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Purpose The decision concerning the degree of product and service customization is crucial, yet has scarcely been studied for small businesses in business-to-business (B2B) contexts. Although such a decision allows relationships with potential customers to be strengthened, it might involve high opportunity costs given the investment required. This paper aims to analyse the profitability of customization undertaken by small businesses in terms of cost–benefit and examine the drivers of profitable customized projects vis-à-vis the ability to strengthen relationships with clients (relationship investment and customer involvement) and the firm’s resources related to processes and technology (expertise and modularity). Design/methodology/approach To test the proposed hypotheses, data were collected from 140 small Spanish firms involved in two sectors characterized by the offer of customized solutions: information and professional, scientific and technical services. Findings Analysis reveals that customer involvement in the customized solution, even when it requires investing in equipment, time or human resources has a positive effect on customization and ultimately on profitability, as the cost of this customer interaction is lower than the revenue it provides. Likewise, supplier investment in the relationship allows for a solution that is adapted to the client, although it requires a cost associated with investing in specific assets. Such costs cancel out the positive indirect effect through the customized solution. Finally, expertise enables appropriate use of the flexibility derived from modularity to satisfy customer requirements, with both being key company resources for driving profitability through customized solutions. Originality/value This study makes a contribution to the domain of customization. The authors extend current knowledge on B2B customization by proving that small firms can use their available capabilities and knowledge to achieve a successful customization strategy.

9 pags., The use of polyproline II (PPII) helices in protein design is currently hindered by limitations in our understanding of their conformational stability and folding. Recent studies of the snow flea antifreeze protein (sfAFP), a useful model system composed of six PPII helices, suggested that a low denatured state entropy contributes to folding thermodynamics. Here, circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed minor populations of PPII like conformers at low temperature. To get atomic level information on the conformational ensemble and entropy of the reduced, denatured state of sfAFP, we have analyzed its chemical shifts and {H}-N relaxation parameters by NMR spectroscopy at four experimental conditions. No significant populations of stable secondary structure were detected. The stiffening of certain N-terminal residues at neutral versus acidic pH and shifted pK values leads us to suggest that favorable charge-charge interactions could bias the conformational ensemble to favor the formation the C1-C28 disulfide bond during nascent folding, although no evidence for preferred contacts between these positions was detected by paramagnetic relaxation enhancement under denaturing conditions. Despite a high content of flexible glycine residues, the mobility of the sfAFP denatured ensemble is similar for denatured α/β proteins both on fast ps/ns as well as slower μs/ms timescales. These results are in line with a conformational entropy in the denatured ensemble resembling that of typical proteins and suggest that new structures based on PPII helical bundles should be amenable to protein design., NMR experiments were performed in the “Manuel Rico” NMR laboratory (LMR) of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), a node of the Spanish Large-Scale National Facility (ICTS R-LRB). We acknowledge funding from the following grants: PID2019-109306RB-I00 from MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (to D.V.L.) and PID2020-113907RA-I00 from MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (to M.M.), and RYC2019-026574-I from MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and “ESF Investing in Your Future” (to M.M.).

The Schmidt-hammer has been used in Geomorphology for the last decades. The effectiveness of the method has been proven by several authors, but some limitations also exists. In this work, this procedure has been tested in glacial and periglacial landforms in five different massifs in the province of León (northwestern Spain): Vizcodillo, Arcos del Agua, Muxivén, San Isidro and Peña Pieta. Tested landforms include moraines, rock glaciers, polished outcrops, talus slopes, blockfields and a debris avalanche. Quartzite has been widely used for this purpose, but granodiorite, shales and sandstones have also been tested. Results show that Schmidt-hammer data generally agree with geomorphological reconstructions. They also show strong correlation with cosmic-ray exposure ages where they exist. Rebound values are high, ranging from ≈70-72 in the oldest landforms (last glacial stage) to ≈77-80 in the most recent ones, with small differences within massifs.In Vizcodillo, four glacial stages have been clearly differentiated since the last local glacial maximum. In Arcos del Agua, periglacial deposits show two different stages of rock glaciers generation and a progressively younger age for different talus slopes related to deglaciation. At both sites, the blockfields are younger than rock glaciers. In Muxivén, Schmidt-hammer data agree with the cosmic-ray exposure dating results, indicating that most of the postglacial deposits were generated due to rapid deglaciation during the Bølling-Allerød period. In San Isidro, the results show two possible stages for rock glaciers. In Peña Prieta, different glacial and periglacial deposits were tested, but poor results were obtained.Relevant differences have been observed depending on the lithology. The mean coefficient of variation in the rebound values of the boulders was 3.1% in Arcos del Agua (quartzite), 3.5% in Vizcodillo (quartzite), 3.8% in Muxivén (quartzite), 4.7% in San Isidro (quartzite sandstones), but 9.9% in Peña Prieta (granodiorite). The differences between boulders of the same landform were also clearly greater in Peña Prieta than in the other massifs, with the quarzitic areas showing the most robust results. Although it has been used in previous works with good results, in this study granodiorite presented a significant dispersion in the rebound values of the boulders, due to the fact that its internal composition is coarse-grained and presents grains with different resistance. Shales could not be correctly tested because they offered great dispersion in the data. The results addressed the importance of selecting suitable and comparable areas on boulder surfaces for Schmidt-hammer impacts, with resistant and homogeneous lithology showing better results. Conversely, areas with high lithological heterogeneity or coarse-grained boulders may not to be suitable for the Schmidt-hammer method. Further surface exposure dating is needed to establish a calibration curve in this area.

Introduction/Background Mass-casualty incidents (MCIs) and disasters require an organised and effective response from medical first responders (MFRs). As such, novel training methods have emerged to prepare and adequately train MFRs for these challenging situations. Particular focus should be placed on extended reality (XR), which encompasses virtual, augmented and mixed reality (VR, AR, and MR, respectively), and allows participants to develop high-quality skills in realistic and immersive environments. Given the rapid evolution of high-fidelity simulation technology and its advantages, XR simulation has become a promising tool for emergency medicine. Accordingly, this systematic review aims to: 1) evaluate the effectiveness of XR training methods and 2) explore the experience of MFRs undergoing such training. Methods A comprehensive search strategy will encompass four distinct themes: MFRs, disasters/MCIs, education and simulation, and XR. Four databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and LILACs) will be searched along with an in-depth examination of the grey literature and reference lists of relevant articles. MetaQAT will be used as a study quality assessment tool and integrated into Covidence as part of the data extraction form. Given the predicted high heterogeneity between studies, it may not be possible to standardise data for quantitative comparison and meta-analysis. Thus, data will be synthesised in a narrative, semi-quantitative manner. Discussion This review will examine the existing literature on the effectiveness of XR simulation as a tool to train MFRs for MCIs, which could ultimately improve preparedness and response to disasters. Trial registration Protocol registration: PROSPERO CRD42021275692.

The structure of the property in Leon's coal mining is based on the existence of smalle mines, a fact that makes the mining space a very fragmented one.This charasteristic, which is a historial fact in the beginning of the coal mining, has developed slowly theroughout the last decades towards a concentration of the properties, with a small number of owners.The concentration process is very impotant in the hard coal mines, and much less visible in the anthracite ones, where we still find an important number of reduced extension mines belonging to small owners.

This article presents a geographical study of a roman gold-mine in the north-west of Iberian peninsula: the río de la Sierra mine. Several traces have been realized by ancient miners which already are present nowadays in our landscape. With these traces we can know a important part of that society like gold-mines and the hydraulic structure related with them.

The use of PPII helices in protein design is currently hindered by limitations in our understanding of their conformational stability and folding. Recent studies of the snow flea antifreeze protein (sfAFP), a useful model system composed of six PPII helices, suggested that a low denatured state entropy contributes to folding thermodynamics. To get atomic level information on the conformational ensemble and entropy of the reduced denatured state of sfAFP, we have analyzed its chemical shifts and {1H}-15N relaxation parameters by NMR spectroscopy at three experimental conditions. No significant populations of preferred secondary structure were detected. The stiffening of certain N-terminal residues at neutral versus acidic pH leads us to suggest that favorable charge-charge interactions could bias the conformational ensemble to favor the formation of the two disulfide bonds during nascent folding. Despite a high content of flexible glycine residues, the mobility of the sfAFP denatured ensemble is similar for denatured α/β proteins both on fast ps/ns as well as slower μs/ms timescales. These results are in line with a conformational entropy in the denatured ensemble resembling that of typical proteins and suggest that new structures based on PPII helical bundles should be amenable to protein design.

Till macrofabric and grain-size analysis of glacial diamictons and landforms present in several valleys of the Serra da Estrela Mountains in central Portugal were used to interpret till types and to reconstruct the glacial paleoprocess history of this mountainous region. Supraglacial melt-out and flow tills are dominant in this range. Supraglacial melt-out tills, representative of periods of glacial stability and stagnation followed by recession, present weaker fabric data and coarser, poorly sorted sediments. Flow tills, mainly representative of glacial stability followed by recession, present crude layering, and soft-sediment deformation structures with moderate fabric data and coarser to fine, poorly sorted sediments. Glacial diamictons affected by post-glacial paraglacial activity in the form of landslides were also observed in three valleys. These present weaker to moderate fabric data and coarser, poorly sorted sediments. These glacial diamictons and landforms are of particular importance in the reconstruction of the glacial dynamics and history of the Serra da Estrela Mountains due to a scarcity of chronological data based on absolute dating methods. These mountains also represent the southernmost Atlantic range in Europe where significant glaciation took place, which makes it an interesting area to investigate mountain glacial dynamics in low elevation humid Atlantic coastal ranges and compare it with other Atlantic ranges.

IntroductionExcitability of the primary motor cortex measured with TMS has been associated with cognitive dysfunctions in patient populations. However, only a few studies have explored this relationship in healthy adults, and even fewer have considered the role of biological sex.MethodsNinety-seven healthy middle-aged adults (53 male) completed a TMS protocol and a neuropsychological assessment. Resting Motor Threshold (RMT) and Long-Interval Intracortical Inhibition (LICI) were assessed in the left motor cortex and related to attention, episodic memory, working memory, reasoning, and global cognition composite scores to evaluate the relationship between cortical excitability and cognitive functioning.ResultsIn the whole sample, there was a significant association between LICI and cognition; specifically, higher motor inhibition was related to better working memory performance. When the sample was broken down by biological sex, LICI was only associated with working memory, reasoning, and global cognition in men. No associations were found between RMT and cognitive functions.ConclusionGreater intracortical inhibition, measured by LICI, could be a possible marker of working memory in healthy middle-aged adults, and biological sex plays a critical role in this association.

Dehesas or montados are man-made systems whose conservation interest as a Mediterranean landscape or agroforestry system has been highlighted in the scientific literature due to their high levels of biodiversity. The understanding of how management practices influence the biodiversity of the dehesa requires a comprehensive approach that considers the broad spectrum of biological components (i.e., fungi, lichens, vascular plants, macroinvertebrates, and vertebrates) that make the dehesa an ecosystem. We have reviewed around seventy publications compiled through Scopus and other specialized bibliographic sources not included in Scopus that study the impact of land use and land cover on the biodiversity of Iberian dehesas. The most significant results have been organized and summarized into a group of factors related to habitat structure and management practices. The conclusion to be drawn from the scientific studies is that not all biological components respond in the same way to land-cover and human practices, and the maintenance of a high overall diversity in dehesas depends on a complex understorey vegetation and habitat heterogeneity.

The Montes de Leon (northwest Spain) include the Aquilanos Mountains (2142 m), the Teleno Mountains (2182 m), and the Sierra de la Cabrera (2121 m), which are Paleozoic mountains with a predominance of slate and quartzite. During the maximum glacial advance, 94 small cirque and valley glaciers (up to 9 km long) occupying c. 116 km2 were formed in this area. Although the glacial development was similar in the three mountain ranges, the conservation of the landforms is very uneven. On the western slope of La Cabrera and in the Aquilanos Mountains, the steep slope and the greater presence of slate favored erosion, and only a few moraines have been preserved, although cirques and troughs are still present. The preserved moraines in the Teleno and the east of La Cabrera (Vizcodillo) present a less steep gradient, allowing us to observe three glacial stages. The first two show similar development, with glaciers occupying the headwaters of the valleys. The third appears in the highest and best-oriented cirques, with moraines over 1700 m. Some of the moraines were excavated for gold in Roman times, and others have been destroyed by current-day slate mining.

Psychosocial hardships associated with the COVID-19 pandemic led many individuals to suffer adverse mental health consequences, however, others show no negative effects. We hypothesized that the electroencephalographic (EEG) response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) could serve as a toy-model of an individual’s capacity to resist psychological stress, in this case linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed data from 74 participants who underwent mental health monitoring and concurrent electroencephalography with transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC) and left inferior parietal lobule (L-IPL). Within the following 19 months, mental health was reassessed at three time points during lock-down confinement and different phases of de-escalation in Spain. Compared with participants who remained stable, those who experienced increased mental distress showed, months earlier, significantly larger late EEG responses locally after L-DLPFC stimulation (but not globally nor after L-IPL stimulation). This response, together with years of formal education, was significantly predictive of mental health status during the pandemic. These findings reveal that the effect of TMS perturbation offers a predictive toy model of psychosocial stress resilience, as exemplified by the COVID-19 pandemic, and point to the L-DLPFC as a promising target for resilience promotion.

IntroductionThe prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a crucial role in cognition, particularly in executive functions. Cortical reactivity measured with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation combined with Electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) is altered in pathological conditions, and it may also be a marker of cognitive status in middle-aged adults. In this study, we investigated the associations between cognitive measures and TMS evoked EEG reactivity and explored whether the effects of this relationship were related to neurofilament light chain levels (NfL), a marker of neuroaxonal damage.MethodsFifty two healthy middle-aged adults (41–65 years) from the Barcelona Brain Health Initiative cohort underwent TMS-EEG, a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, and a blood test for NfL levels. Global and Local Mean-Field Power (GMFP/LMFP), two measures of cortical reactivity, were quantified after left prefrontal cortex (L-PFC) stimulation, and cognition was set as the outcome of the regression analysis. The left inferior parietal lobe (L-IPL) was used as a control stimulation condition.ResultsLocal reactivity was significantly associated with working memory and reasoning only after L-PFC stimulation. No associations were found between NfL and cognition. These specific associations were independent of the status of neuroaxonal damage indexed by the NfL biomarker and remained after adjusting for age, biological sex, and education.ConclusionOur results demonstrate that TMS evoked EEG reactivity at the L-PFC, but not the L-IPL, is related to the cognitive status of middle-aged individuals and independent of NfL levels, and may become a valuable biomarker of frontal lobe-associated cognitive function.

Relict rock glaciers are widespread in the Cantabrian Mountains, with more than 250 lobate, tongued‐shaped and complex landforms identified. Located mostly within glacial cirques, facing north and northeast, these landforms are indicative of the distribution of ancient permafrost. Macro‐fabric analysis allows us to reconstruct the past dynamics of these landforms. Surface macro‐fabric analysis of 34 rock glaciers including both ridge and furrows was performed. The orientation and dip of 50 clasts was determined in each case. All data were plotted in equal‐area stereograms and the eigenvalue method was used for statistical analysis of the data. The data show weak fabric shapes, with the transitional and the girdle shapes being the most representative, with 67.6% of the samples studied. The main fabric direction (eigenvalue S1) is found in 40–60% of the clasts, and only 11.7% present values ≥0.60. Clast concentration density in the stereograms gives concentrations

This investigative study wanted to determinate the relationship between the phonological awareness and the reading – writing process in 3th grade students from an EBP school in Sincelejo. The used instruments were the Prueba de Procesamiento Fonologico to seize the phonological awareness and the PROLEC and PROESC batteries, to measure the reading – writing process. The chosen sample were 55 students (ages 8 – 10) who were the result of previous assessments on hearing, visual and cognitive competences. The data processing was processed through an analysis using the IBM statistical package SPSS 23.0.0.0 (2015), based on the tests made by Kolmogorov–Smirnov and on Pearson’s correlation. The results show a highly relevant relationship between the phonological awareness and the output in reading – writing process. Keywords: Phonological Awareness, Writing, Reading. Resumen El presente estudio busco determinar la relacion existente entre la conciencia fonologica y la lectoescritura de los estudiantes de tercer grado de E.B.P. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Prueba de Procesamiento Fonologico para medir la variable conciencia Fonologica y las baterias de PROLEC y PROESC para medir lectoescritura. La muestra consistio en 55 alumnos (8 a 10 anos), que resultaron de previas valoraciones auditiva, visual y cognitiva. El procesamiento de los datos se realizo a traves de un analisis utilizando el paquete Estadistico IBM SPSS 23.0.0.0 (2015), tomandose como nivel de significancia las pruebas de Kolgomorov-Smirnov, y de correlacion de Pearson. Los resultados evidencian una relacion altamente significativa entre la conciencia fonologica y el rendimiento en lectura y escritura. Palabras clave: Conciencia Fonologica, Escritura, Lectura. Resumo O presente estudo buscou determinar a relacao entre consciencia fonologica e alfabetizacao de estudantes de terceiro grau da E.B.P. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Teste de Processamento Fonologico para medir a variavel consciencia fonologica e as baterias PROLEC e PROESC para medir leitura e escrita. A amostra foi composta por 55 estudantes (8 a 10 anos), resultado de avaliacoes previas auditivas, visuais e cognitivas. Os dados foram processados atraves de uma analise utilizando o pacote IBM SPSS Statistics package 23.0.0.0 (2015), tomando como nivel de significância os testes de correlacao de Kolgomorov-Smirnov e Pearson. Os resultados mostram uma relacao altamente significativa entre consciencia fonologica e desempenho em leitura e escrita Palavras-chave : Consciencia Fonologica, Escrita, Leitura.

Este año, la implementación de las herramientas TIC para suplir la actividad presencial se ha realizado de manera abrupta, careciendo de un periodo adaptativo que permitiese la asimilación de las herramientas necesarias, o una adaptación de las dinámicas igual de planificada que la docencia presencial. Se busca describir la percepción de los estudiantes de proyectos arquitectónicos sobre la enseñanza on-line durante la crisis del Covid-19 y conocer si la enseñanza virtual puede reemplazar a la presencial en esta área. Para obtener los resultados se aplicó un cuestionario disponible para todos los estudiantes y docentes de proyectos de la escuela. Los resultados obtenidos mostraban que los estudiantes se sentían más estresados de lo habitual debido a la situación actual, haciendo hincapié en la imposibilidad de salir de casa, la carga extra de trabajo y la temática del Covid-19. This year, the implementation of ICT tools to supply face-to-face activity has been carried out abruptly, lacking an adaptive period that would allow the assimilation of the necessary tools, or an adaptation of the dynamics as planned as face-to-face teaching. It seeks to describe the perception of students of architectural projects on online teaching during the Covid-19 crisis and to know if virtual teaching can replace face-to-face teaching in this area. To obtain the results, it was applied a questionnaire available to all students and teachers of architectural projects at the school. The results obtained showed that the students felt more stressed than usual due to the current situation, emphasizing the impossibility of going outside, the extra workload and the monothematic of Covid-19.

Fronto-parietal activity has been related to fluid intelligence and flexible cognitive control. However, causal insights on this relation are lacking. We used real-time integration of MRI-guided TMS and EEG to characterize the spatial and temporal properties of signal propagation between these two regions and relate them to cognitive performance.31 healthy adults (55 ±6 years, 20 female) underwent TMS-EEG and a full cognitive assessment. Local and propagated current from 5 source space-reconstructed scouts ipsilateral to two stimulation sites (pre frontal cortex (PFC) and inferior parietal lobule (IPL)) was quantified in two-time windows (15-40ms and 40-80ms) and related to domain-general (global cognition) and domain-specific (memory, working memory, reasoning, flexibility, lexical access and visuo-spatial) cognitive functions.TMS-evoked activity from stimulation of the PFC and the IPL resulted in local and distributed activity across frontoparietal regions. TMS-evoked activity in local regions was not correlated with cognitive functions. In response to TMS of the PFC, propagated current to the distal superior parietal scout in the first 15-40ms was significantly associated with global cognition (β = 2.63, SE = .898, p = .008, R2 = .31). Similarly, following TMS of the IPL, propagation to the middle prefrontal gyrus scout (15-40ms) was significantly associated with global cognition (β = 2.67, SE = 1.289, p = .025, R2 = .27). In an exploratory step, domain-specific correlations were seen in the PFC condition.Locally evoked activity measured via source space reconstruction from TMS of two association hubs is not associated with cognitive functions. However, the propagation of the TMS pulse through frontoparietal connections is associated with overall cognitive ability. These associations are driven by a number of cognitive domains in the PFC stimulation condition.

Deglaciated mountainous areas are usually affected by a great range of paraglacial processes that involve progressively denudation of glacial imprints. This study focuses on paraglacial processes and glacial landform preservation in six zones located in two catchments of the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain). These zones are adjacent but display important topographic, lithologic and glaciation style differences. An analysis of how these variables conditioned the intensity and diversity of paraglacial processes in these zones was investigated through a detailed study of their relief, lithology and paleo glacier surface using GIS. A comprehensive cartography of paraglacial landforms was also accomplished, considering landslides, alluvial fans and rock glaciers that show signs of having been conditioned by glaciation. Moraines and debris-mantled slopes were also included in the analysis to examine their grade of preservation depending on the studied variables. Data comparison show that differences in glaciation style influenced paraglacial processes. In the ancient icefield area, relief modification by glacial action was limited and scarce paraglacial processes occur. By contrast, in the upper areas located in the southern ranges where an alpine-style of glaciation was installed, paraglacial processes were very active, generating many rock glaciers. Lithology explains some paraglacial landforms distribution: 1) Landslides are associated with incohesive (sandy and shale) rocks; 2) Rock glaciers mainly occur in quartzite areas; 3) In limestone areas subterranean drainage contributes to glacial landscape preservation, but suffosion dolines affect some glacial deposits. Topography is also a key factor in paraglacial processes: 1) Moraines are well-preserved in gently sloping valleys, but rare in the steeper where they are usually transformed into moraine (or debris)-mantled slopes; 2) Alluvial fans are more frequent in the steeper valleys, but more dissected by postglacial river action. 3) Elevation and orientation show little influence on paraglacial landforms, except in the generation of some periglacial features such as rock glaciers.

The economic potential of language tourism is manifested in the number of summer courses organised by some countries. Even if learning the language is the main motivation for travelling, the tourists also take into account other characteristics when choosing a destination, such as the location, the safety, the quality of the language or the cultural attractions. The objective of the current study is to analyse the profile of language tourists according to their motivations to study Spanish and their perception of the destination and to examine this profile as a driver of tourists’ expenditures. Specifically, this work analyses a sample of tourists who attended Spanish courses in language schools and academies in the city of Valladolid (Spain). The analysis of their expenditure during the stay reveals that expenditure is affected by visitors’ motivations and perceptions.

Changes in land use related to mining in the north-western mountains of Spain are analysed. We studied 15 representative types of mining activity in the Sil River basin (Leon province), including three types of mineral resources: gravel, roofing slate and coal. We use colour orthopothos of 2014 to calculate areas occupied by dumps, lagoons, open pits, auxiliary construction and access roads in mines. Also areal photographs of 1956–1957 were used to measure land uses in these years. In all cases the extraction of mineral resources by surface mining has caused the destruction of the former topography, and these alterations are irreversible. The new post-mining topography represents a drastic change in the landscape and land use in these areas. Areas occupied by coal and slate mining (around 1500 ha.) are significantly greater than gravel quarries (74 ha.). Waste material is greater in slate mining (69%) and coal mining (44%) than in gravel mining (8%). Former agricultural areas now occupied by mining were more extensive in gravel quarries (44%) than in slate quarries (10%) and coal mines (6%) because of the gentler topography in the areas where the gravel quarries are located. In six cases mining are located in natural protected areas and in other cases alter and/or eliminate valuable geological heritage.

Till macrofabric and grain-size analysis of glacial diamictons and sequences present in several valleys of the Serra do Geres Mountains in the Northwestern Iberian Peninsula were used to interpret ...

Purpose: Business incubators are areas created to help firms find their feet and are devised to promote entrepreneurial initiatives. From the relationship marketing approach, the present study seek...

Las infecciones de injertos vasculares y protésicos de etiología fúngica son entidades raras, precisan de alta sospecha diagnóstica y conllevan una elevada mortalidad. Presentamos el caso de paciente de 24 años portadora de tubo de dacron supracoronario que presenta trombosis de dicho injerto por Aspergillus flavus. Aspergillus es un hongo filamentoso cuyo principal medio de transmisión es la inhalación de sus esporas. Presenta predilección por infección de prótesis valvulares izquierdas formando vegetaciones grandes, friables y con alto riesgo embolígeno, entrañando mortalidad de hasta el 80-90%. Como principal complicación destaca la embolización séptica. Difícilmente es detectado en cultivos habituales y tratamiento se basa en terapia antifúngica intensiva y cirugía para desbridamiento. La ETE se trata de una herramienta de gran rendimiento a pie de cama, aunque difícilmente nos orienta el diagnóstico. Debido al reto que supone su diagnóstico, se necesitan mejorar las herramientas diagnósticas de las que disponemos actualmente., Infection of prosthetic vascular grafts of fungal etiology are rare entities, requiring high diagnostic suspicion and carry a high mortality. We present the case of patient with supracoronary dacron graft with thrombosis by Aspergillus flavus. Aspergillus is a filamentous fungus whose primary mode of transmission is via inhalation of spores. It has a predilection for infection of prosthetic left valves, forming large, friable and high risk of embolism vegetations, with a mortality rate of up to 80-90%. Main complication is septic embolization. It is hardly detected in normal blood cultures. The treatment is based on intensive antifungal therapy and surgery. In most cases the definitive diagnosis is through analysis of the surgical specimen. The transesophageal echocardiography is an important tool at the bedside, though hardly orients the diagnosis. Due to challenge their diagnosis, it is needed to improve the diagnostic tools we have now.

A total of 156 glacial cirques located on two different areas in the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain) were identified and measured in order to continue and expand the study of these large‐scale erosional forms in European mountains. Environmental variables that may explain cirque distribution (altitude, aspect and lithology), and their most important morphometric features (area, length (L), width (W), headwall height (H), and L/W, L/H and W/H indices), are analysed. Statistical analysis has been applied as indicators of contrast (ANOVA) and association (correlation and regression). Conglomerate analysis (CLUSTER) has been used to discriminate cirque groups based on their morphometric variables. Results show that cirques occur at lower altitudes in the Upper Sil River basin area than in the Montana Central area due to a lower former equilibrium line altitude (ELA) position. In the Upper Sil River basin, environmental variables appear to have had a strong influence on the location and size of cirques...

Producción Científica, Landforms resulting from the interaction between paleo-glaciers and karst are studied by using the Sierra de los Grajos (Cantabrian Mountains) as a model. This area contains glacial landforms that have not interested geomorphologists due to their low altitude (Peña Castillo is about 1857 m a.s.l.), the absence of glacial cirques and the scarcity of large moraines. However, the prevalence of groundwater flow and chemical dissolution has favoured the preservation of glacial landforms. Lateral and frontal moraines show three main glacial stages and other minor glacier stabilization phases, with the paleo-ELA oscillating between 1650 and 1760 m. Moraines are combined with depressions and sinks resulting from subglacial karstic drainage. This convergence of forms and processes is an exception in the Cantabrian Mountains, where postglacial erosion has usually eroded the frontal moraines and the proglacial sediments. In the case of the Sierra de los Grajos, despite the underground drainage and preservation of many glacial deposits on karstic landforms, an outwash-plain was formed. These proglacial sediments and others from non-karstified areas filled the depressions of the preglacial terrain located at their edges. The main glaciokarstic landforms have been mapped and a sedimentological analysis of the outwash plain was made in order to reconstruct the glacial dynamics of this area., Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (projects CGL2016-76215-R and CGL2015-65569-R)

Fabric and grain-size analysis of eight deposits present in the Upper Sil River Basin palaeoglacial system of northwest Spain were used to interpret till types and to reconstruct the glacial paleoprocess history of this region. They are represented by lodgement, deformation, and melt-out tills. The first, representative of glacial advance stages, present cluster fabrics and are generally composed of poorly sorted and finer sediments. Melt-out and deformation tills, representative of stages of glacial stability followed by fast recession, present transitional to girdle fabrics and are composed of poorly sorted coarser sediments. In any case, multiple criteria, including lithological, clast-shape, or structural data, support these directional and grain-size observations. These sequences, most of them located in the snout area of the Sil palaeoglacier, are important in the reconstruction of glacial dynamics due to poor preservation of landforms related to the maximum glacial advance. This palaeoglacial syste...

Several glaciers developed in the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain) during the last glacial maximum (LGM). In the last 15 years, several studies of glacial geomorphology have increased the knowledge about the limits of the glaciation, but little data are available about many valleys, especially on the northern slope, due to extensive postglacial erosion. In this study, we apply the AABR method to reconstruct palaeo-equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) in eleven palaeo-glaciers that are considered to be representative of the different areas of the range. To reduce the ambiguity in the palaeo-ELA values caused by local factors, we analysed medium and large glaciers (4.7 to 65.5 km2) except for the Sil complex glacier, which was the largest glacier in northwestern Spain (445 km2). The palaeo-ELAs during the local LGM ranged between 1000 and 2000 m and had a similar pattern to the present-day winter precipitation and summer temperatures.

Se presenta la localización de 173 glaciares rocosos relictos (atendiendo a su forma en planta: de lengua, lobulados y complejos) en seis zonas de la Cordillera Cantábrica, establecidas según factores de tipo morfoestructural y/ o concentración de glaciares rocosos relictos. Se analiza cómo determinados elementos como la litología, pendiente y orientación, junto con las condiciones del relieve inicial y las características de los afloramientos rocosos (su fracturación), contribuyen a explicar el desarrollo y localización de estas formas periglaciares en la montaña cantábrica.

Universities are considered part of an innovation ecosystem, and are deemed key actors in creating and processing the knowledge which is to be exploited and commercialized in the market. They have gradually adapted to this new profile and have acquired an active role in transferring research results to the market and in entrepreneurship activities. Pursuing the “third mission” via technology transfer, fostering entrepreneurship, and commercializing cutting-edge research, universities have created university business incubators (UBIs), as an academic tool focusing on the business world. The role of the managers (or the management team) has been emphasized since they usually orchestrate the services offered by the incubator, the incubatees and the network of relationships. Their ability to organize the elements involved in the incubation process and the relational context for incubatees has made managers a key factor in incubation success. Paradoxically, the literature has barely considered the figure of the incubator manager. In this context, this research investigates the role of UBIs managers as drivers of the training and advice given to academic incubatees. Based on the institutional logics approach, the study proposes that the dominant logic, academic versus commercial, determines the degree of emphasis on personal assistance, business assistance and networking training. To test the proposed hypotheses, data were collected from 93 incubation programmes from Spanish and Dutch university incubators through questionnaires addressed to their respective managers. Results indicate that the greater the managers’ experience in the business and entrepreneurial world, the greater the fostering of personal and business assistance and networking activities in the incubator. Managers lacking an entrepreneurial profile weaken incubatee access to other business networks and prove less efficient in business training. This research makes a contribution to the study of university incubators, showing that managers can be involved in different institutional logics, whether they be academic or commercial, and that the dominant logic determines the activities promoted and, consequently, the success of the incubation process. Business and entrepreneurial experience is key to instilling business logic in incubatees, together with the training and assistance they require

La presente investigación (1) es un estudio descriptivo-muestral y correlacional multivariado sobre las características psicosociales que se asocian al éxito o fracaso escolar de los adolescentes en el primer ciclo de la EE.MM. (14-16 años) en el País Vasco. Se analizan las asociaciones entre las variables estudiadas, con especial atención a las características del historial escolar y de la clase social. Se analiza, también, la significación de las diferencias en distintas variables psicoeducativas cara al éxito o fracaso escolar, a la clase social y al sexo. Por último, se realiza un análisis factorial de todas las variables y se describen los factores más relacionados con éxito/fracaso en el primer ciclo de la EE.MM. en base a diferentes análisis de varianza; concluyendo que es el factor actitudinal de rechazo escolar el más significativo.

En el artículo se aborda la calidad de la educación en el 2º Medio mediante el análisis de la eficiencia de los colegios y liceos. Se utilizan los datos de la prueba nacional SIMCE de 2º Medio de 1994, 1998 y 2001. La eficiencia se calcula mediante regresión lineal múltiple de la eficacia (logro escolar = resultados SIMCE), con control de variables de input: inversión por alumno, nivel educativo de los padres y vulnerabilidad educativa. Los resultados SIMCE dependen en un 69% de las tres variables de input estudiadas, siendo imputable a los centros escolares en un 31 %. Las diferencias en eficiencia entre las redes pública y privada apenas alcanza a 1.75 puntos promedio (hay que tener en cuenta que no se ha podido controlar la selección de alumnos por los centros). Los centros financiados con fondos públicos son los que muestran un progreso en su eficiencia en el estudio longitudinal, especialmente los municipales. Los resultados apuntan a que el mercado en la educación no está justificado empíricamente para mejorar la calidad y eficiencia en la educación, aunque si para generar negocios con la educación.

Recientemente, julio de 2000, se ha producido un fuerte debate social y mediático a raíz de los resultados de SIMCE-1999 (de 4° Básico). En dicho debate se ha señalado el presunto estancamiento de la educación pública en mejorar la "calidad" de lo aprendizajes, específicamente en la primera generación del proceso de Reforma Educativa. En este contexto resulta de interés reflexionar sobre lo que arrojan los datos SIMCE básico (4° y 8°) en su análisis longitudinal (1990-1997), en una perspectiva; de lo que se ha venido en llamar estudios de valor agregado y que nosotros hemos significado como estudio de la eficiencia de los establecimientos educativos. La eficiencia de los centros educativos la establecemos como una variable diferenciaba de la eficacia (o logro académico de los alumnos de los mismos) considerada como la puntuación media en matemática y lenguaje en las pruebas SIMCE. La eficacia se ha convertido en un elemento de clasificación y jerarquización de los establecimientos educacionales pretendiendo hacerla sinómina de calidad educacional.

The Zenues are an Amerindian people who spoke the Guamaco language, but today they use the Spanish, although they retain productions that demonstrate specific and little known semantic and phonetic features. The neglect of their linguistic affiliation and their particularities motiva- ted the research team to develop this work, which presents the characterization of oral language of the population of the Zenu indigenous reservation of San Andres de Sotavento in the depart- ment of Sucre, seeking recognition of the differences in content, form and use, that would allow rescue its rich linguistic and cultural heritage of this for the Caribbean Coast. The study was descriptive and cross-sectional; it included mixed collection techniques which were applied to 381 indigenous people belonging to the reservation mentioned above. The results showed simplification processes in phonemes and syllables, omission of grammatical elements and preference of present and past verbs, changes in semantic referents, limited and basic receptive vocabulary, nevertheless, it is consistent; they also showed presence of overextension in the significance and argumentation, passive conversational features to keep, to wait and to give up the turn and using of natural gestures as mediator of the interaction. In conclusion, this study reveals that there are phonological particularities attributed to socio-cultural population context; it shows predominant use of simple and complex grammatical structures of juxtaposed and coordinated type in the morphosyntactic level; as well as recognition of concepts and use of contextualized words; and at pragmatic level, most people are characterized as introverted, they have poor conversational skills, so that, they are passive actors in the conversation.

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis bibliométrico de la producción investigativa en los últimos nueve años (2005-2013) del programa de Fonoaudiología de la Universidad de Sucre, con la finalidad de conocer la situación actual de la investigación. Para ello, fueron analizados un total de 47 tesis y 28 monografías del repositorio de tesis de la biblioteca de la institución, sistematizados en una base de datos delimitada en las áreas de lenguaje, habla y audición. Para el análisis de esta información se tuvieron en cuenta una serie de indicadores bibliométricos como: área disciplinar, autores, metodología, objetivos y resultados, que permitieron la organización y categorización de la información. Los resultados mostraron predominio del área de lenguaje en la modalidad de grado investigación formativa y de audición en la modalidad de monografía, así como baja productividad en el área de habla. Por otra parte, se evidenció escaso interés por indagar tópicos relacionados con asuntos profesionales, intervención de patologías comunicativas, factores epidemiológicos de los trastornos comunicativos, así como en la proyec- ción de la investigación en escenarios comunitarios. Para finalizar, se propone explorar ejes temáticos novedosos en las distintas áreas del conocimiento, que contribuyan al desarrollo disciplinar.

Objetivo: Caracterizar la forma del lenguaje oral que utiliza en la actualidad la poblacion indigena del “resguardo de San Andres de Sotavento” perteneciente al municipio de Sincelejo- Sucre. Materiales y metodo: El estudio fue de tipo descriptivo y de corte transversal e incluyo tecnicas de recoleccion mixtas como: encuesta sociodemografica, Instrumento de Valoracion de las Habilidades Fonologicas de Busto et al y Muestra de lenguaje aplicados a 212 indigenas entre 7-65 anos pertenecientes al resguardo y municipio mencionado. Resultados: Se evidenciaron procesos de simplificacion en fonemas y silabas tales como: asimilaciones de los sonidos /ɾ/, /m/, /t/, /k/, asi como velares, vocalicas y nasales; sustituciones del fonema /s/ en forma de aspiracion, frontalizaciones, nasalizaciones, ocluvizaciones y lateralizaciones; simplificacion de las silabas en la palabra especialmente de estructura consonante-vocalconsonante (CVC) a consonante-vocal (CV) y el caso inverso de insercion de sonidos dentro de la silaba o epentesis. En cuanto a la morfosintaxis se encontro omision de elementos gramaticales y preferencia de verbos en presente y pasado. Conclusiones: Las particularidades fonologicas y morfosintacticas identificadas se atribuyen al contexto socio cultural de la poblacion analizada, las cuales no se consideran anormalidades linguisticas, sino estrategias creadas para suplir contrastes fonologicos y particularidades que dan cuenta de fenomenos populares.