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Abamectin activity against mange in buffaloes was evaluated by using 0.2 mg/kg. B. W. of this drug as a single subcutaneous injection for treatment of 50 naturally affected buffaloes with Sarcoptic mange. There were no mites in the skin scraping of treated animals two weeks after treatment , new hair growth appeared in the infected areas four weeks after treatment, along with healing of the skin lesions.

Among the skin disorders of dogs, scabies is notable for its high occurrence rate and the need for veterinary interventions. There are two obstacles to making this diagnosis through direct investigation under a microscope (DIM): the continual need to make new slides when the results are negative and the long time needed for reading these slides. Thus, the objective of the present study was to compare efficacy between DIM and the technique of centrifugation-flotation in sucrose solution (CFSS) in samples from dogs in the semiarid region of the state of Paraíba, Brazil. Samples from 136 dogs were used, and three slides were made for each examination (DIM and CFSS). The readings were halted in cases of positivity. Positive samples were obtained from 56.6% of the dogs (77/136), of which 76.6% (59/77) were positive through both techniques, 13% (10/77) only through DIM and 10.4% (8/77) only through CFSS. The positivity rate did not differ statistically between the techniques. CFSS showed higher quality of readings, due to the considerably fewer artifacts on the slides, thereby optimizing the reading time. Sensitivity (85.6%), specificity (88.1%), accuracy (86.8%), positive predictive value (88.1%) and negative predictive value (85.1%) were obtained and the kappa coefficient (0.73) was considered substantial. It was concluded that CFSS showed high diagnostic capacity for scabies, similar to that of DIM, with optimized reading time, fewer artifacts and better display of mites.

St. Gallicanus Hospital in Rome, Italy, created by the will of Pope Benedict XIII (1649-1730) in 1725, was the first dermatologic hospital in the world. The strong bond between science and faith, humanitarian spirit and scientific research, and the profoundness and legacy of its entire history have all contributed to its legacy. We have traced its development by examining archival documents to understand the life of the institute and the diseases that were diagnosed and treated from the 18th century to the first half of the 20th century. Some of the main diseases were leprosy, mange, scabies, ringworm, and syphilis, which were widespread in Rome during the 18th and 19th centuries and were creating a mortal threat for much of the population. St. Gallicanus Hospital was dedicated to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these diseases where possible. Special attention has been directed to syphilis and the use of penicillin therapy after its introduction in 1943, especially for curbing the extensive problems created by prostitution.

Sarcoptic mange is an infectious disease impacting over 100 mammalian species around the world, including Australia’s common wombat (Vombatus ursinus). A 94% decline in a localised population attributed to mange has raised concerns for the status of the two subspecies endemic to the island state of Tasmania, Australia. We provide the first broad-scale assessment of sarcoptic mange distribution and prevalence in wombats in Tasmania. Mange-affected wombats are widespread in Tasmania from sea level to 960 m above sea level, although there are no confirmed cases from the western region of Tasmania or Maria Island. It has been recorded in most major vegetation groups, but particularly in agricultural areas. Mange prevalence estimated from night-time spotlight observation and camera surveys varied between regions (0.0–17.6%) with an overall prevalence of 4.4% for observation surveys and 0.6% for camera surveys. Time of day, survey method, and distance from observer can influence mange assessments. Local reductions in wombat numbers and animal welfare impacts due to sarcoptic mange are concerning and warrant on-going monitoring of wombats and mange, and the development and trials of effective disease management options.

Objective: To document prevalence and clinical presentation of skin diseases in donkeys as well as to investigate predilections for the most common conditions. Design: Epidemiological study Animals: A total of 1134 donkeys at northern Egypt were investigated. Procedures: A questionnaire was constructed to verify the number of infected contact animals as well as the associated factors. Physical examination was carried out and the distribution of skin lesions was recorded. Skin scraping and biopsy were obtained to perform bacteriological, mycological and histopathological examinations. Results: Thirty-five (3.09%) Out of 1134 noticed donkeys had skin affections including mange (18/35; 51.42%), dermatophytosis (6/35; 17.14%), bacterial dermatitis (6/35; 17.14%) urticaria (2/35; 0.57%) and allergic dermatitis (3/35; 0.86%). Conclusion and clinical relevance: The mange and dermatophytosis are the prevalent skin diseases in donkeys. Contact with other animal species of contaminated environment may contribute to the occurrence of the diseases.

Haben Fesseha,1 Esmael Etana,2 Mesfin Mathewos1 1School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; 2Malle District Veterinary Clinic, Malle, South Omo, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Haben Fesseha Email haben.senbetu@wsu.edu.etBackground: Mange mites are economically damaging goat ectoparasites that cause skin rejection or downgrading in Ethiopian tanneries and leather industries.Methods: A study was done on 384 randomly selected goats to identify the proportion of mites and potential associated factors in the Malle district of South Omo Zone, Ethiopia using a cross-sectional survey. A questionnaire investigation was also performed to evaluate the knowledge and preventative measures taken by goat owners during mange mites infection. A skin scraping was employed to collect mange mites for identification.Results: Out of 384 examined goats, 34.6% (133/384) of goats were infected with a variety of mange mite species. Demodex (2.86%), Psoroptes (8.1%), and Sarcoptes (23.7%) were the three mange mite genera identified in three sites of Malle district. Goats with poor body condition score (BCS) were the most infected (43.6%) with mange mites compared with moderate (39.1%) and good body condition (17.3%) goats. Adult goats (37.6%) were more infested than young (32.3%) and old (30.1%), whereas there was a higher infestation in males (60.2%) than females (39.8%). However, age, sex, and BCS of the goats had no significant (p > 0.05) correlation with the occurrence of mange mites. Skin lesion due to mange mites infection was most frequently observed on the head region (26.3%), followed by legs (24.8%) and thoracic region (22.6%). The questionnaire survey indicated that 86.27% of the participants preferred to use modern acaricides to control mange mites, while 97.4% of participants have been involved in government-sponsored deworming programs.Conclusion: Mange mites especially Sarcoptes species were major skin problems in goats in the study, so the owners should be advised to improve their management and use mite control in goats regularly in the area.Keywords: mites, goats, Malle district, prevalence, South Omo Zone

Scabies mites, in particular Sarcoptes scabei and Demodex canis, remain undesirable but permanent members of zoocenoses in metropolis around the world. This is due to the contacts of domestic animals with wild relatives (foxes, raccoon dogs, coyotes), which are massively infected with various types of ticks. The purpose of our research was to find out the epizootic situation with demodicosis and sarcoptic mange of domestic dogs in Kyiv, as well as to establish the sources of their infection. The actual results were obtained on the basis of the "Veterinary Clinic of Doctor Medvedev" (Kyiv) according to the data of routine work with patients for 2009-2020. Diagnostic procedures consisted of clinical and dermatological examination of dogs, examination of skin scrapings, trichoscopy, "Scotch tape" test, a Wood's lamp examination and others. Over 11 years, 1473 dermatological examinations of domestic dogs were carried out. Of these, 230 dogs (15.6%) suffered from demodicosis at the age of 5 months to 7 years. Sarcoptic mange was much less common: a total of 59 sick dogs (4.0%) were identified. Both of acaroses were seasonal, with an increase in the incidence in fall and winter. Regarding the breed factor: Pugs (10.43%), Staffordshire Terriers (10.0%) and French Bulldogs (9.56%) were more prone to demodicosis; to sarcoptic mange – German wirehaired pointer (13.6%), German hunt terrier (11.9%) and Shorthaired pointer (10.2%). The stray dogs and cats were source most often of infection of domestic decorative dogs with mites Sarcoptes scabei var canis. Hunting dogs mainly became infected during the hunting season during contact with animals of the wild fauna, most often – foxes. Clinical manifestations of acaroses occurred mainly in young animals not older than 3 years (70.5 and 76.7% for demodicosis and sarcoptic mange, respectively). In addition, in male dogs sarcoptic mange is more often recorded (59.3%), in female dogs – demodicosis (53.9%). Key words: scabies, mites, Sarcoptes scabiei, Demodex canis, prevalence, dogs, foxes.

The aim of this study was to investigate methods of treating ruminants’ diseases in Ekiti State. Information about the methods used in treating ruminants’ diseases were collected from a veterinary hospital in Ado-Ekiti. Major diseases that affected the ruminants include diarrhea, mange, Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), mastitis, dystocia, uterine prolapse and so on. They were treated using modern drugs like; Albendazole (Leeford Health care ltd, India 1 tab), ivomec (A menarini India PVtLtd, India, 0.5 ml), Oxylet (Kachhela medex private limited, India,1 ml), Penstrep (Dutch Farm International BV, Holland, 3 ml), Emvit (Uni-med, India, 2 ml), Oxytcin (FPP manufacturers, India, 1 ml), B complex (Estrellas life sciences private limited, India, 0.5 ml), Salphen (Industrial corporation of India, 1 ml) and so on. Treating the diseases of ruminants can help reduce the rate of diseases outbreak and enhance the economy value of the ruminant farmers and the that of Ekiti state at large

Mange is a contagious skin disease affecting various groups of animals. Psoroptic mange is a severe skin condition of farm animals; it is highly contagious and is responsible for huge economic losses in many farm animals. Infestation with Psoroptes has been reported all over the world in various farm animals, but none has ever been reported in swine. A male weaner large white breed pig of age 3 months weighing 10kg was presented with skin lesions and areas of alopecia during a routine farm visit by the handlers. The alopecia was found around the thorax, abdomen and ear regions with severe pruritus, emaciation, wrinkling and thickening of the skin with heavy crust formation on abdomen and the ears, along with curling of the tongue with attending vocal loss noticed on close observations. A tentative diagnosis of mange was made with the following differential diagnosis: Allergic dermatitis, Bacterial dermatitis, Fly bite dermatitis, Hypovitaminosis. Further confirmatory diagnosis was done by collection of deep skin scrapping from which Psoroptes mites were demonstrated and a case of psoroptic mange diagnosed. To the best of our knowledge this is the first demonstration of Psoroptic mange in pigs. The affected animal was treated using Ivermectin (1%) and Long acting Oxytetracycline (20%). This case may be the first case in which psoroptic mange was reported in pigs with effective ivermectin control. More work should be done on the prevalence and possible molecular characterization of Psoroptic mites on pigs across the globe to ascertain if there are other strains that can affect pigs. Key words: Psoroptes mite, Mange, Ivermectin, and Pigs

Skabies merupakan penyakit kulit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi tungau Sarcoptes sp. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini untuk memberikan informasi mengenai dampak dari infeksi skabies pada anjing yang menyebabkan anemia mikrositik hipokromik serta pengobatan dan penanganan yang tepat diberikan kepada anjing kasus skabies. Seekor anjing kasus berjenis kelamin jantan, dan berumur empat tahun, dengan bobot badan 9,4 kg dan memiliki masalah kulit berupa eritema pada bagian telinga, hiperkeratosis pada bagian kepala, kaki depan, abdomen, hiperpigmentasi, squama, skar, krusta dan alopesia. Masalah kulit pada anjing telah berlangsung selama delapan bulan sebelum dilakukan pemeriksaan. Dari hasil pemeriksaan kerokan kulit dengan metode superficial skin scraping ditemukan adanya larva tungau Sarcoptes sp dan hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium menunjukkan anjing mengalami anemia mikrositik hipokromik, neutofilia dan limfositopenia. Berdasarkan serangkaian pemeriksaan yang telah dilakukan, hewan didiagnosis menderita infeksi skabiosis. Pengobatan dilakukan dengan pemberian ivermectin 0,2 mL dan sabun belerang/sulfur sebagai terapi kausatif. Chlorpheniramine maleate (CTM) satu tablet dan hematodin 1,8 mL sebagai terapi simptomatik, minyak ikan/fish oil satu kapsul sebagai terapi suportif memberikan hasil yang baik dengan ditandai perubahan pada area lesi yang menunjukkan kesembuhan. Pengobatan yang telah dilakukan selama 42 hari menunjukan kondisi anjing mengalami kesembuhan ditandai dengan hilangnya squama, crusta, eritema, hiperkeratosis pada daerah punggung, wajah, telinga, leher, kaki depan, kaki belakang, pelvis dan rambut anjing tumbuh kembali normal.

A 2-YEAR study was carried out on mange mite Infection on sheep and goats in 8 randomly selected towns in South Western Region of Nigeria between January 1977 and December 1978. Şimilar survey was undertaken into certain selected villages as well as the University of Ibadan Teaching and Research Farm between this period. Majority of the goats examined were infected with Sarcoptes mange while sheep were infected mainly by Chorioptes. A few of both the goat and sheep were infected by both Psoroptes and Chorloptes. All the animals examined and found affected were treated. So far there has been no record of this study in Nigeria.

Wombats suffer from sarcoptic mange, a mite infection that ultimately leads to their death from secondary infections. In 2017, wildlife carers were granted legal approval to treat bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) for sarcoptic mange in the field using 4 mL of topical Cydectin® per adult wombat. However, (limited) scientific field trials suggest approved protocols are inadequate which has been supported anecdotally by wildlife carers. Elucidating carer experience is key to holistically advancing understandings of sarcoptic mange treatment. We interviewed 18 wildlife carers regarding the use of Cydectin® to treat free-ranging adult wombats infected with sarcoptic mange which uncovered 43 detailed case studies for examination. Case studies revealed that wildlife carers have used 10–200-mL doses of topical Cydectin® to treat wombats to recovery. These results suggest there is no best-fit for treating wombats in the field, due to individual differences in observed levels of sarcoptic mange severity and differences in wombat behavior. Furthermore, wildlife carers suggested pour-on Cydectin® appeared non-toxic to wombats at rates as high as 200 mL per treatment. We recommend scientific trials should be undertaken to determine the impact and efficacy of the varying treatment regimens, including low and high doses of topical Cydectin® on bare-nosed wombats. This information is required for regulating authorities, and subsequently wildlife carers, and managers, to make fully informed decisions about wombat sarcoptic mange treatment.

This study was designed to assess the influence of disease-inducing agents other than Dermatophilus congolensis on the incidence of bovine dermatophilosis from cattle farms in Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta and Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ogun State and also from Akinyele cattle market in Oyo State. Skin scrapings collected from cattle with typical lesions of dermatophilosis were examined for the presence of bacteria, fungi and ectoparasites. Out of the 57 animals examined with typical skin lesions of dermatophilosis, Dermatophilus congolensis organism was cultured from 23 cases. Other bacterial organisms identified included Staphylococcus aureus (28 cases), Staphylococcus albus (35 cases), Bacillus mycoides (14 cases), Bacillus cereus (1 case), haemolytic Streptococcus (5 cases) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13 cases), Escherichia coli (16 cases), Proteus spp (4 cases) and Norcardia spp (5 cases). Ticks (mostly Amblyomma variegatum) were seen in all the 57 animals while Demodex bovis, Sarcoptes scabiei var bovis and lice were seen in 15, 4 and 8 cases respectively. It was inferred that secondary bacterial invasions are associated with the pathogenesis and severity of the infection and the presence of ticks and mange mites may serve as the portal of entry for dermatophilosis infection. The control of dermatophilosis should take into account of arthropod vectors and secondary bacterial complications.

This study was carried out by visiting 20 towns/ villages in Ijebu-division of Ogun State, where a total of 5,043 pigs were observed for various disease conditions. Blood and faecal samples and skin scrapings were collected from 137 sick animals, of which 3.65% were positive for the presence of Trypanosoma brucei. The following gastrointestinal nematode eggs were found in the faecal samples evaluated: Ascaris sp. (45.26%), Strongyles (10.22%), Strongyloides sp. (5.11%) and Trichuris sp. (2.92%). Sarcoptes scabiei which was the only ectoparasite of pigs encountered in this study accounted for 12.41% of the 137 skin scrapings collected. A total of 606 out of 5,043 animals were found to be clinically sick. Identified disease conditions include wound infection (33.50%), diarrhoea (22.11%), piglet anaemia (15.84%), mange (10.89%), tail sore (6.44%), foot rot (4.95%), mastitis (2.97%), metritis (1.82%) and pneumonia (1.49%). Keywords: Prevalence, Swine Diseases, Parasites, Ogun State.

Ticks (Arachnida: Acari) are vectors for pathogens and the biggest threat to animal health. Many Australian ticks are associated with pathogens that impact humans, domestic animals and livestock. However, little is known about the presence or impact of tick-borne pathogens in native Australian wildlife. Wombats are particularly susceptible to the effects of the ectoparasite Sarcoptes scabiei which causes sarcoptic mange, the reason for which is unknown. Factors such as other ectoparasites and their associated pathogens may play a role. A critical understanding of the species of ectoparasites that parasitise wombats and their pathogens, and particularly ticks, is therefore warranted. This review describes the ectoparasites of wombats, pathogens known to be associated with those ectoparasites, and related literature gaps. Pathogens have been isolated in most tick species that typically feed on wombats; however, there are minimal molecular studies to determine the presence of pathogens in any other wombat ectoparasites. The development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies allows us to explore entire microbial communities in ectoparasite samples, allowing fast and accurate identification of potential pathogens in many samples at once. These new techniques have highlighted the diversity and uniqueness of native ticks and their microbiomes, including pathogens of potential medical and veterinary importance. An increased understanding of all ectoparasites that parasitise wombats, and their associated pathogens, requires further investigation.

Two studies were conducted in assessing the efficacy of a pyrethrnm based insecticide (Tyrax®) as a control for mange in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats. In the first study, an on-station trial, four goats infested with mange at the neck, sternum and scrotum were treated with tyrax solution (1:20 dilution) by surface application at 3 day interval for four weeks. Mange bad completely disappeared in two of the four goats while the efficacy was 70% in the others at 4 weeks of treatment. In the second study, an on-farm trial, 41 goats in 17 households were treated with tyrax (1:20 and 1:40 dilution rates) and ivermectin (ivomec), injected subcuteneously (1 ml/50kg body weight). Infested areas of goats included various parts of the body and the entire body. Observations were made at two periods after treatments (2 and 4 weeks). The efficacy was very high for all the treatments at 2 weeks but this was apparent at 4 weeks (P

Increasing urbanization and use of urban areas by synanthropic wildlife has increased human and domestic animal exposure to zoonotic diseases and exacerbated epizootics within wildlife populations. Consequently, there is a need to improve wildlife disease surveillance programs to rapidly detect outbreaks and refine inferences regarding spatiotemporal disease dynamics. Multistate occupancy models can address potential shortcomings in surveillance programs by accounting for imperfect detection and the misclassification of disease states. We used these models to explore the relationship between urbanization, slope, and the spatial distribution of sarcoptic mange in coyotes (Canis latrans) inhabiting Fort Irwin, California, USA. We deployed remote cameras across 180 sites within the desert surrounding the populated garrison and classified sites by mange presence or absence depending on whether a symptomatic or asymptomatic coyote was photographed. Coyotes selected flatter sites closer to the urban area with a high probability of use (0.845, 95% credible interval (CRI): 0.728, 0.944); site use decreased as the distance to urban areas increased (standardized $${\widehat{\beta}}$$ = − 1.354, 95% CRI − 2.423, − 0.619). The probability of correctly classifying mange presence at a site also decreased further from the urban area and was probably related to the severity of mange infection. Severely infected coyotes, which were more readily identified as symptomatic, resided closer to the urban area and were most likely dependent on urban resources for survival; urban resources probably contributed to sustaining the disease. Multistate occupancy models represent a flexible framework for estimating the occurrence and spatial extent of observable infectious diseases, which can improve wildlife disease surveillance programs.

La sarna demodécica es el segundo tipo de sarna más común en perros. Por lo tanto, se planteó determinar la prevalencia de sarna demodécica en perros (Canis Lupus Familiaris) domésticos en los sectores de Eloy Alfaro, Ignacio Flores, Juan Montalvo y La Matriz, del cantón Latacunga. La metodología de la investigación incluyó el muestreo de 72 perros con problemas dermatológicos, de diferente sexo, edad, con o sin propietario, el método realizado fue mediante raspado cutáneos, los cuales se realizaron con hoja de bisturí hasta producir un leve sangrado capilar, estas muestras eran transportadas al laboratorio en refrigeración, para su observación se agregó aceite mineral y fueron observados al microscopio óptico a 10X. La prevalencia de Demodex canis fue de 16,67%. De esta manera se demuestra la existencia de este ácaro en el cantón de Latacunga, por lo cual los dueños deben llevar a sus mascotas a un médico veterinario para implementar un programa de control y prevención de la enfermedad. Una de las limitaciones que se presentaron durante la ejecución del presente estudio, radica en el hecho que la población del cantón de Latacunga no tiene conocimiento sobre los cuidados de sus mascotas y sobre la responsabilidad que adquieren al hacerse cargo de un animal. Por otra parte, los animales no contaban con un carnet de vacunas y los mismos dueños automedican a sus animales o son llevados para su medicación a centros no autorizados.

The study investigated ethno-veterinary practice being used in treating small ruminants’ diseases in Ilara-mokin area of Ondo State. Structured questionnaires were used in the study area to collect primary data. Twenty-one people were randomly selected from different areas of Ilara-mokin which included Golf community, central market, central health centre, Iloro, petrol station and Baale central and Abbattoir. Different medicinal plants which include Ocimum gratissimum, Crested Cockscomb, Chromolaena odorata, Elaeis guinensis, Momordica charantia, Vernonia amygdalina, Nicotiana tabacum and Zingiber officinale were identified to treat ruminant diseases. The diseases were categorized based on environmental or microbial diseases. Pest identified in the study area was mite that caused mange. Indigenous knowledge was been practiced in the village and there is need for conservation of the specie of ruminant that is going into extinction and medicinal plants used within the town

Twenty four villages were visited during a cross sectional survey of ethno veterinary botanical remedies used for the management of animal diseases in four local government areas randomly selected cutting across the four geopolitical zones in Ogun State. A total of 323 households were purposively selected and administered with a semi structured questionnaire. A total of 319 questionnaires out of 323 were used for the analysis in the study.The farmers were assisted by the enumerators to fill the questionnaires in their homes: information on household demography, common animal diseases in the area, botanical remedies used for treatment, part of plant used, and source of prescription, methods of preparation and administration of these remedies were gathered.Most of the respondents were farmers, majority keeping goats. Out of the 319 respondents 110 (34.4%) admitted using plants in treatment of livestock diseases. Thirty two plant species were identified in the study area for treating livestock ailments. Leaves were the plant part mostly used. Adenopus breviflorus ( Pseudocolocynth ) is the most commonly used plant for treatment of many animal diseases in both ruminants and poultry. Most common livestock diseases condition is mange followed by Peste des petits ruminants; however in poultry the most important diseases are Newcastle disease and diarrhoea. Losses to livestock owners were mostly due to infection.There is need for government and non-government intervention in curbing the menace of diseases in livestock production. Reasons for utilization of botanical remedies were identified and public health implications of usage of these herbs were discussed. In conclusion,there is an urgent need for more of this documentationcum scientific and clinical validation of the claims;if not ethno-veterinary botanical knowledge faces the risk of going into extinction due to increasing modern veterinary medical intervention. Keywords : Ethnoveterinary, Botanical remedies, Public Health.

When used for the evaluation of drug efficacy against Psoroptes ovis, the diagnostic performance of different sampling strategies for a mite count reduction test (MCRT) remains unclear. In the present study, a novel simulation framework was constructed that accounted for relevant biological features of P. ovis infestations in cattle and that was parameterized with field data from 16 farms (154 animals). Second, this framework was applied to explore the impact of study specific factors (number of animals, number of sampled lesions, and number of scrapings per lesion) and biological factors (mite infestation intensity and size of lesions) on the diagnostic performance of MCRT. Its outcome provided a basis to determine the diagnostic performance of MCRT when it was applied according to the World Association for the Advancement in Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) and the European Medicine Agency (EMA) guidelines, and to formulate recommendations to ensure a good diagnostic performance of the MCRT. For both guidelines, the MCRT allowed to correctly detect (power 80%) reduced and normal efficacy when the therapeutic efficacy was, Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Simulation framework for drug efficacy evaluation against Psoroptes ovis. • WAAVP and EMA guidelines reliable for detection of normal efficacy; reduced efficacy unreliable. • The total number of samples taken per farm and mite infestation intensity increase reliability. • Summarizing tool for a wide variety of sampling strategies with resulting diagnostic performance.

The present study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of mange disease in Menofia governorate and to identify the efficacy of different acaricides to control mange mites infesting sheep and goat in the governorate. For this purpose, a total number of 1500 sheep and 750 goats were examined during the different months and seasons of the year by visual inspection of animals’ body. The examined animals were also parasitologically and microscopically examined. All parasitological positive samples were subjected to different treatment protocols with acaricides. The results revealed that prevalence of mange in sheep was 24.5% and 23.33% in goat and the highest prevalence of mange in sheep and goat was in summer season, (36.57%) in sheep and (32%) in goat, while the lowest prevalence was in winter, (14%) in sheep and (14.8%) in goat. Moreover, the highest prevalence of mange was observed in Shebein El-Kom , (6.73% , 5.73% ), in sheep and goat, respectively, while the lowest prevalence was noticed in El-Bagour (4% , 3.73%), in sheep and goat, respectively. On the other hand, the results revealed that the efficacy of deltamethrine was 63.55%, the diazinon efficacy was 81.2%, the ivermectin efficacy was 81.95%, On the other hand, the treatment protocol of infested animals with deltamethrine + ivermectin proved an efficacy of 87.63% and the efficacy of the treatment protocol with diazinon + ivermectin was 94.7%.

A major constraint for rabbit production is mange, which can lead to dermatological problems in rabbits as well. Sarcoptic mange occurs in the epidermis and is characterized by inflammation, hypersensitivity reaction, alopecia and alopecia. This study reports the successful treatment of sarcoptic mange in rabbits at the Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, RVC using Ivermectin @400ìg/Kg body weight subcutaneously once weekly along with supportive therapy for four weeks. Using the following treatment regimen, complete recovery was observed within a month, with negative skin scraping and marked improvement of lesions.

Demodicosis is a parasitic disease caused by the imbalance in the number of mites of the genus Demodex sp. The skin scraping is the gold standard method for diagnosis, but other methods can be used. Based on this, the aim of this work is to report cases in which cytology served as an auxiliary diagnosis for demodectic mange. Two dogs went to a private clinic with skin lesion of different aspects and in which both dogs the cytology was performed by skin imprint, being possible to observe the presence of Demodex canis. Thus, cytology could be used as an auxiliary diagnostic method this disease.

Researchers and veterinarians engaged in animal husbandry constantly note the relevance of the topic of combating ecto- and endoparasites of cattle, since their associative parasitism causes huge economic damage, which consists of a decrease in meat and milk productivity, breeding value, as well as a lack of high-quality tanning raw materials. Today, a special place among the diseases of the parasitic system in cattle belongs to demodicosis, which has a significant distribution in various climatic zones of the Russian Federation and othercountries. In this regard, the research objective was to study the prevalence of demodectic invasion in cattle in the forest-steppe zone of the Northern Trans-Urals. To study the spread of demodicosis in cattle, a clinical examination of 21,554 heads was carried out in 2002-2018 with confirmation of the diagnosis by microscopy of skin scrapings of clinically sick animals and the detection of demodectic mites at various stages of development. Based on the results of the data obtained, we can state the extensive distribution of demodicosis in cattle in the forest-steppe zone of the Northern Trans-Urals. Thus, the average long-term extensiveness of the invasion of cattle by demodectic mange in the northern forest-steppe was 15.67±1.21%, and in the subzone of the southern forest-steppe was 10.88±0.74%.

Mange in camel, also named as sarcopticosis is defined as an extremely contagious skin disease characterized by scab formation, pruritic dermatitis, thickening and corrugation of skin and hair loss. A total of 21 positive cases of mange infestation were selected from those presented at the Veterinary Clinical Complex of the College, in Anand and from surrounding villages. The affected camels were divided into 3 groups, viz., B, C, D each group comprised of 7 camels, while seven healthy camels in group A served as control. The maximum prevalence of sarcoptic mange among infected animals was found in the age group of >6 years (52.38 %), followed by 4-6 years (38.09 %) and in less than 3 years age groups (9.52 %), and also in females than the males (85.71 vs 14.29%). The levels of haematological values, viz., haemoglobin, total erythrocytes count, packed cell volume, neutrophils, basophils, MCV and MCH were found to be significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased, whereas the total leukocytes count, lymphocytes and eosinophils were increased significantly (p less than 0.05) in mange affected camel as compared to healthy ones. The biochemical constituents, viz., total serum protein, alanine aminotransferase and zinc concentrations were found significantly (p less than 0.05) lower. In contrast, serum creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase and copper concentrations were increased significantly (p less than 0.05) in mange affected camels. The changes reflected that the mange infestation causes hepatocellular and renal damage, apart from general stress to the camel.

Skin diseases are among the most common health problems in dogs. The study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress biomarker profile in mange-, tick-, and flea-infested dogs and to assess the value of antioxidant supplementation as complementary therapy to standard treatment. Thirty-seven dogs were enrolled in the study, and they were divided into three groups: apparently healthy group (11 dogs), mange group (8 dogs), and tick- and flea-infested group (18 dogs). Four dogs out of mange group and eleven dogs out of tick- and flea-infested group were treated with specific therapy supplemented with vitamin E and selenium (tocopherol 50 mg + Se 1.5 mg/ml) 0.5 ml/20 kg IM weekly in mange group and vitamin E capsule at dose of 40 IU/Ib in ticks and fleas group for 3 weeks as antioxidant therapy. Oxidative stress biomarkers were measured including SOD, GPX, catalase, and MDA. In mange group, there were significant increase in SOD, MDA, and significant decrease in GPX, catalase enzymes in diseased groups, while after treatment SOD was significantly decreased in antioxidant supplemented group only. Catalase was significantly increased, MDA was significantly decreased in specific and antioxidant supplemented groups but no significance differences between two types of treatment were noticed. In tick- and flea-infested group, there were significant decrease in GPX and increase in MDA in diseased groups; after treatment there were significant increase in GPX and catalase only in antioxidant supplemented group and significant variances between two protocols of therapy in catalase level only. Vitamin E and selenium can be used with standard therapy to accelerate the clinical recovery of external parasitism in dogs.

El presente trabajo evaluó la relación entre la eficacia y la farmacocinética de dos formulaciones comerciales inyectablesde ivermectina (IVM) en ovinos merino adultos artificialmente infestados con Psoroptes ovis. Los animales fueron tratados por víasubcutánea con IVM 1 % en dos dosis con un intervalo de aplicación de 7 días, (0.2 mg/kg) o con una única dosis de IVM 3.15%, (1.05mg/kg). Se realizaron conteos semanales de ácaros vivos mediante raspajes de piel entre el día 0 y 28 post-tratamiento paradeterminar la eficacia de los tratamientos, y se tomaron muestras de sangre para medir las concentraciones de IVM en plasma. Seobservó una disminución significativa en los conteos de ácaros a partir del día 14 post-tratamiento, sin embargo, se encontraronácaros vivos en todos los muestreos para ambos grupos. En el Grupo IVM 1%, la máxima eficacia se observó el día 28 post tratamiento(93.3%), mientras que en el Grupo IVM 3,15% este registro se obtuvo el día 21 (95.9%). Mayores concentraciones de IVM fueronobservadas en los animales tratados con la formulación 3.15 %. La falla para obtener una cura parasitológica tras el tratamiento conambas formulaciones de IVM puede ser indicativo de la presencia de ácaros resistentes a este principio activo. The current work evaluated the relationship between efficacy and pharmacokinetics of two commercial injectable formulations of ivermectin (IVM) in adult merino sheep artificially infested with Psoroptes ovis. Animals were treated subcutaneously with IVM 1% formulation (two doses on days 0 and 7) at 0.2 mg / kg or with a single dose of IVM 3.15% preparation at 1.05 mg / kg. Live mites were counted weekly by performing skin scrapings between days 0 and 28 post-treatment to determine the efficacy of each IVM formulation. Blood samples were taken up to 35 days post-treatment to measure IVM plasma concentrations. A significant decrease in mite counts was observed from day 14 post-treatment. However, live mites were found in all samples for both groups throughout the entire trial. After IVM 1% administration, the highest effcacy was observed on day 28 (93.3% whereas in the IVM 3,15% group was obtained on day 21 post treatment (95.9%). Higher IVM plasma concentrations were observed in animals treated with the IVM 3.15% formulation. Failure to obtain a parasitological cure after treatment with both IVM formulations may reflect the presence of resistant mites to this drug. Fil: Larroza, Marcela Patricia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Soler, Paula. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Robles, Carlos Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Cabrera, Francisco Raúl. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Cantón, Candela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina Fil: Lanusse, Carlos Edmundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina Fil: Lifschitz, Adrian Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina

The diagnosis of mange is problematic in the absence of mites in skin scrapings because many skin diseases present similar gross features as mange. The study evaluated the stepwise procedure for herd diagnosis of mange in the West African Dwarf (WAD) and Red Sokoto (RS) goats with greater specificity and sensitivity. Twenty-seven WAD goats (n = 27) and forty RS goats (n = 40) goats with mange-like skin lesions (alopecia, scabs, crusts, and scratch injuries) out of a total herd population of 114 WAD goats and 317 RS goats respectively in Nsukka, Eastern Nigeria, were examined by directed sampling method. Skin scrapings and biopsies were collected from the goats and processed using standard procedures. The skin scrapings revealed Sarcoptes scabiei in 7 out of 27 WAD goats with mange-like gross lesions and Psoroptes spp. together with lice (Linognathus spp.) and their eggs in 2 out of 40 RS goats with mange-like gross lesions. Histopathological studies showed that 12 out of 27 WAD goats and 2 out of 40 RS goats with mange-like gross lesions had microscopic features highly suggestive of mange; in other words, the prevalence of mange was 44.4% in WAD and 5% in RS goats. The negative samples were diagnosed as fungal infections, neoplasms, nonspecific dermatitis, and dermatoses. The combination of directed sampling by gross appearance, a parasitological study of skin scrapings, and histopathological features of the skin biopsies were used to increase the sensitivity and specificity of mange diagnosis.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic value of inflammatory biomarkers on diseased camels via exploring the possible effects on oxidants and antioxidants status in addition to characterizing the profiles of acute phase proteins and inflammatory cytokines. Forty-eight adult male and female dromedary camels (Camelus dromedaries) were examined, according to general health conditions, clinical and laboratory diagnosis they were split into 3 groups. Group 1: Included 20 apparently healthy camels act as a control group, Group 2: Included 12 camels suffered from trypanosomiasis, Group 3: Included 16 camels suffered from mange. Our results revealed that the mean values of copper and zinc were significantly decreased with statistical elevation of MDA and statistical lowering of catalase and total antioxidant capacity in cases of trypanosomiasis and mange compared to apparently clinically healthy camels (P value

Urban areas may support high densities of wild carnivores, and pathogens can strongly influence carnivore populations. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are hosts of sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei), which infects numerous species, and transmission can be density dependent. In Great Britain, urban red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) have recently increased in population density and undergone range expansions. Here we investigate corresponding changes in urban fox mange prevalence. We predicted a higher prevalence closer to historic epi/enzootics and lower prevalence where urban features reduce fox density and movements, i.e. large areas of public green space, and fragmented habitat, as measured by road length and urban perimeter shape complexity. We visually assessed mange symptoms from georeferenced images of urban foxes submitted online by the public, thus surveying private land on a national scale. We measured the proportion of foxes apparently showing mange and used SATSCAN to identify spatial clusters of high infection risk. Landscape features were extracted from urban layers in GIS to determine associations. Although mange was widespread, we identified a single cluster of high prevalence (37.1%) in Northwest and Central England, which exceeded double mean prevalence overall (15.1%) and mirrors the northward expansion of urban fox distribution. Prevalence was positively correlated with perimeter shape complexity and negatively correlated with distance to the nearest city with mange, although the latter association was weak. Our findings show that citizen science can effectively monitor diseases with highly visible symptoms and suggest that fox movements are influential in explaining spatial patterns of prevalence.

Parasitism is an important limiting factor that responsible for deteriorating the health and productivity of livestock. Goat rearing is hindered by various problems, among them parasitism is an important limiting factor in Bangladesh as the climatic condition of the country favors the development and survival of various parasites. Of the parasitic problems, ectoparasitic infestations are commonly seen in goats. Common ectoparasites of animals are ticks, lice and mites which cause considerable amount of blood loss, irritation and annoyance. Mange infested goats bite and rub the affected area so that the affected skin becomes abraded. Ectoparasitic infestations reduce the quality and market value of valuable skin. Besides, ectoparasites transmit various types of deadly pathogens of animals. The objectives of this study to find out the alternative measures of mange control especially with herbal products. In the experimental study of mange control, fifteen affected goats of both sexes, aged between 10 and 30 months which were divided into four groups randomly and 3 goats were considered in each group. The treatments were considered with control (A), Neem ointment (B), Ata ointment (C), Mehedi ointment (D).The control experiment was conducted during November’2012 to December’2012 in Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. A descriptive statistical analysis and ANOVA were used for the results of clinical parameters (hair coat, skin lesion bodyweight and adverse effects). The recovery of skin lesion was statistically significant (P0.10).The bodyweight was increased in all treatment groups and it was decreased in control group which was significant (P>0.10).In the herbal ointments, Neem(Azadirachtaindica) was more effective for control of mange in goats than Mehidi (Lawsoniainermis) and Ata (Annonareticulata). Further studies are required to clarify the efficacy of the ethno veterinary widely used in agro ecologies, animal species and livestock management system in Bangladesh. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.6(3): 389-396, December 2019

Although kinship (parent-offspring or siblings) contact has been suggested as a driving factor for sarcoptic mange epizootic in raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), no effect has been reported. In contrast, habitat fragmentation caused by urbanization may result in a high occurrence of sarcoptic mange, because habitat fragmentation may promote contact infection by increasing the population density of raccoon dogs. The habitat distribution of raccoon dogs may therefore influence epizootic sarcoptic mange. The genetic relationship between raccoon dogs was analyzed to examine Sarcoptes scabiei transmission between kin. The relationship between S. scabiei infection and the habitat of raccoon dogs was also investigated. Seventy-five raccoon dogs from Takasaki, Gunma prefecture, were examined from 2012 to 2018; 23 were infested with S. scabiei. The genotypes were determined using 17 microsatellite loci, and the relationships were categorized into four patterns by the ML-Relate software. There was no significant difference between infested pairs and other two pairs (Chi- squared test: χ2=0.034, df=1, P=0.85). Although it was difficult to predicate because the mortality rate was unclear in this study, kinship contact does not seem to be an important factor for sarcoptic mange epizootic. S. scabiei infection rates were significantly associated with the location of village sections (OR=1.55, 95% CI=1.11-2.17, P=0.011). It is suggested that direct/indirect contact between individuals living closely together is an important factor for the transmission of S. scabiei.

This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of mange in sheep in Anbar province by examining 462 heads of sheep. The disease was diagnosed by examining the skin scraping taken from the infected animals in the laboratory. The results showed that sheep were infected with Sarcoptes scabiei parasite, and the total infection rate was 34.6%, and no significant difference was recorded between males 34% and females 35.2%, the highest rate was recorded in the month of January %56 and the lowest in the month of August 13.1%, and the highest rate of infection was 49% in sheep at the age of 6 months - 2 years and significant differences for the rest of the ages. Head and neck lesions recorded the highest infection rate of 28.7 and 34.3% respectively. The study also included the effect of the crude watery extract of Onobrychis ptolemaica on the parasite, concentrations of 2.5-10 mg/ml have significantly affected parasites, it was noted the greater the concentration, the greater the effect during the different treatment periods. The highest concentration of 10 mg /ml resulted in the disappearance of all scabies parasites on day 14 of the treatment. Results showed sheep infection in Anbar province with mange in both sexes, high incidence of infection in young ages, high rate of infection in the winter months, and head lesions recorded the highest percentage of infection, the results showed the effect of concentrations of the crude watery extract of Onobrychis ptolemaica plant largely on the parasite.

The objectives of this study were (a) to evaluate skin biopsies of udder sores and negative control cows for the presence of mange and nonbacterial pathogens via histopathology and (b) to identify and compare bacterial abundance in the lesions of cows with udder sores and from the skin of healthy controls from the same farms. Cows from 3 dairy farms with (n = 23) and without (n = 12) udder sore lesions were enrolled, and punch biopsies (23 lesions, 23 negative control samples of cows with lesions, and 12 control samples of cows without lesions) were collected. The biopsies were evaluated histopathologically, and their 16S metagenome was analyzed. No signs of mange or viral or fungal infections were detected histopathologically in any samples. The α diversity of microbial populations decreased in lesions, across all farms, and the abundance of spirochaetes did not notably change, compared with controls. However, compared with control samples, the microbial fractions of Fusobacterium, Helcococcus spp., Anaerococcus spp., Porphyromonas spp., Prevotella spp., and Trueperella spp. increased several-fold in lesions. In summary, our results suggest that spirochaetes, viruses, and mange are unlikely to cause udder sores. Instead, sores were associated with a marked increase in the abundance of Fusobacterium, Helcococcus, Anaerococcus, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, and Trueperella. Future studies are needed to determine which of these bacteria initiates this polymicrobial infection.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a serodiagnostic test (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ELISA) for sarcoptic mange in dogs and to characterize the assay antigen, based on the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. vulpes. The ELISA, applied to sera from 359 dogs suspected of having sarcoptic mange, showed a sensitivity and specificity of 92 and 96%, respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the antigen employed in the ELISA revealed polypeptide bands with molecular weights ranging between 14 and 164 kDa. In Western blot analyses antigens of molecular weights between 62 and 64 kDa dominated. Particularly dominant were antigens of 164 and 147 kDa. These were found to have isoelectrical points in the range of 5.7–6.9. Sera from dogs infected with Cheyletiella sp., Demodex canis, Linognathus setosus and Otodectes cynotis, as well as from dogs allergic to fleas, were negative in the ELISA. Resume— Le but de cette etude est d'evaluer un test serologique ELISA pour le diagnostic de la gale sarcoptique chez le chien et de caracteriser l'antigene revelateur, extrait de l'acarien Sarcoptes scabiei var. vulpes. Le test ELISA, lors d'une etude conduite avec les serums de 359 chiens suspects de gale sarcoptique a demontre une sensibilite et une specificite de 92 et 96%, respectivement. L'electrophorese en gel polyacrilamide dodecyl sulfate de sodium de l'antigene utilise dans l'ELISA a revele des bandes polypeptidiques de poids moleculaire compris entre 14 et 164 kDa. Dans l'analyse en Western blot, les antigenes de poids moleculaire compris entre 62 et 164 kDa etaient les plus abondants, notamment ceux de 164 et 147 kDa. Ces derniers ont des points isoelectriques compris entre 5.7 et 6.9. Les serums de chiens infectes par des Cheyletiella sp. Demodex canis, Linognathus setosus et Otodectes cynotis, ou par des chiens allergiques aux puces, se sont reveles negatifs en ELISA. [Bornstein, S., Thebo, P., Zakrisson, G. Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serological diagnosis of canine sarcoptic mange (Evaluation d'un test ELISA pour le diagnostic serologique de la gale sarcoptique canine). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7: 21–28.] Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue el de evaluar una pruba serodiagnostica (prueba de inmunoadsorcion ligada a enzima; ELISA) para la sarna sarcoptica en el perro y caracterizar el antigeno prueba, basado en el acaro Sarcoptes scabei, var. vulpes. El ELISA, aplicado a sueros de 359 perros sospechosos de padecer sarna sarcoptica, mostro una sensibilidad y especificidad del 92 y 96%, respectivamente. La electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida dodecil sulfato sodico (SDS-PAGE) del antigeno usado en el ELISA revelo bandas de polipetidos con peso molecular entre 14 y 164 kDa. En el analisis Western blot, predominaron los antigenos de pesos moleculares entre 62 y 164 kDa. Los antigenos entre 164 y 147 kDa fueron especialmente predominantes. Estos tuvieron puntos isoelectricos entre 5.7 y 6.9. Los sueros de perros infectados por Cheyletiella sp., Demodex canis, Linognathus setosus y Otodectes cynotis, asi como el de perros alergicos a las pulgas fueron negativos en el ELISA. [Bornstein, S., Thebo, P., Zakrisson, G. Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serological diagnosis of canine sarcoptic mange (Evaluation de una prueba de immunoadsorcion ligada a enzima (ELISA) para el diagnostico serologico de la sarna sarcoptica canina). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7: 21–28.] Zusammenfassung— Ziel dieser Studie war, einen Serodiagnostiktest (Enzyme-Linked-Immunosorbent-Assay, ELISA) fur Sarkoptesraude des Hundes zu uberprufen und das Testantigen zu charakterisieren, das auf der Milbe Sarcoptes scabiei var. vulpes basiert. Der ELISA-Test, der bei den Sera von 359 Hunden mit Sarkoptesverdacht angewendet wurde, zeigte eine Sensitivitat von 92% bzw. 96%. Die Natriumdodecylsul-fatpolyacrylamid-Gelelektrophorese (SDS-PAGE) des Antigen, das im ELISA verwendet wurde, zeigte Polypeptid-Banden mit Molekulargewichten zwischen 14 und 164 kDa. In der Wester-blot-Analyse dominierten Antigene mit einem Molekulargewicht zwischen 62 und 164 kDa. Besonders dominierend waren Antigene von 164 und 147 kDa. Bei diesen stellte man isoelektrische Punkte im Bereich von 5,7 bis 6,9 fest. Die Sera von Hunden, die mit Cheyletiella sp., Demodex canis, Linognathus setosus und Otodectes cynotis infiziert waren, fielen ebenso wie die Hunde mit Allergie auf Flohe im ELISA negativ aus. [Bornstein, S., Thebo, P., Zakrisson, G. Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serological diagnosis of canine sarcoptic mange (Die Auswertung eines Enzym-Linked-Immunosorbent-Assay (ELISA) fur die serologische Diagnose der kaninen Sarkoptesraude). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7: 21–28.]

American black bears (Ursus americanus) are increasingly reported to develop mange. This report describes a case of mange associated with a Chorioptes species, which has not previously been reported, to our knowledge, in free-ranging black bears. Basic clinical findings as well as methods of identification for this mite are provided.

Background Ovine psoroptic mange (sheep scab) is a highly pathogenic contagious infection caused by the mite Psoroptes ovis. Following 21 years in which scab was eradicated in the UK, it was inadvertently reintroduced in 1972 and, despite the implementation of a range of control methods, its prevalence increased steadily thereafter. Recent reports of resistance to macrocyclic lactone treatments may further exacerbate control problems. A better understanding of the factors that facilitate its transmission are required to allow improved management of this disease. Transmission of infection occurs within and between contiguous sheep farms via infected sheep-to-sheep or sheep–environment contact and through long-distance movements of infected sheep, such as through markets. Methods A stochastic metapopulation model was used to investigate the impact of different transmission routes on the spatial pattern of outbreaks. A range of model scenarios were considered following the initial infection of a cluster of highly connected contiguous farms. Results Scab spreads between clusters of neighbouring contiguous farms after introduction but when long-distance movements are excluded, infection then self-limits spatially at boundaries where farm connectivity is low. Inclusion of long-distance movements is required to generate the national patterns of disease spread observed. Conclusions Preventing the movement of scab infested sheep through sales and markets is essential for any national management programme. If effective movement control can be implemented, regional control in geographic areas where farm densities are high would allow more focussed cost-effective scab management. Graphical Abstract

The efficacy of single long acting Ivermectin injection, oral micro minerals for 5 days and external application of Arnica mother tincture in oil on the third day brought good relief from sarcoptic mange infection. The reason for the efficacy may be due to synergistic action of three treatments. Keywords: Sacoptic mange, Ivermectin long acting-bioplex high seven, Arnica oil.

The present study describes use of ointment containing salicylic acid, zinc sulphate, fenvalerate and sulphur with petroleum jelly as base for successful and effective treatment of severe mange in an adult male dromedary camel. The affected camel had severe lesions on neck, axilla, inner surface of thigh, inguinal region, perineal region, root of tail, flank region, head, lip necckand brisket region. The case did not respond to Ivermectin treatment. Itching disappeared 7 days after application of acaricidal ointment and fresh shiny skin appeared at 7 day after second application.

Across sectional, study of tick was conducted to identify types of tick species and determine the Prevalence of tick and mange mites infestation in small ruminants in Benatsemayworeda, South Omozone, Southern Nation Nationality of Ethiopia. Collection and identification of the ticks and mange mites were undertaken from June 6----- /15/ 2019. The overall prevalence of tick and mange mites infestation in the study area was 172 (40.66%) All visible individual adult ticks were collected from the body of 172 goats. The prevalence of tickand mange mites infestation in goats was found to be (40.66%). In this study, one/ species of ticks, which grouped under one genus, was identified. The most abundant species found in this study were Rhipicephalus/pulchellus, eversi, simus, B(decoloratus) and psoroptics mites.

Two female cats (8 months old) were presented to Polyclinic, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP with the history of exhibited crust formation, hyperkeratosis, alopecia and intense pruritis. On clinical examination white indurated dry crust like lesions were observed at the ear margins, face, and legs. On skin scrapping, both samples were found positive for mite infestation. Morphological observations viz., a round body, short legs and a dorsal anus revealed the presence of Notoedres spp. infestation. The infected cats were treated with weekly twice oral administration of ivermectin at 200 μg/kg body weight, oral administration of 2 ml of multi-vitamin and mineral syrup daily, which successfully cured notoedric mange infestation in cats.

The astigmatid mite Psoroptes ovis (Acari: Proroptidae) causes the highly contagious and debilitating ovine disease, sheep scab. This ectoparasitic infection has a high economic and animal welfare impact on British sheep farming. Following recent work demonstrating resistance of Psoroptes mites to moxidectin, a widely used macrocyclic lactone (ML) treatment for scab, the current study compared the toxicity of three of the commonly administered macrocylic lactone therapeutic treatments (moxidectin, ivermectin and doramectin) to P. ovis from outbreak populations that had appeared unresponsive to treatment. These outbreak populations were from Wales and south west England. The data presented demonstrate that there is resistance to all three available ML compounds in populations of Psoroptes mites. However, considerable variation in response suggested that resistance alone was not responsible for the reported lack of efficacy in all of the submitted cases; lack of response in others may be associated with inappropriate treatment application or management. These data highlight the importance of the appropriate use of these compounds to manage national scab incidence at levels that are consistent with acceptable animal welfare standards, while attempting to reduce the development and spread of resistance.

This study investigated the use of SARCOPTES-ELISA DOG KIT as a diagnostic tool in detecting anti-mite antibodies, establishing the prevalence of scabies in dogs and the associated risk factors of canine mange occurrence. A total of 384 dogs (149 males and 235 females) were randomly sampled from eight local government areas. The prevalence of canine sarcopticosis was found to be 67.45% (259/384) using the ELISA kit. ELISA test had a 96.4% sensitivity against microscopy test (21.42%) as skin scrapping with microscopy demonstrated mites in 12 out of 56 dogs, while ELISA detected antibodies in 54 out of the 56 dogs presented to treatment facilities. A significantly higher seroprevalence was found in the female dogs (P = .019), indigenous dog breeds (P = .01), dogs presented to government facilities for treatment (P = .000), and dogs with active lesions less than the palm of the hand (P = .000). There was no association between the age of dogs and scabies seroprevalence. Skin scrapping still remains ideal and unique in specific mite detection, but its deficiency in sensitivity can best be complimented with the use of a more sensitive ELISA diagnostic kit.

Psorergates rattus Fain & Goff, 1986 has been found in the brown rat Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) in Poland.The species has previously been found only once, in the tail base of the brown rat in the United States. In the present case, ten rats from two localities in Poland (Pomerania) were examined and infestation was discovered in 20% of them, with a total of 12 mites found. This is not only the first discovery of the species in Poland and the second globally, but also the first observation of representatives of Psorergatidae in rodents of the genus Rattus in Europe. Moreover, immature specimens of P. rattus have been observed for the first time.The infestation was asymptomatic, although in the earlier study mange was observed despite the relatively low density of the mites, which indicates a potential pathogenic threat not only to wild rat populations, but also to laboratory animals and pets.