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Objective Soccer match-play is typically contested over 90 min; however, in some cup and tournament scenarios, when matches are tied, they proceed to an additional 30 min, which is termed “extra-time” (ET). This systematic review sought to appraise the literature available on 120-min of soccer-specific exercise, with a view to identifying practical recommendations and future research opportunities. Methods The review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Independent researchers performed a systematic search of PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO in May 2019, with the following keywords entered in various combinations: “soccer”, “football”, “extra-time”, “extra time”, “120 minutes”, “120 min” “additional 30 minutes”, and “additional 30 min.” Results The search yielded an initial 73 articles. Following the screening process, 11 articles were accepted for analyses. Articles were subsequently organized into the following 5 categories: movement demands of ET, performance responses to ET, physiological and neuromuscular response during ET, nutritional interventions, and recovery and ET. The results highlighted that during competitive match-play, players cover 5%–12% less distance relative to match duration (i.e., meters per minute) during ET compared to the preceding 90 min. Reductions in technical performance (i.e., shot speed, number of passes and dribbles) were also observed during ET. Additionally, carbohydrate provision may attenuate and improve dribbling performance during ET. Moreover, objective and subjective measures of recovery may be further compromised following ET when compared to 90 min. Conclusion Additional investigations are warranted to further substantiate these findings and identify interventions to improve performance during ET.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate thigh musculature excitation and torque generation in response to soccer-specific exercise incorporating an extra-time (ET) period. Methods: Twelve...

Obesity continues to be a global health problem with significant costs associated with management, treatment, and obesity-related comorbidities. Tier 3 weight management programmes support patients with complex obesity and traditionally offer interventions through face-to-face delivery. In this study, a service evaluation compared weight loss for adults with a BMI ≥ 45 kg/m2 or ≥ 40 kg/m2 with a comorbidity, who were offered a non-randomized dietetic intervention through face-to-face, telephone, or digital support using the Oviva smartphone app as part of a tier 3 weight management programme. One hundred and sixty-nine patients commenced the core programme. There were no significant differences in weight loss between patients receiving face-to-face (5.3 ± 5.5 kg [-4.1%]), telephone (-4 ± 5.3 kg [-3.4%]) and digital support (-6.1 ± 4.9 kg [-4.5%]) (P = .061), with data reported as intention-to-treat using baseline observation carried forward imputation. Completer data were also analysed at an optional 12-week follow-up where weight loss was maintained with no significant differences between face-to-face (-7.6 ± 9.3 kg [-5.6%]) and digital support (-9.2 ± 7.6) kg [-6.8%]) (P = .135). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the acceptability of the interventions (P = .261). Due to the potential scalability, resource, and cost-savings of digital care, and improvement in accessibility for some people, digital delivery of weight management programmes should be considered as a care option in weight management services.

Vibrio natriegens grows well media containing v2 salts e.g. BHI + v2 and LBv2 (link). Furthermore, such media is routinely used for culturing this organism (Weinstock et al., 2016). However, care must be taken during preperation not to autoclave v2 salts and media together. This protocol first generates separate solutions before sterilising and combining them.

The aims of this study were to investigate the influence of reduced-exertion, high-intensity interval training (REHIT), comparing a novel shortened-sprint protocol (SSREHIT) against a traditional protocol (TREHIT), on perceptual responses and to determine if changes in peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak) are attenuated with shorter sprints. Twenty-four healthy men undertook 15 sessions of SSREHIT or TREHIT. V˙O2peak was determined at baseline and after completion of each exercise condition. Affective (pleasure-displeasure) responses and perceived exertion were assessed during exercise to capture peak responses. Enjoyment was recorded 5-min after cessation of exercise. Compared to baseline, V˙O2peak increased in both groups (6% for SSREHIT [d=− 0.36] and 9% for TREHIT [d=− 0.53], p=0.01). Affective responses were more favourable for SSREHIT (p=0.001, d=1.62), but both protocols avoided large negative peaks of displeasure. Peak ratings of perceived exertion were lower for SSREHIT (p=0.001, d=− 1.71), although there were no differences in enjoyment (d=0.25). The results demonstrate both exercise conditions can increase V˙O2peak without overly compromising perceptual responses. Decreased sprint duration might further circumvent negative perceptual responses but might also attenuate physiological adaptations.

Research has demonstrated that the extra-time (ET) period of soccer negatively impacts recovery. However, it is not known to what extent recovery practices are being adapted by practitioners following ET and where gaps exist between research and practice. Therefore, this study explored soccer practitioner perceptions of recovery practices following ET matches. A total of 72 practitioners from across different levels of soccer and several countries completed a bespoke online survey. Inductive content analysis of the responses identified five higher-order themes: ‘conditioning’, ‘player monitoring’, ‘recovery practices’, ‘training’, ‘and ‘future research directions’. Mixed responses were received in relation to whether practitioners condition players in preparation for ET, though 72% allowed players to return to training based on fatigue markers following this additional 30-min period. Sixty-three (88%) practitioners believed that ET delays the time-course of recovery, with 82% highlighting that practices should be adapted following ET compared with a typical 90-min match. Forty-nine practitioners (68%) reduce training loads and intensities for up to 48 hr post ET matches, though training mostly recommences as ‘normal’ at 72 hr. Sixty-three (88%) practitioners believed that more research should be conducted on recovery following ET, with ‘tracking players physiological and physical responses’, ‘nutritional interventions to accelerate recovery’ and ‘changes in acute injury-risk’ being the three areas of research that practitioners ranked as most important. These data suggest practitioners and coaches adjust recovery practices following ET matches compared to 90 min. Further research on the efficacy of recovery strategies following ET matches is required to inform applied practice.

Vibrio natriegens grows exceptionally well in BHI + v2 salts media (link). Furthermore, this media is routinely used for culturing this organism (Weinstock et al., 2016). However, care must be taken during preperation not to autoclave v2 salts and BHI together. This protocol first generates separate solutions before sterilising and combining them.

Vibrio natriegens grows exceptionally well in BHI + v2 salts media (link). Furthermore, this media is routinely used for culturing this organism (Weinstock et al., 2016). However, care must be taken during preperation not to autoclave v2 salts and BHI together. This protocol utilises a 10x v2 salts buffer to achieve this.

Vibrio natriegens grows exceptionally well in BHI + v2 salts media (link). Furthermore, this media has been used multiple times in the literature for culturing this organism. However, care must be taken when preparing this media not to autoclave v2 salts and BHI together. This protocol utilises a 10x v2 salts buffer to achieve this.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate biomechanical and physiological responses to soccer-specific exercise incorporating an extra-time period (ET) and assess the test–retest reliabil...

Background: The absence of appropriately sensitive or specific real-time respiratory metrics which are physiologically representative of lung function in normal tidal breathing has, until now, prevented the development of intelligent personalised devices which would facilitate early diagnosis of respiratory deterioration in chronic respiratory disorders such as COPD. Aim: To characterise the temporal progression of COPD with metrics derived from point-of-care capnometry in a population of COPD patients and healthy controls. Methods: 30 patients and 7 healthy controls used new generation LED-based personal capnometers three times daily for up to six weeks. Temporal parameters characterising the changing exhaled CO2 waveforms (angles, tangents, timepoints, ETCO2 values) were extracted by automated mathematical shape analysis. Results: A range of mathematical indices derived from analysis of changing capnometry signatures have allowed categorisation of our COPD cohort into those with (1) minimally changing, (2) increasing and (3) decreasing ETCO2 values (figure) which requires further clinical correlation. Alpha angles clearly distinguish COPD patients (126°-162°) from healthy controls (109-123°). Conclusions: Novel respiratory indices derived from changing capnometry waveform shapes can potentially facilitate temporal disease monitoring and ultimately optimised management of COPD.

Objective To assess glenohumeral joint (GHJ) rotation strength across a rugby league season, since strength of rotator cuff musculature may protect against contact injuries to the shoulder. Design A prospective cohort study was used to compare GHJ rotation pre-, in-, and post-season. Setting Laboratory. Participants Twenty-nine players from a professional European Super League club. Main outcome measures Isokinetic dynamometry for concentric and eccentric muscle actions for shoulder internal and external rotation at 240°/s. Peak torque, traditional strength ratios, and dynamic control ratios were compared. Results There were no significant differences between peak torque strength parameters at any time point. Similarly, differences in strength ratios failed to reach statistical significance across the season. Ipsilateral strength ratios were indicative of selective strengthening of internal rotators for concentric and eccentric muscle actions. Conclusions The findings suggest that rugby league players are no more likely to sustain a shoulder injury in the latter stages of the season as a result of decreased GHJ rotation strength. Players were able to maintain strength across the season which is valuable to practitioners developing conditioning programmes to optimise performance and minimise the risk of injury. This may afford protection, particularly during forced external rotation following physical contact.

Haines, MR. Differences in glenohumeral joint rotation and peak power output between Super League and Championship Rugby League players. J Strength Cond Res 32(6): 1685-1691, 2018-Rugby league is a high-intensity sport with large impact forces sustained during play, resulting in high prevalence of shoulder injury. Consequently, shoulder strength and player power are important considerations for injury prevention and performance. Additionally, professional teams regularly compete against semiprofessional teams, where differences in physical conditioning could be marked. The aim of this study was to test for differences in glenohumeral joint rotation and peak power between a professional Super League (SL) and semiprofessional Rugby League Championship (RLC) teams. A cross-sectional analysis was used to test 25 SL and 24 RLC players during preseason training. Isokinetic dynamometry, at 240°·s for concentric and eccentric actions was used to assess glenohumeral rotation. Peak power was determined using a maximal 30-second cycle ergometer test. Selective muscular development of the internal rotators without concomitant external rotator strength was evident in the SL team but not the RLC team. Internal rotation peak torque was higher for the SL club for concentric (∼24%) and eccentric (∼16%) muscle actions (p ≤ 0.05), and this contributed to a lower ipsilateral reciprocal muscle group ratio (external to internal concentric) for the SL team compared with the RLC team (∼47% and ∼60% respectively; p ≤ 0.05). Peak power output was also higher for the SL team (1,409 ± 153 vs. 1,273 ± 159 W; p ≤ 0.05). The results highlight a mismatch in the physical conditioning of SL and RLC players with implications for practitioners to design strength and conditioning programs that minimize the risk of injury while optimizing performance.

To develop a connected, portable, point-of-care medical device (capnometer) for the diagnosis, monitoring and management of acute and chronic cardiorespiratory diseases at home and in primary and secondary care environments, facilitating timely, evidence-based treatment interventions and

The ability to program cellular behaviour is a major goal of synthetic biology, with applications in health, agriculture and chemicals production. Despite efforts to build ‘orthogonal’ systems, interactions between engineered genetic circuits and the endogenous regulatory network of a host cell can have a significant impact on desired functionality. We have developed a strategy to rewire the endogenous cellular regulatory network of yeast to enhance compatibility with synthetic protein and metabolite production. We found that introducing novel connections in the cellular regulatory network enabled us to increase the production of heterologous proteins and metabolites. This strategy is demonstrated in yeast strains that show significantly enhanced heterologous protein expression and higher titers of terpenoid production. Specifically, we found that the addition of transcriptional regulation between free radical induced signalling and nitrogen regulation provided robust improvement of protein production. Assessment of rewired networks revealed the importance of key topological features such as high betweenness centrality. The generation of rewired transcriptional networks, selection for specific phenotypes, and analysis of resulting library members is a powerful tool for engineering cellular behavior and may enable improved integration of heterologous protein and metabolite pathways.

Thunderstorm downbursts are transient, small-scale events which are, however, the cause of design wind speeds in many parts of the world. The difficulties in predicting when and where such events will occur make capturing full-scale wind loading data for buildings particularly difficult, and so attention has turned to physically simulating downburst flow fields in the laboratory. The University of Birmingham Transient Wind Simulator (UoB-TWS), a 1 m diameter, pulsed impinging jet facility, has been used to physically simulate a downburst and measure the wind-loading on building models which occurs. For the first time, pressure data have been recorded over both single and multiple building model arrangements, allowing interference effects to be quantified. It is demonstrated that the presence of another building nearby can increase drag coefficients by almost 40%, depending on the separation of the building models and the angle of the wind relative to the models.

A cutset in the poset 2[n], of subsets of {1, …, n} ordered by inclusion, is a subset of 2[n] that intersects every maximal chain. Let 0⩽α⩽1 be a real number. Is it possible to find a cutset in 2[n] that, for each 0⩽i⩽n, contains at most α (ni) subsets of size i? Let α(n) be the greatest lower bound of all real numbers for which the answer is positive. In this note we prove the rather surprising fact that limn→∞α(n)=0.

Opus is a new programming language designed to assist in coordinating the execution of multiple, independent program modules. With the help of Opus, coarse grained tush parallelism between data parallel modules can be expressed in a clean and structured way, In this paper we address the problems of how to build a compilation and runtime support system that can efficiently implement the Opus constructs, Our design considers the often-conflicting goals of efficiency and modular construction through software re-use, In particular, we present the system requirements for an efficient Opus implementation, the Opus runtime system, and describe how they work together to provide the underlying services that the Opus compiler needs for a broad class of machines, Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Languages that support task and data parallelism are highly general and can exploit both forms of parallelism in a single application. However, cleanly integrating the two forms of parallelism in a programming model is difficult. The authors describe four programming systems that attempt such an integration: Fx, Opus, data-parallel Orca, and Braid.

This paper describes work undertaken as a joint project between the University of Strathclyde (UoS) and the University of Birmingham (UoB) in the UK, aimed at simulating thunderstorm downbursts both physically and numerically. The UoB downburst simulator uses a 1m diameter, impinging jet with computercontrolled fans and flaps to physically simulate a downburst, with the data gathered used for calibration and validation of the numerical models developed at the UoS. These models, which are in an early stage of development, use novel inlet conditions to simulate the inflow, allowing more accurate and variable inflows. Wavelet analysis is used to compare the full-scale and physical simulation data, with correlation analyses (phaseplots) used to identify structures within the physical simulation flow field. Initial results show a good match between the physical simulations and full-scale, field data, and between the two sets of simulations.

We have recently introduced Opus, a set of Fortran language extensions that provide shared data abstractions (SDAs) as a mechanism for communication and synchronization among coarse-grain data parallel tasks. In this paper, we discuss the design and implementation issues of the runtime system necessary to support SDAs, and outline the underlying requirements for such a runtime system. We explore the feasibility of this approach by implementing a prototype of the runtime system. We give preliminary results of the prototype on the Intel Paragon, outline the current status of the project, and discuss future plans. >

Expert knowledge from many disciplines is frequently embodied in stand-alone codes used to solve particular problems. Codes from various disciplines can be composed into cooperative ensembles that can answer questions larger than any solitary code can. These multi-code compositions are called multidisciplinary applications and are a growing area of research. To support the integration of existing codes into multidisciplinary applications, we have constructed the Multidisciplinary Application Runtime System (MARS). MARS supports legacy modules, heterogeneous execution environments, conditional execution flows, dynamic module invocation and realignment, runtime binding of output data paths, and a simple specification language to script module actions.

Runtime systems are critical to the implementation of parallel programming languages and libraries. They support the core functionality of programming models and the glue between such models and the underlying hardware and operating system. As such, runtime systems have a large impact on the performance and portability of parallel programming systems.

Many advanced scientific applications are heterogeneous and multidisciplinary in nature, consisting of multiple, independent modules. Such applications require efficient means of coordination for their program units. The programming language Opus was designed recently to assist in coordinating the execution of multiple, independent program modules. In this paper we address the problem of how to compile an Opus program such that it can be efficiently executed on a broad class of machines.

Open Implementation Analysis and Design (OIA/D) has been introduced as a design methodology for object-oriented software systems, and in particular for substrate software. In this paper we detail our experiences with using OIA/D to design and implement a common substrate component for parallel language runtime systems: a lightweight threads package. We show how existing thread packages employ a "black-box" design, hiding crucial design decisions that drastically reduce their ability to be re-used. We detail these design decisions (dilemmas) and show how an implementation based on OIA/D principles results in a thread package that is flexible, efficient, portable, and re-usable.

Data files for scientific and engineering codes typically consist of a series of raw data values whose description is buried in the programs that interact with these files. In this situation, making even minor changes in the file structure or sharing files between programs (interoperability) can only be done after careful examination of the data files and the I/O statements of the programs interacting with this file. In short, scientific data files lack self-description, and other self-describing data techniques are not always appropriate or useful for scientific data files. By applying an object-oriented methodology to data files, we can add the intelligence required to improve data interoperability and provide an elegant mechanism for supporting complex, evolving, or multidisciplinary applications, while still supporting legacy codes. As a result, scientists and engineers should be able to share datasets with far greater ease, simplifying multidisciplinary applications and greatly facilitating remote collaboration between scientists.

We have recently introduced a new language, called Opus , which provides a set of Fortran language extensions that allow for integrated support of task and data parallelism. It also provides shared data abstractions (SDAs) as a method for communication and synchronization among these tasks. In this paper, we first provide a brief description of the language features and then focus on both the language-dependent and language-independent parts of the runtime system that support the language. The language-independent portion of the runtime system supports lightweight threads across multiple address spaces, and is built upon existing lightweight thread and communication systems. The language-dependent portion of the runtime system supports conditional invocation of SDA methods and distributed SDA argument handling.

Threads provide a useful programming model for asynchronous behavior because of their ability to encapsulate units of work that can then be scheduled for execution at runtime, based on the dynamic state of a system. Recently, the threaded model has been applied to the domain of data parallel scientific codes, and initial reports indicate that the threaded model can produce performance gains over non-threaded approaches, primarily through the use of overlapping useful computation with communication latency. However, overlapping computation with communication is possible without the benefit of threads if the communication system supports asynchronous primitives, and this comparison has not been made in previous papers. This paper provides a critical look at the utility of lightweight threads as applied to data parallel scientific programming.

We report on algorithmic aspects of the problem of explicitly computing the rate of growth of the field of N k -th division points on an n-dimensional simple Abelian variety with Complex Multiplication. Two new examples are discussed.