Search

The coccolithophorid Ochrosphaera neapolitana was reported for the first time from samples obtained during a large-scale mucilage event in the Sea of Marmara in May 2022 in a previous study. We also found this species in our samples obtained about a year ago (i.e., in June 2021). In our study, O. neapolitana was further isolated and produced in the laboratory as a monoculture for further investigations using electron microscopy and molecular methods. Ochrosphaera neapolitana was identified using a small sub-unit (SSU) rRNA sequence and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. During the laboratory experiments, O. neapolitana was surprisingly observed to produce conspicuous levels of mucilage as a skim layer in mono- or multi-species cultures, mainly comprising other diatom species. This observation could be a significant milestone in understanding the reasons and mechanisms of mucilage events that occur in the Sea of Marmara.

The Marmara region in Turkey is an important geological setting, both from a tectonic and a seismic hazard/risk perspective. Here we present a recently published map of crustal thickness variation across this complex region (Jenkins et al., 2020), to aid in furthering our understanding of the past and present tectonic processes that formed present‐day structure. The crustal thickness map was created using Ps converted phases and receiver function (RF) analysis of earthquakes recorded at all publicly available seismic stations and stations in the national monitoring network (run by AFAD Disaster and Emergency Management Authority Turkey). RFs were converted from time to depth using a local 3‐D full‐waveform tomographic model and combined in multiphase common conversion point stacks, such that direct P to S converted arrivals and associated multiples are used together to produce continuous maps of the Moho discontinuity. Results reveal the Moho beneath Marmara ranges in depth from 26–41 km, and shows a regional trend of westward thinning, reflecting the effects of the extensional regime in western Anatolia and the neighboring Aegean Sea. The thinnest crust is observed beneath the western end of the Sea of Marmara, and can be attributed to transtensional basin opening. A distinct region of increased crustal thickness bounded by the West Black Sea Fault in the west, and the northern strand of the North Anatolian Fault in the south, defines the ancient crustal terrane of the Istanbul Zone. Isostatic arguments indicate that the thickened crust and lower elevation in the Istanbul Zone require it to be underlain by thicker lithosphere, a conclusion that is consistent with its hypothesized origin near the Odessa shelf.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’nin Güney Marmara bölgesinde piyasaya sunulan Holstein karkaslarında ileri-işlem özellikleri ve değerli et oranlarının belirlenmesidir. Veri seti özel bir mezbahadan elde edilen 311 baş saf Holstein erkek sığıra ait verileri kapsamaktadır. Ortalama kesim öncesi ağırlığı 510.27±5.11 kg; sıcak karkas ağırlığı 273.07±2.75 kg; sıcak karkas randımanı ise % 53.57±0.15 olarak belirlenmiştir. Ortalama soğuk karkas ağırlığı 266.34±2.67 kg ve ortalama karkas kemik içeriği oranı ise % 19.05±0.09’dur. Bununla birlikte, biftek, rosto, bonfile, pirzola ve kontrfileden oluşan değerli et ortalamaları sırasıyla 17.17±0.19 kg, 3.35±0.05, 2.74±0.04 kg, 8.74±0.11 kg ve 4.65±0.06 kg’dır. Toplam değerli et verimi 36.66±0.42 kg, değerli et oranı % 13.74±0.06, ileri-işlem firesi 8.19±0.11 kg ve ileri işlem fire oranı % 3.11±0.04’tür. İstatistiksel analizler, kesim yaşı grupları arasında önemli farklılıkların bulunduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca, kesim öncesi ve karkas ağırlıkları ile incelenen tüm özellikler arasında anlamlı korelasyonlar bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmadan elde verilerin Türkiye sığır eti sektöründe karkas değerlendirmesinin etkili bir biçimde yapılabilmesi konusunda yararlı olacağı düşünülmektedir. The objective of this study was to determine further-processing characteristics and share of valuable cuts in Holstein carcasses marketed in South Marmara Region of Turkey. The data-set collected from a commercial slaughterhouse included observations of 311 purebred Holstein bulls. The mean values were determined 510.27±5.11 kg for pre-slaughter weight, 273.07±2.75 kg for hot carcass weight and 53.57±0.15 % for hot carcass dressing. Mean cold-carcass weight was 266.34±2.67 kg and mean carcass bone content was 19.05±0.09 %. In addition, the means for valuable cuts including rib, roast, sirloin, cutlet and strip loin were 17.17±0.19 kg, 3.35±0.05, 2.74±0.04 kg, 8.74±0.11 kg and 4.65±0.06 kg, respectively. Total yield of valuable retail cuts were 36.66±0.42 kg with the percentage of 13.74±0.06 % and the processing loss was 8.19±0.11 kg with the percentage of 3.11±0.04 %. Statistical analysis revealed that highly significant differences were observed between slaughter age groups. Moreover, significant correlations were found between pre-slaughter / carcass weights and all carcass traits analyzed. The present results may be useful for an effective evaluation of carcass characteristics in beef market of Turkey.

The diatoms are one of the most important groups of organisms for biomonitoring studies. In Turkey, most previous applications of diatoms to water quality monitoring have focused on the pennate diatoms, with almost no attention given to the centric forms. The paper presents the centric diatoms in some river catchments in Central Anatolia (Konya closed catchment and Kızılırmak) and Western Anatolia (Marmara, Sakarya, Susurluk, Akarçay, Küçük Menderes, and Meriç-Ergene in the Marmara and Aegean regions). The survey of these catchments is based on samples collected between 2009 and 2013 from 33 different locations, including some springs from Türkmen Mountain and Domaniç forest, as well as small streams and big rivers of the Anatolian Peninsula. Altogether 30 taxa were found, of which 14 are new records for the freshwater diatom flora of Turkey. © TÜBİTAK., 2015-98, 2011-18, The authors are grateful to Prof Dr Hab Andrzej Witkowski and his team for use of the laboratory and equipment, and to Dr Hab Agata Z. Wojtal for helping with SEM micrographs. This study was supported by TÜBİTAK-114Z006 and the Dumlupınar University Foundation (Grant No: 2011-18 and 2015-98).

Marmara viburnella Eiseman & Davis, sp. nov. Figs. 1���11 Adult (Figs. 1, 10, 11). Wingspan ~ 6 mm. Head: Vestiture smooth; frons and vertex silvery white; back of head blackish. Eyes red in live specimens. Maxillary palpus white with prominent black tip; haustellum white; labial palpus with first two segments black (one specimen with inner surfaces white) and third segment white with a black ventral spot. Antenna dusky, paler beneath; pedicel with black scales (conspicuously elongated in female). Thorax: Shining blackish above, pale golden beneath. Forewing shining blackish with silvery markings: a broad transverse fascia in the basal ��, gradually broadening dorsally; at ��, opposing dorsal and costal spots, separate (1 specimen) or narrowly joined in the middle (2 specimens); at ��, a prominent costal spot (extending to middle of wing) and a smaller, opposing dorsal spot; a fainter costal spot of similar size at apex, mottled with blackish scales; fringe white. Hindwing dusky, slightly paler than forewing. Coxae white with black scales distally. Fore femur mostly black, with variable amounts of white proximally, laterally, and posteriorly; fore tibia mostly black, with variable amounts of white proximally, distally, and posteriorly; fore tarsus white with black bands anteriorly. Middle femur mostly black (including spurs); middle tibia black with a broad, white central band, more or less interrupted centrally with black scales; middle tarsus white with a few black scales. Hind femur white with a broad black band distally; hind tibia black with two broad white bands, contiguous with the white proximal and distal spurs; hind tarsus white with a broad black band proximally and a few black scales distally. Abdomen: Shining blackish dorsally; ventrally silvery with intersegmental boundaries black; anal tuft silvery (concolorous with abdomen in female). Male genitalia (Figs. 2A���B): Uncus absent. Tegumen a slender, dorsal arched band. Vinculum a moderately broad ventral band with anterior margin slightly curved caudally; anterior margin reflexed medially to form slender triangular lobe. Gnathos membranous and poorly defined. Valva separated nearly from base into three distinct lobes: a relatively short, slender, costal lobe bearing a dense comb of 18���20 short, stout spines; an elongate, slender, more lateral cucullar lobe that expands abruptly to form a setose, triangular distal lobe; and the largest, most ventral, valvular lobe that gradually broadens apically to a nearly truncate, inwardly curved apex. Phallus short, acute, with greatly inflated phallobase, approximately equal in length to distal, tubular portion of phallus. Female genitalia: Not examined. The abdomen is now missing from the single female specimen. Larva. Early instar as in Fig. 3; immature stages otherwise not examined. Cocoon. An oblong envelope of white silk, approximately 5���6 mm long and 2���3 mm wide, spun on the underside of a semicircular bark flap cut by the larva at the end of the mine; unadorned or with a cluster of 1���12 or so pearly bubbles near each end (Figs. 4���6). Type material. Holotype: ♂, UNITED STATES: Massachusetts: Nantucket Co.: Nantucket State Forest, 11.vi.2016, em. 2.vii.2016, C. S. Eiseman & J. A. Blyth, ex Viburnum dentatum, #CSE2692, slide USNM 34733, digital image captured (USNM 01325414). Paratypes: Same collection data as holotype, 1 ♂, em. 24.vi.2016, #CSE2625 (USNM); Nantucket, Lost Farm, 1 ♀, 12.vi.2016, em. 27.vi.2016, C. Eiseman, ex Viburnum dentatum, #CSE2642 (USNM). Distribution. Eastern United States and southeastern Canada. Adults have only been reared from cocoons collected on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, but we have observed larval mines in mainland Massachusetts (Berkshire, Bristol, and Plymouth Counties), Connecticut (Hartford), Illinois (near Effingham), Louisiana (4 mi NE of Slidell), Maryland (Baltimore; Wilson 2014), North Carolina (Durham), Rhode Island (Block Island), Vermont (Mt. Mansfield), and Quebec (Gatineau Park). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the genus of the host plant, Viburnum L. Diagnosis. The forewing pattern is similar to that of several described Marmara species possessing darkly banded forewings, but M. viburnella is clearly distinct when larval biology is taken into account. No other species is known both to mine leaves and to pupate under a bark flap cut by the larva at the end of the mine. Further, each of the six species that is reported to pupate under a bark flap, in addition to using hosts belonging to other plant orders, has an adult with distinctly different forewing coloration: the wings of M. auratella Braun are ���bronzy brown, with an almost golden luster under brilliant illumination��� (Braun 1915); those of M. elotella (Busck) and the three ash feeders are predominantly white (Busck 1909; Fitzgerald 1973); and those of M. fasciella (Chambers) are banded with approximately equal parts white and pale brown (Chambers 1875). The male genitalia of M. viburnella are most similar to that of M. fulgidella (Clemens) in possessing a greatly inflated phallobase and inwardly curved apex of the valvular lobes. The forewing pattern of M. fulgidella is distinct in possessing much broader white fascia. Host plants. Adults have been reared from Viburnum dentatum L. (Adoxaceae). We have found leaf mines of the new species on V. lantanoides Michx., V. nudum L. var. cassinoides (L.) Torr. & A. Gray, and V. rafinesquianum Schult. Biology. In Massachusetts, adults emerge in June and early July and deposit eggs on the upper surfaces of leaves of Viburnum, one egg per leaf, typically over a prominent vein. The sap-feeding larvae hatch in early July and form meandering linear leaf mines, less than 1 mm wide (Figs. 7���8). The mine is at first epidermal and may appear whitish or like a tiny, shining snail trail, difficult to discern. Before long the mine deepens and becomes pale brown in color, with a very fine, central frass line visible under magnification. Eventually the mine enters the leaf midrib, either directly or by a side vein, and proceeds down the petiole and into the stem. We have found apparently occupied leaf mines in Massachusetts as late as 8 August, and have found completed leaf mines, with larvae already feeding in stems, as early as 19 July in Massachusetts and 30 June in Illinois. Once in the stem, the larva quickly tunnels deeper in the bark, and the mine (Fig. 9) usually is not externally visible for more than a few cm. Based on the known life histories of other bark-mining Marmara species, we presume that the larvae overwinter partially grown and finish feeding in the spring. The depth of the bark mine appears to vary throughout development; we have found fragmentary epidermal and deeper bark mines of various sizes, but much of the feeding evidently takes place in the cortex and is not visible on the surface. The mature larva cuts a semicircular flap in the bark (Fig. 4) and spins its cocoon on the underside of this (Fig. 6). Although we have found mines extending to within a few cm of the base of the stem, the pupation site tends to be well over 1 m aboveground, on a branch or a portion of the main stem that is less than 1 cm thick and has relatively smooth bark. Upon emergence of the adult (Figs. 10���11), the pupa is thrust through the cocoon near one end (Fig. 5). Parasitoids. Four Quadrastichus Girault adults (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) emerged from one cocoon. No keys exist for the identification of North American species in this genus, and there are likely numerous undescribed species in addition to the ten known from this continent (C. Hansson, in litt.). Six Ageniaspis Dahlbom adults (Encyrtidae: Encyrtinae) emerged from another cocoon, and another 23 emerged from two or more cocoons that were not isolated in separate rearing vials. They do not match any of the species recorded from northeastern North America (R. Zuparko, in litt.). Other Associates. We found several different arthropods hiding under bark flaps created by larvae of Marmara viburnella. These included two elongate-bodied springtails (Entomobryomorpha), Anurophorus cf. septentrionalis Palissa (Isotomidae) and Entomobrya nivalis (L.) (Entomobryidae), as well as two beetles (Coleoptera), Contacyphon Des Gozis sp. (Scirtidae) and Neapion Alonso-Zarazaga sp. (Brentidae). Remarks. The successful rearing of Marmara viburnella followed five years of investigation and failed attempts, during which the larval biology was gradually pieced together. The first known leaf mine on Viburnum dentatum was found on Tuckernuck Island by CSE on 10 September 2011 during a survey of leaf-mining and gallforming insects of Nantucket County, Massachusetts, USA. Additional mines were found on Nantucket Island in August 2012, and since they were observed to proceed down the petioles and into the twigs, several twigs with mined leaves were collected in resealable plastic bags. A single larva appeared in one of the bags, and photographs were shown to DRD and DLW, who agreed that it appeared to be an early instar Marmara. In June 2013, additional searching of V. dentatum by CSE and JAB revealed a few old bark mines, but no bark flaps were found and it was presumed that this species exits the mine to pupate after overwintering in the stem or roots. In late July 2014, V. dentatum plants with leaf mines were marked with pink flagging, and in December, five of these were dug, potted, and kept in an unheated shed over the winter, inside large sleeves of fine-meshed cloth. On 3 March 2015, the plants were brought indoors, and they were checked daily until June for emerging adults. No moths emerged, but on 30 June, CSE and JAB discovered leaf and stem mines with two associated bark flaps on V. dentatum west of Effingham, Illinois. Thus, in June 2016 CSE and JAB were newly motivated to search for bark flaps on Nantucket Island, and succeeded in collecting approximately 30 that appeared fresh (rejecting numerous others that were from previous years) scattered over five different sites. The leaf mine of Marmara viburnella is easily distinguished from other mines occurring on Viburnum, as no other insect produces a mine that proceeds down the petiole and into the stem. The only other known linear mine on Viburnum is one found by CSE and JAB on V. edule (Michx.) Raf. in Washington. This mine was tightly coiled at the beginning, arcing back and forth in an area bounded by two lateral veins; eventually it crossed a vein and stretched out into a typical linear mine. The larva exited through a slit in the upper epidermis at the end of the mine. Frass was deposited in beaded strips along the sides (not in a thin central line as in M. viburnella), an arrangement characteristic of Agromyzidae (Diptera). We presume this mine to be the work of Liriomyza charada Lonsdale, which has been reared from V. edule in Alberta (Lonsdale 2017). The two other known Viburnum miners are both moths that form blotch mines. Phyllonorycter viburnella (Braun) (Gracillariidae), which like M. viburnella is common on V. dentatum on Nantucket Island, forms an underside tentiform mine in which pupation takes place (Braun 1923). Coleophora viburniella Clemens (Coleophoridae) feeds from a portable case, producing full-depth mines that contain no frass. It is recorded from V. nudum L. var. cassinoides (L.) Torr. & A. Gray (McDunnough 1942), V. prunifolium L. (Clemens 1861), and V. rufidulum Raf. (Covell 1999), and we have found larvae on V. dentatum in Vermont. It is conceivable that Marmara mines on Viburnum species other than V. dentatum represent moths distinct from M. viburnella, but at this point we have no reason to suspect so. In Berkshire County, Massachusetts, we have found mines on V. lantanoides in the immediate vicinity of mines on V. dentatum., Published as part of Charles S. Eiseman, Donald R. Davis, Julia A. Blyth, David L. Wagner, Michael W. Palmer & Tracy S. Feldman, 2017, A new species of Marmara (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Marmarinae), with an Annotated List of Known Hostplants for the Genus, pp. 198-222 in Zootaxa 4337 (2) on pages 199-203, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4337.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1018692, {"references":["Wilson, T. (2014) Viburnum Leaf Mine ID Request. Available from: http: // bugguide. net / node / view / 1014804 (accessed 21 December 2016)","Braun, A. F. (1915) New genera and species of Tineina. The Canadian Entomologist, 47 (6), 188 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 47188 - 6","Busck, A. (1909) Notes on microlepidoptera, with descriptions of new North American species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 11 (2), 87 - 103.","Fitzgerald, T. D. (1973) Coexistence of three species of bark-mining Marmara (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on green ash and descriptions of new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 66 (2), 457 - 464. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 66.2.457","Chambers, V. T. (1875) Tineina of the central United States. The Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science, 2 (2), 97 - 121.","Lonsdale, O. (2017) The Liriomyza (Agromyzidae: Schizophora: Diptera) of Canada & Alaska. Zootaxa, 4234 (1), 1 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4234.1.1","Braun, A. F. (1923) Microlepidoptera: notes and new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 49 (2), 115 - 127.","McDunnough, J. (1942) Further notes on maritime Coleophoridae (Lepidoptera). The Canadian Entomologist, 74, 167 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / ent 74167 - 9","Clemens, B. (1861) Micro-lepidopterous larvae. Notes on a few species, the imagos of which are probably undescribed. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 1 (4), 75 - 87.","Covell, C. (1999) The butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) of Kentucky: an annotated checklist. Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission Scientific and Technical Series, 6, 1 - 220."]}

Marmara Clemens, 1863 " Marmara new. gen."���Clemens, B. 1863. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia 2(1): 6���7. Type species: Marmara salictella Clemens, 1863. By monotypy. Aesyle Chambers, 1875 " Aesyle, gen. nov. "���Chambers, V. T., 1875a. Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science 2(2): 97. Type species: Aesyle fasciella Chambers, 1875. By monotypy. Aesyle is mentioned in the Coleophoridae by Nye & Fletcher (1991: 8)., Published as part of Prins, Jurate De, Brito, Ros��ngela & Moreira, Gilson Rudinei Pires, 2016, An annotated taxonomic checklist of the Neotropical Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) with links to the information on host plants and parasitoids, pp. 1-51 in Zootaxa 4158 (1) on page 25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255480

Marmara ischnotoma (Meyrick, 1915) " Parectopa ischnotoma, n. sp. "���Meyrick, E. 1915b. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London (2): 233. Type locality: British Guiana [Guyana], Mallali. Type specimens: Holotype ♀, BMNH. Distribution: Guyana (Meyrick 1915b: 233). Larval hostplant(s): Unknown., Published as part of Prins, Jurate De, Brito, Ros��ngela & Moreira, Gilson Rudinei Pires, 2016, An annotated taxonomic checklist of the Neotropical Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) with links to the information on host plants and parasitoids, pp. 1-51 in Zootaxa 4158 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255480

Marmara phaneropis (Meyrick, 1915) " Parectopa phaneropis, n. sp. "���Meyrick, E. 1915b. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London (2): 233���234. Type locality: Ecuador, Duran. Type specimens: Holotype ♀, BMNH. Distribution: Ecuador (Meyrick 1915b: 234). Larval hostplant(s): Unknown., Published as part of Prins, Jurate De, Brito, Ros��ngela & Moreira, Gilson Rudinei Pires, 2016, An annotated taxonomic checklist of the Neotropical Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) with links to the information on host plants and parasitoids, pp. 1-51 in Zootaxa 4158 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255480

Marmara affirmata (Meyrick, 1918) " Parectopa affirmata, n. sp. "��� Meyrick, E. 1918. Exotic Microlepidoptera (Marlborough) 2(6): 178. Type locality: Peru, Lima, 500 ft. Type specimens: 6 syntypes (♂ and ♀), BMNH. Distribution: Peru (Meyrick 1918: 178). Larval hostplant(s): Unknown., Published as part of Prins, Jurate De, Brito, Ros��ngela & Moreira, Gilson Rudinei Pires, 2016, An annotated taxonomic checklist of the Neotropical Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) with links to the information on host plants and parasitoids, pp. 1-51 in Zootaxa 4158 (1) on pages 25-26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255480

Marmara stemonodes (Meyrick, 1915) " Parectopa stemonodes, n. sp. "���Meyrick, E. 1915b. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London (2): 234. Type locality: Ecuador, Huigra, 4500 ft., vi.1914, leg. Parish. Type specimens: Syntypes 2♂ (a third specimen ♀ is probably the female of this species), BMNH. Distribution: Ecuador (Meyrick 1915b: 234). Larval hostplant(s): Unknown., Published as part of Prins, Jurate De, Brito, Ros��ngela & Moreira, Gilson Rudinei Pires, 2016, An annotated taxonomic checklist of the Neotropical Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) with links to the information on host plants and parasitoids, pp. 1-51 in Zootaxa 4158 (1) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255480

Marmara isortha (Meyrick, 1915) " Parectopa isortha, n. sp. "���Meyrick, E. 1915b. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London (2): 233. Type locality: British Guiana [Guyana], Bartica, ii.1913, leg. Parish. Type specimens: Holotype ♂, BMNH. Distribution: Brazil (Meyrick 1936: 34), Guyana (Meyrick 1915b: 233). Larval hostplant(s): Malvaceae: Theobroma cacao L. (Meyrick 1936: 34). Marmara opuntiella Busck, 1907 " Marmara opuntiella, n. sp. "���Busck, A. 1907. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 8 (1906)(3���4): 97. Type locality: [U.S.A.], southern Texas. Type specimens: Holotype, nr. 9903 (gender not stated), USNM. Distribution: Mexico (Mann 1969: 135) Note: for the records in the USA please consult Busck (1907) and (De Prins & De Prins 2016). Records of "similar larvae with identical habits" from Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Peru, and Venezuela may also refer to this species (Mann 1969: 135). Larval hostplant(s): Cactaceae: Nopalea sp. (Mann 1969: 135), Opuntia sp. (Busck 1907: 97)., Published as part of Prins, Jurate De, Brito, Ros��ngela & Moreira, Gilson Rudinei Pires, 2016, An annotated taxonomic checklist of the Neotropical Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) with links to the information on host plants and parasitoids, pp. 1-51 in Zootaxa 4158 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255480

Marmara gulosa Guill��n & Davis, 2001 " Marmara gulosa Guill��n and Davis, new species "���Guill��n, M., Davis, D.R. & Heraty, J.M. 2001. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 103(3): 638���651, figs. 3, 5���7, 11���46 Type locality: U.S.A., California, Riverside Co. [unty], Oasis Ranch, 14 km S of Coachella. Type specimens: Holotype ♂ USNM; Paratypes 13♂ and 16♀, plus larvae and pupae, USNM, UCR. Distribution: Cuba (Chong & La Rosa 1986: 121), Mexico (Guill��n et al. 2007: 264). Note: For distribution records in the USA please consult (De Prins & De Prins 2016). Larval hostplant(s): Unknown. Note: For host plant records in the USA please consult (De Prins & De Prins 2016). DNA: Genbank AF 280424 - AF 280430, AF284564 - AF284570 (Guill��n et al. 2001)., Published as part of Prins, Jurate De, Brito, Ros��ngela & Moreira, Gilson Rudinei Pires, 2016, An annotated taxonomic checklist of the Neotropical Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) with links to the information on host plants and parasitoids, pp. 1-51 in Zootaxa 4158 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255480

WOS: 000370437500003, The blotchfin dragonet Callionymus filamentosus Valenciennes, 1837 is a Red Sea immigrant that was first recorded from the Turkish coast in 1994. To date, there has been little or no information on the biological parameters of C. filamentosus in the Mediterranean Sea. The present study aims to first determine the age and growth parameters of blotchfin dragonet C. filamentosus established in the Iskenderun Bay, northeastern Mediterranean. A total of 341 C. filamentosus were caught by commercial vessels from Iskenderun Bay (northeastern Mediterraenan, Turkey) between October 2012 and September 2013. The maximum age was found to be 5+ years for both sexes combined, the 1+ age group comprised of 56.0% of samples. The total length distribution of C. filamentosus ranged from 7.2-17.5 cm, and the weight distribution from 3.24-41.89 g. Growth equations for females were calculated as W=0.0131xL(2.820) (R-2 = 0.985) for males as W = 0.0155xL(2.757) (R-2 = 0.989) and for all individuals as W=0.0142xL(2.792) (R-2 = 0.987). Von Bertalonffy growth parameters were L-infinity = 21.22 cm, K= 0.235 year(-1), t(0) = -2.101 years for females, L-infinity = 22.24 cm, K = 0.215 year(-1), t(0) = -2.182 years for males, and as L-infinity = 21.93 cm, K = 0.213 year(-1), t(0) = -2.150 years for combined sexes. Overall total mortality was estimated as 0.62 year(-1), natural mortality was 0.41 year(-1) and fishing mortality was 0.21 year(-1).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the technical and scale efficiency of sample rice (Oryza sativa) farms and subsequently identify determinants of technical inefficiency in the Balikesir and Edirne provinces of Turkey. An input oriented data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to estimate technical efficiency scores. Additionally, Tobit regression was used to explain the variation in the efficiency scores related to farm-specific factors. The data used in this study were based on a direct interview survey of 70 randomly selected rice farm households in the 2007 production year. Study results revealed that overall the technical efficiency score of sample rice farms was 0.92 on average and ranged from 0.75 to 1.00. Sample rice farms could reduce their inputs by c. 8% and still produce the same level of rice output. Calculated efficiency scores were subsequently regressed on explanatory variables using a Tobit analysis, to help in identifying inefficiency related factors. In this study, five explanatory variables were identified as being related to efficiency. The Tobit regression estimates showed that factors such as number of plots, farmer's age, and off-farm income negatively influenced technical efficiency, whereas farm size and membership of a cooperative showed a positive relationship with efficiency.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of different levels of water deficit on yield and crop water requirement of soya beans in a sub-humid environment (Southern Marmara region, Bursa, Turkey) in 2005 and 2006. One full-irrigated treatment (T 1 ), one non-irrigated treatment (T 5 ) and three different deficit irrigation (T 2 =25 % water deficit, T 3 = 50 % water deficit, T 4 = 75 % water deficit) treatments were applied to 'Nova' soya bean planted on a clay soil. Non-irrigated and all deficit irrigation treatments significantly reduced biomass and seed yield and yield components. The full-irrigated (T 1 ) treatment had the highest yield (3760 kg ha -1 ), while the non-irrigated (T 5 ) treatment had the lowest yield (2069 kg ha -1 ), a 45.0 % seed yield reduction. T 2 , T 3 and T 4 deficit irrigation treatments produced 11.7-27.4 % less seed yield than the T 1 treatment. Harvest index showed less and irregular variation among irrigation treatments. Both leaf area per plant and leaf area index were significantly reduced at all growth stages as amount of irrigation water was decreased. Evapotranspiration increased with increased amounts of irrigation water supplied. Our results indicate that higher amounts of irrigation resulted in higher seed yield, whereas water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency values decreased when irrigation amount increased.

Güney Marmara Bölgesi’nin (Susurluk drenaj havzası-SDH) suları ve tortulları büyük ölçüde önce Manyas ve Ulubat göllerinde toplanır, sonra tek kanaldan Marmara Denizi’ne ulaşır.Mevcut akaçlama sistemi ile buradaki gözlem istasyonları SDH’ndaki aşınma hızını ve dolayısıyla buradaki büyük ölçekli vadilerin kazınma sürelerini araştırma olanağı vermektedir. Bu yönde veri elde etmek için, Ulubat Gölü’nün eski tortulları ve bunların kimyasal kapsamları sondajlar yardımıyla çalışılmıştır. Karotlarla kesilen göl tortulları içindeki bor iyonu alttan üste doğru 4 m seviyesinde aniden artmakta olup bu değişme Emet Vadisi’ndeki borat yataklarının aşınmaya başlamasıyla ortaya çıkmıştır. Aşınma-depolanma ilişkileri dikkate alınarak Emet Vadisi’ndeki deşilme hızı 1,4 cm/yıl, bu değerin tüm araziye uygulanmasıyla vadinin toplam kazılma süresi 75 bin yıl olarak hesaplanmaktadır. Jeolojik süreçlerin tekdüze olmadığı dikkate alınarak, bu yaşın mutlak olmayacağı, ancak mevcut taşınma ve depolanma hızlarına göre vadilerin kazılma süresinin 300 bin yıldan daha da geriye gitmeyeceği söylenebilir. Öyle anlaşılıyor ki, hızlı aşınmanın önemli nedenlerinden birisi Marmara Denizi’nin son Buzul Çağında göl halinde oluşudur. Alçak taban düzeyi, kaynak alan ile birikim yeri arasında belirgin yükseklik farkı yaratmış ve erozyonun hızlanmasına yol açmıştır..

Earthquake scarps associated with recent historical events have been found on the floor of the Sea of Marmara, along the North Anatolian Fault (NAF). The MARMARASCARPS cruise using an unmanned submersible (ROV) provides direct observations to study the fine-scale morphology and geology of those scarps, their distribution, and geometry. The observations are consistent with the diversity of fault mechanisms and the fault segmentation within the north Marmara extensional step-over, between the strike-slip Ganos and Izmit faults. Smaller strike-slip segments and pull-apart basins alternate within the main step-over, commonly combining strike-slip and extension. Rapid sedimentation rates of 1–3 mm/yr appear to compete with normal faulting components of up to 6 mm/yr at the pull-apart margins. In spite of the fast sedimentation rates the submarine scarps are preserved and accumulate relief. Sets of youthful earthquake scarps extend offshore from the Ganos and Izmit faults on land into the Sea of Marmara. Our observations suggest that they correspond to the submarine ruptures of the 1999 Izmit (Mw 7.4) and the 1912 Ganos (Ms 7.4) earthquakes. While the 1999 rupture ends at the immediate eastern entrance of the extensional Cinarcik Basin, the 1912 rupture appears to have crossed the Ganos restraining bend into the Sea of Marmara floor for 60 km with a right-lateral slip of 5 m, ending in the Central Basin step-over. From the Gulf of Saros to Marmara the total 1912 rupture length is probably about 140 km, not 50 km as previously thought. The direct observations of submarine scarps in Marmara are critical to defining barriers that have arrested past earthquakes as well as defining a possible segmentation of the contemporary state of loading. Incorporating the submarine scarp evidence modifies substantially our understanding of the current state of loading along the NAF next to Istanbul. Coulomb stress modeling shows a zone of maximum loading with at least 4–5 m of slip deficit encompassing the strike-slip segment 70 km long between the Cinarcik and Central Basins. That segment alone would be capable of generating a large-magnitude earthquake (Mw 7.2). Other segments in Marmara appear less loaded.

Some surface sediments, collected from 7 sampling sides of the Dardanelles and 13 sampling sited of creeks in the area of surrounding of the Dardanelles were analyzed quantitatively by neutron activation analysis (NAA) and concentrations of N-2, Al, K, Ca, Sc, Fe, Co, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Sb, Cs, Hf, U, Th and rare earth elements (La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Dy, Yb, Lu) were determined. Uranium and thorium results were found to be compatible with those given in the literature for marine sediments. Results indicated correlations between Rb and Sr (r = 0.8542), Th and Ce (r = 0.8131), Th and La (r = 6371), Th and Sm (r = 4756) in the creek sediments. These correlations were find to be r = 0.5361 (Rb and Sr), r = 0.8571 (Th and Ce), r = 7397 (Th and La), r = 0.9045 (Th and Sm), respectively, in the marine sediments.