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Several Working Groups have been established within the frame of the second phase of the Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR-II). The Tropospheric Ozone Precursors focus Working Group (TOP WG) aims to examine the current regional and global distribution, variability and trends of ozone precursors. Part of our strategy has been to analyze in greater detail different regions of the globe. In particular, this work addresses South America, a region characterized by densely populated urban areas with high air pollution levels.We use data from air quality monitoring networks that measure surface-level ozone, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and meteorological variables. To date, we have validated and incorporated monitoring stations from Brazil (51), Chile (18), Colombia (13) and Ecuador (6) into our central database. To evaluate short- and long-term ozone exposure, we use the maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) and the peak season guideline proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) set at 51 and 31 ppbv, respectively. We applied the Quantile Regression (QR) method to analyze ozone and precursor network trends. We also identified points in time series that mark changes in trends through a piecewise function.The highest MDA8 ozone for 2015-2021 was found in São Paulo (52 ppbv) and Santiago (51 ppbv). In São Paulo, the short-term ozone exposure decreased by 7% compared to the average of the years prior to 2015 (period analyzed in TOAR phase I), while in Santiago, it increased by 10%. In Bogota and Quito, the MDA8 complied with the WHO guidelines (33 and 32 ppbv, respectively). Similarly, the long-term ozone exposure guideline was exceeded in São Paulo (39 ppbv) and Santiago (40 ppbv), while Bogota (25 ppbv) and Quito (26 ppbv) complied. The trend analysis showed that Quito was the only city with a negative ozone trend of -0.10 ppb/year (50th percentile) for the analyzed period. In turn, the São Paulo trend increased after 2008 (0.43 ppbv/year), while Santiago and Bogota have increased since 2017 (0.93 ppbv/year and 1.3 ppbv/year, respectively). We highlight that the positive trend in Santiago is driven mainly by the high percentiles (>70th). Underlying processes that explain trends involve more efficient photochemical ozone formation (e.g., NO2/NOx trend) and meteorological factors.This ongoing work aims to include more South American cities and background stations already available in the new TOAR database. Finally, we will project ozone trends for the next decade using machine learning techniques (random forest) under precursor emission scenarios and temperature projections.

Satellite observations of ozone in the tropics have feedback from in situ measurements at sea level stations, but the tropical Andes is a region that is yet to be included in systematic validations. In this work, ozonesondes launched from the equatorial Andes were used to evaluate total column ozone (TCO) measured by spaceborne sensors TROPOMI/S5P (2018–2021), GOME-2/MetOp-B, OMI/Aura, and OMPS/Suomi NPP (2014–2021). Likewise, we evaluated tropospheric column ozone (TrCO) measured by the first two. Additionally, we evaluated TCO and TrCO from reanalysis products MERRA-2 and CAMS-EAC4. Results indicate that TCO observations by OMPS/Suomi NPP produce the closest comparison to ozonesondes (− 0.2% mean difference) followed by OMI/Aura (+ 1.2% mean difference). Thus, they outperform the sensor with the highest spatial resolution of current satellite measurements, namely TROPOMI/S5P (+ 3.7% mean difference). This overprediction is similar to the one encountered for GOME-2/MetOp-B (+ 3.2% mean difference). A positive bias with respect to soundings was also identified in TrCO measured by TROPOMI/S5P (+ 32.5% mean difference). It was found that the climatology used by TROPOMI overpredicts ozone in the troposphere when compared with the mean of Andes measurements, while both data sets are essentially the same in the stratosphere. Regarding reanalysis products, MERRA-2 compares better to ozonesondes than CAMS, both for TCO and TrCO (mean differences are 1.9% vs. 3.3%, and 11.5% vs. 22.9%, respectively). Identifying spaceborne ozone measurements that currently perform the best over the region is relevant given the present conditions of rapidly changing atmospheric composition. At the same time, ozonesonde data in this work offer an opportunity to improve satellite observations in the Andean tropics, a challenging region for space measurements.

The steep slopes, highlands, and valleys of the Andes mountain chain are inhabited throughout its formidable length. This unique characteristic does not repeat in any other mountain region. The Andes shape weather and climate in South America. However, proper understanding of atmospheric phenomena influenced by a daunting altitudinal gradient is still behind what is needed to produce detailed and consistent climate projections. Despite significant advances, global models misrepresent key precipitation and circulation processes that are influenced by complex topography. Along with a lack of coordinated observations, the result is limited information to design preparedness measures, particularly to face extreme climate events. Of equal concern is the issue of air quality in densely urbanized countries that face decarbonization challenges and share a legacy of social inequity and political unrest. The complexity of the Andes region magnifies risks within all nations that share their influence. Thus, urgent action is needed to improve climate and air quality assessments with the direct purpose of strengthening policy-making processes.

La Constitución Española de 1978 consagra la centralidad política de las Cortes Generales como institución esencial del Estado social y democrático que establece. A lo largo de los cuarenta años de su vigencia se han sucedido hechos y situaciones que han determinado la oscilación de dicha centralidad, en unos casos en sentido positivo y en otros en negativo. El presente artículo analiza tales oscilaciones de un signo u otro.

Resumen Objetivo Adaptacion transcultural al castellano del protocolo de actuacion multidisciplinar de cuidados ofrecidos a pacientes en situacion de ultimos dias Liverpool Care Pathway for the Dying Patient (LCP) Version 11, para su implementacion en un centro de cuidados paliativos. Metodo El presente proyecto fue desarrollado durante los anos 2007-2008, en la Fundacion CUDECA de Malaga, siguiendo los pasos del proceso de acreditacion establecido por The Marie Curie Palliative Care Institute de Liverpool (MCPCIL). Para ello se elaboro un informe previo de necesidades del centro solicitante; se tradujo al espanol siguiendo el protocolo del EORTC Translation Guidance (EORTC Quallity of Live Study Group Translation Procedure. July 1998. EORTC. Brussels). Se testo la adecuacion en el centro de la version del LCP V.11 hospice , con la revision de 40 historias clinicas (HC) de pacientes en situacion de ultimos dias (SUD), fallecidos en el centro (20 de forma retrospectiva, y 20 una vez implementado el protocolo), Resultados Version del LCP V.11 hospice traducida al espanol, y obtencion de la autorizacion para su utilizacion en la Fundacion CUDECA de Malaga, concedida por la Institucion MCPCIL, desde enero 2009 (LCP V.11 for Fundacion Cudeca Hospice). Implementacion del protocolo en la unidad de ingresos del centro. Mejora en 11 de los 18 objetivos que lo constituyen. Consecucion de una tasa de cumplimiento ≥ 95% en 16 objetivos. Conclusiones La adaptacion al castellano del LCP Version 11 proporciona el acceso a una herramienta que facilita una atencion integral de calidad en las ultimas horas/dias de vida de un paciente paliativo.

SUMARIO: I. Planteamiento general.—II. Las fases de la consideración parlamentaria de los proyectos de presupuestos en un estado contemporáneo.—III. Funciones, elementos, técnicas y problemas reglamentarios de las cámaras ante los proyectos de ley de presupuestos.—A. Funciones.—1. Planteamiento general.—2. Función de explicación e información.—3. Función de control.—B. Elementos técnicos. — C. Problemas reglamentarios. — 1. Tiempo para los debates.—2. Concepto expansivo del ámbito de los proyectos de Presupuestos.—3. Presupuesto por programas y su tramitación parlamentaria.—4. Fijación de las cuantías globales.—5. Limitación a la iniciativa parlamentaria en materia presupuestaria.—6. Enmiendas que supongan minoración de ingresos.