stage parameter data test of gas turbine manufacturer. The effects of blade surface temperature changes were simulated with both configurations coated and uncoated blades.Copyright © 2007 by ASME

This study provides a whole-systems simulation on how to halve global CO2 emissions by 2050, compared to 2010, with an emphasis on technologies and costs, in order to avoid a dangerous increase in the global mean surface temperature by end the of this century. There still remains uncertainty as to how much a low-carbon energy system costs compared to a high-carbon system. Integrated assessment models (IAMs) show a large range of costs of mitigation towards the 2°C target, with up to an order of magnitude difference between the highest and lowest cost, depending on a number of factors including model structure, technology availability and costs, and the degree of feedback with the wider macro-economy. A simpler analysis potentially serves to highlight where costs fall and to what degree. Here we show that the additional cost of a low-carbon energy system is less than 1% of global GDP more than a system resulting from low mitigation effort. The proposed approach aligns with some previous IAMs and other projections discussed in the paper, whilst also providing a clearer and more detailed view of the world. Achieving this system by 2050, with CO2 emissions of about 15GtCO2, depends heavily on decarbonisation of the electricity sector to around 100gCO2/kWh, as well as on maximising energy efficiency potential across all sectors. This scenario would require a major mitigation effort in all the assessed world regions. However, in order to keep the global mean surface temperature increase below 1.5°C, it would be necessary to achieve net-zero emission by 2050, requiring a much further mitigation effort.