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The effects of vitamin A palmitate (VAP; 2.7, 27 and 165 mg/100 g diet), β-carotene (βC; 1, 9 and 50 mg/100 g diet) and retinoic acid (RA; 2.8, 28 and 166 mg/100 g diet) on the incidence of deformities in red sea bream (Chrysophrys major) larvae were examined using zein-based micro-bound diets during 15 days. Growth (final body weight, weight gain and total length) and survival rate were affected by the increasing supplementation of these compounds. The abnormalities observed in the larvae included the compression or apparent fusion of the segments in the notochord and mouth deformities. Compression/apparent fusion of the segments was detected mainly in vertebrae of the hemal zone, affecting the total length of larvae. Incidence of these deformities increased with increasing levels of VAP, βC and RA in the diets, but a significantly higher percentage of affected vertebrae was observed in the larvae fed the diets containing RA. The effect of βC was unclear in the present experiment, since only the highest concentration caused significant incidence. The results of this study show that dietary vitamin A may be related to the vertebral deformities in red sea bream larvae.

The beneficial effects of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae type 1 were tested in red sea bream (Pagrus major) feeds. A basal diet (control) and two other diets were prepared by supplementation with B. subtilis C-3102 (PB) or S. cerevisiae type 1 (PY). After 60 days, both probiotic-supplemented groups exhibited significant enhancement in growth performance, the protein efficiency ratio (PER), and digestive enzyme secretion (protease and amylase) compared to the control group (PPPP<0.05). Catalase activity was also significantly decreased in both probiotic groups, with relatively lower activity observed in the PY group (P<0.05). Both probiotic groups showed considerably increased tolerance to freshwater exposure (P<0.05). In conclusion, B. subtilis C-3102 and S. cerevisiae type 1 can be used as functional probiotics to enhance the growth performance, digestion capacity, gut morphology, immune response, and stress resistance of the red sea bream with relatively higher efficiency by B. subtilis C-3102.

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is widely recognized for its non-invasiveness and for its usefulness in chronic pancreatitis (CP) diagnosis, including early CP. Although it is desirable to obtain a definitive diagnosis of CP by tissue sampling with EUS-guided fine needle aspiration, histopathological changes in CP are heterogeneous in terms of the extent and the distribution of lesions. Therefore, histopathological diagnosis of appropriate tissue sampling by EUS-fine needle aspiration is expected to be difficult. Furthermore, it is virtually impossible to match EUS images with pathological sections, making direct contrast between EUS findings and pathology difficult. This narrative review presents a discussion of the diagnosis of CP/early CP by EUS, particularly assessing the association between ultrasound and pathological findings. Recently, the histological corroboration and correlation of EUS findings related to CP have been clarified by surgical specimens, including those obtained from animal studies. Furthermore, remarkable advances have occurred in the objective and quantitative diagnosis of pancreatic fibrosis by EUS-elastography. Future technological advances in EUS are expected to improve the accuracy of diagnosis of pancreatic fibrosis at earlier stages.

We evaluated the efficacy of mozuku fucoidan supplementation to alternative dietary proteins used in fish meal (FM) replacement to enhance growth, immunity, and stress resistance of Pagrus major. Seven isonitrogenous (45% protein) experimental diets were formulated where diet 1 (D1) was FM-based control diet. Diets 2 to 7 were formulated by replacing 25, 50, and 75% of FM protein with soy protein isolate (SPI) protein, and each replacement level was supplemented without or with fucoidan at 0.4% for diet groups D2 (FM25), D3 (FM25Fu), D4 (FM50), D5 (FM50Fu), D6 (FM75), and D7(FM75Fu), respectively. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish (4.1 g) for 56 days. Significantly higher weight gain and specific growth rate were observed in fish fed FM50Fu diet group, and it was not differed (P > 0.05) with fish fed FM25Fu diet group. FM-based control diet showed intermediate value, and it was not differed (P > 0.05) with or without fucoidan-supplemented ≤ 50% FM replacement groups and FM75Fu diet group. Significantly lower growth performances were observed in FM75 diet group. At each replacement level, fucoidan-supplemented groups showed nonsignificant improvement of feed utilization performances. Fish fed fucoidan-supplemented diets showed best condition of oxidative and freshwater stress resistance. Lysozyme activity, NBT, and peroxidase activity showed higher (P > 0.05) values in fucoidan-supplemented groups compared with the non-supplemented groups. Catalase activity was significantly lower in FM75Fu diet group. Catalase activity is significantly influenced by the interaction effects of fucoidan and FM replacement level. In conclusion, fucoidan supplementation could increase the efficiency of utilizing SPI (≥ 75%) without any adverse effects on red sea bream performance.

In larviculture of marine finfish, Tisochrysis lutea cultured cells have a potential to be a sustainable enrichment diet for rotifers due to its de novo synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). To improve its effectiveness in rotifer enrichment for later larviculture, we determined which growth phase of T. lutea can enhance DHA in polar lipids (PLs) in Brachionus plicatilis sp. complex rotifers without reducing their vigor. Tisochrysis lutea was harvested at logarithmic growth phase, deceleration growth phase, and stationary phase. The ambient concentrations of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N), and fatty acid composition of microalgae were measured. P was limited between logarithmic and deceleration growth phases, followed by N starvation in stationary phase. Total lipid DHA was lowest in logarithmic growth phase, whereas DHA levels increased in deceleration growth phase and maintained at high levels even in stationary phase. PL-DHA also increased during deceleration growth phase, although its abundance dropped during stationary phase. In a rotifer enrichment trial, T. lutea harvested in each phase were fed to B. plicatilis sp. complex rotifers for 12 h. The highest PL-DHA value for cells in deceleration growth phase reflected the concentrations of the rotifers. No significant differences were found in rotifer growth rate and egg ratio. Rotifers fed cells in deceleration growth phase exhibited higher swimming speeds than those fed the other cells, potentially linking to increased larval capture success. Therefore, we recommend the deceleration growth phase as an optimal timing for T. lutea harvest for the effective enrichment of B. plicatilis sp. complex rotifers.

AIMS Orexin-A is known to induce anti-nociceptive effects in animal models of chronic pain. We have found that orexin-A inhibits KCl loading-induced increases in the intracellular calcium ion levels ([Ca2+ ]i ) in C-fiber-like neurons of rats showing inflammatory nociceptive behavior. Here, we examined the effects of orexin-A on the depolarization of C-fiber-like neurons derived from a rat model for another type of chronic pain, namely neuropathic pain. Thus, we analyzed the effects of orexin-A on KCl-induced increases in [Ca2+ ]i in C-fiber-like neurons of rats with sciatic nerve ligation. METHODS Paw withdrawal and threshold force in response to tactile stimuli were evaluated using von Frey filaments. Sham-operated rats served as controls. [Ca2+ ]i in neurons were visualized by calcium fluorescent probe. Changes in [Ca2+ ]i were assessed using relative fluorescence intensity. RESULTS Seven days after sciatic nerve ligation, paw withdrawal and threshold force for tactile stimuli were increased and reduced, respectively. KCl loading to neurons from either sciatic nerve-ligated or control rats increased relative fluorescence intensity. The KCl-induced increase in relative fluorescence intensity in sciatic nerve-ligated, but not that of control, rats was inhibited by orexin-A. The OX1 and OX2 receptor antagonist MK-4305 and OX2 receptor antagonist EMPA, but not the OX1 receptor antagonist SB 334867, each counteracted orexin-A-induced inhibition of KCl-provoked increases in relative fluorescence intensity. CONCLUSION The present findings constitute neuropharmacological evidence that OX2 but not OX1 receptors mediate the inhibitory effects of orexin-A on KCl-induced increases in [Ca2+ ]i in C-fiber-like neurons of rats showing hyperalgesia provoked by sciatic nerve ligation.

Euryhaline rotifer belonging to the genera Brachionus are often used as live feed for first feeding marine finfish larviculture. Two common rotifer enrichments, a single usage of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-enriched Chlorella vulgaris and a combination of DHA-enriched C. vulgaris and salmon roe emulsion oil were used to assess: (i) nutritional status of rotifers and, (ii) performance when rotifers were fed to Pagrus major and Paralichthys olivaceus larvae from 2 to 15 days after hatching (DAH). Both rotifer enrichment treatments were found to be nutritionally effective with high unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) content, especially in the combined treatment with significantly higher eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Despite deficient levels of EPA, DHA-enriched C. vulgaris was found to be a suitable enrichment for rotifer and also had positive response in survival, growth and trypsin activity in both P. major and P. olivaceus. DHA-enriched C. vulgaris only treatment had higher rotifer population growth (13% higher), egg bearing capacity (7% higher), almost double the soluble protein content and generally higher free amino acid content. Oxidation of lipids in the combined diet due to its high-saturated fatty acid content could be a possible cause to the inferior performance of the combined treatment. Both P. major (20.1 ± 10.1%) and P. olivaceus (12.3 ± 3.87%) suffered low survival and lower gut content in the combined treatment especially during periods of significant growth in both species (7–11 DAH). Despite high HUFA content in the combined treatment, this study revealed that consideration of free amino acids and soluble protein content as parameters of nutritional indicators for first feeding P. major and P. olivaceus should not be discounted.

A 56‐day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the interactive effects of chemically synthesized astaxanthin (Ax) and cholesterol (CHO) on the performances of kuruma shrimp juveniles. Six experimental diets containing 2 levels of Ax (0 and 0.6 g/kg diet) and 3 levels of CHO (0, 6 and 20 g/kg diet) were formulated in 2 × 3 factorial design. The results indicated that the interactions between dietary CHO and Ax were not significant on survival, growth performances, body proximate analysis, immune response and freshwater stress test. Significantly, better pigmentation performances and Ax contents of different parts of juveniles (whole body, muscle, carapace and head) were observed in higher Ax (Ax₀.₆)‐supplemented groups. Meanwhile, interactions of dietary Ax and CHO were also found on colour reading parameters and whole‐body Ax contents. In addition, juveniles fed with the diet containing Ax at 0.6 g/kg diet in addition to CHO at 0, 6 and 20 g/kg diet showed better performances on digestive enzyme activities (protease, lipase and amylase) of hepatopancreas than 0 g Ax/kg diet supplemented with CHO at 0, 6 and 20 g/kg diet. It was concluded that dietary Ax and CHO functioned interactively.

This study investigated the effects of bovine lactoferrin (bLf) on the body surface defense factors, stress response to fresh water exposure, and anti-parasitic effects against Neobenedenia girellae in amberjack (Seriola dumerili) juveniles. In the first trial, amberjack juveniles were fed test diets supplemented with four different levels of bLf (0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg kg−1) for 4 weeks to determine the appropriate bLf supplement level and feeding duration, and stress responses to short-term fresh water exposure followed by recovery at ambient salinity were also measured. This showed that a diet supplemented with ≥1000 mg bLf kg−1 for 2 weeks improved skin mucus production, non-specific defense factors, and mitigated stress. In the second trial, amberjack juveniles were fed diets supplemented with 0 and 1000 mg bLf kg−1 for 2 weeks and challenged by N. girellae oncomiracidia. It was found that fish that had been fed a diet supplemented with 1000 mg bLf kg−1 had significantly fewer parasites than fish that had been fed the unsupplemented control diet. Together, these results suggest that dietary bLf enhances defense ability the body surface, mitigates low-salinity stress, and enhances anti-parasitic effects against N. girellae oncomiracidia in amberjack juveniles.

A feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary Nannochloropsis sp. as powder or lipid on survival, growth performance and fatty acids content in Kuruma shrimp juvenile. Seven isonitrogenous, isolipidic and isocaloric diets were formulated to contain in first group graded levels of Nannochloropsis powder: 0% (CON, control diet), 4% (A), 7% (B) and 10% (C) dry matter then in second group algae oil proportionally extracted (AE, BE and CE, respectively). The feeding trial was conducted for 50 days. The results showed that the substitution of fish oil (FO) with algae powder diets A, B and C significantly (P

Simple Summary Fish meal (FM) is the major protein source in aquafeed to achieve sustainable aquaculture production. However, the supply of FM is low due to high cost and low availability. There is ongoing conceited research to identify alternative viable protein sources to replace the finite FM. Novel camelina meal (CM) is a plant protein with high amino acids levels and has been tested as an alternative protein source in livestock feeding. However, there is limited information on supplementation of the CM in aquaculture diets. In this study, four diets were formulated to contain 0% plant protein, 205 g/kg soybean meal, and two levels of CM (205 g/kg and 330 g/kg) in diets fed to red seabream. Results indicated that adding CM 205 g/kg in diets-maintained growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and nutrient digestibility regulated the immunity and stress resistance and modulated the growth-related genes in red seabream. These findings provide the first step in using novel CM and are essential for future practical formulations of feed for red seabream and other marine fish species. Abstract A 60-day experiment was designed to assess the effect of different ratios of fish meal (FM): camelina meal plant protein (CM) on growth response and relative gene expression of growth-promoting factors, feed utilization potency, digestive enzymes activities, apparent digestibility (ADC), stress response, non-specific immunity of Pagrus major. Four isonitrogenous (490.7 g/kg of crude protein) and isolipidic (91.5 g/kg total lipid) experimental diets were formulated and designated as camelina meal (CM0), soyabean meal (SBM20.5), CM20.5, and CM33 based on protein contents. At the end of the feed trial, significantly higher (p < 0.05) weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed intake but lower feed conversion ratio were recorded in fish fed CM0, SBM20.5, and CM20.5 than fish fed CM33. The lowest growth, feed utilization, enzyme activity, and digestibility were recorded in fish fed CM33. Significantly higher pepsin, amylase, and protease activities were observed in fish fed CM0, SBM20.5, and CM20.5 diets than fish fed CM33. The highest ADC of protein was recorded in fish fed CM0, SBM20.5, and CM20.5 diets. Hematocrit levels were depressed CM33 while total serum protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, blood urea nitrogen, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were not significantly changed by the inclusion of CM. Non-specific immune variables (lysozyme activity, peroxidase activity in serum and nitro blue tetrazolium) in fish fed CM0, SBM20.5, and CM20.5 were significantly higher than in fish fed CM33 diet. The superoxide dismutase of fish fed CM20.5 was not significantly different from CM0 and SBM20.5 (p > 0.05). Catalase and low salinity stress test show that CM0, SBM20.5, and CM20.5 were not significantly (p > 0.05) different, while CM33 was significantly lower than the rest of the diets. TBARs show that CM20.5 and CM33 diets were significantly different (p < 0.05), but CM20.5 was not significantly different from SBM20.5. Significantly higher hepatic IGF-1 and IGF-2 mRNA expression was found in fish-fed diet groups CM0, SBM20.5, and CM20.5 than fish fed CM33. The present study indicated that the addition of CM up 205 kg/kg to diet maintains growth, digestive enzymes, nutrient digestibility, immunity, stress resistance, and feed utilization efficiency of red sea bream.

Single-molecule magnets (SMMs) show superparamagnetic behaviour below blocking temperature at the molecular scale, so they exhibit large magnetic density compared to the conventional magnets. Combining SMMs and molecular conductors in one compound will bring about new physical phenomena, however, the synergetic effects between them still remain unexplored. Here we present a layered molecule-based compound, β′′-(BEDO-TTF)4 [Co(pdms)2]·3H2O (BO4), (BEDO-TTF (BO) and H2pdms are bis(ethylenedioxy)tetrathiafulvalene and 1,2-bis(methanesulfonamido)benzene, respectively), which was synthesized by using an electrochemical approach and studied by using crystal X-ray diffraction. This compound simultaneously exhibited metallic conductivity and SMM behaviour up to 11 K for the first time. The highest electrical conductivity was 400–650 S cm−1 at 6.5 K, which is the highest among those reported so far for conducting SMM materials. Furthermore, antiferromagnetic ordering occurred below 6.5 K, along with a decrease in conductivity, and the angle-independent negative magnetoresistance suggested an effective electron correlation between the conducting BO and Co(pdms)2 SMM layers (d–π interactions). The strong magnetic anisotropy and two-dimensional conducting plane play key roles in the low-temperature antiferromagnetic semiconducting state. BO4 is the first compound exhibiting antiferromagnetic ordering among SMMs mediated by π-electrons, demonstrating the synergetic effects between SMMs and molecular conductors., A metallic single-molecule magnet was synthesised demonstrating simultaneous metallic conduction and excellent SMM properties at the same temperature range for the first time, with potential applications in molecule-based quantum spintronics.

Single-molecule magnets exhibit magnetic bistabililties at the molecular level, making them promising for molecule-based spintronics due to high magnetic densities. The incorporation of SMM behavior and electrical conductivity in one compound is rare because these two physical properties often do not operate in the same temperature range, which further hinders their use in practical applications. Here we present an organic-inorganic molecular hybrid, β″-(BEDO-TTF)3[Co(pdms)2]·(MeCN)(H2O)2 (BO3) (BEDO-TTF = bis(ethylenedioxy)tetrathiafulvalene and H2pdms = 1,2-bis(methanesulfonamido)benzene), which manifests both metallic conduction (electrical conductivity up to 1000 S cm-1 at 12 K under 2.0 gigapascal pressure) and SMM behavior in the temperature range 12-26 K for the first time.

A 56‐day feeding trial was done to investigate the interactive effects of astaxanthin (Ax) and vitamin E (α‐Toc) on the performance of kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). A 2 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted with six experimental diets containing two levels of Ax (0 and 0.6 g/kg diet [Ax₀ and Ax₀.₆]) and three levels of α‐Toc (0, 0.2 and 1 g/kg diet [α‐Toc₀, α‐Toc₀.₂ and α‐Toc₁]). The results indicated that growth performance was significantly (p 0.05) effects were found between dietary α‐Toc and Ax on total haemocyte count and tolerance against freshwater, dietary Ax and α‐Toc supplementation showed better performance on these two parameters. It was concluded that dietary Ax and α‐Toc functioned synergistically, and the shrimp fed with the diet containing 0.6 g Ax/kg diet Ax and 0.2 g α‐Toc/kg diet showed improved growth and pigmentation performance compared with the other groups in the current study.

We determined the supplementation effects of dietary fucoidan on growth, immune responses, blood characteristics, and oxidative stress resistance of juvenile red sea bream. A fishmeal (FM)-based basal diet supplemented with 0% (D1, control), 0.05% (D2), 0.1% (D3), 0.2% (D4), 0.4% (D5), and 0.8% (D6) mozuku fucoidan to formulate six experimental diets. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish (3.8 g) for 60 days. Results showed that fish-fed diet D5 showed significantly higher (P

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a superoptimal temperature on growth, body composition, body size heterogeneity, and relationships among these factors in juvenile yellowtail. Fish (mean body weight = 24 g) were tagged individually and reared for 70 days under two different water temperature regimes [optimal (25 °C) and superoptimal (30 °C)]. After rearing, fish reared at 30 °C showed lower survival, less food, feed and protein utilization, significantly lower growth performance, and a lower hepatosomatic index than fish raised at 25 °C. Variations in body indices among individuals were larger for fish reared at 30 °C than for fish reared at 25 °C. Mean whole body protein content was significantly lower in fish reared at 30 °C than fish reared at 25 °C. In addition, several glucogenic and/or aromatic amino acids were lower in fish reared at 30 °C than in fish reared at 25 °C. Whole body lipid levels tended to be lower in fish with lower body weight reared at 30 °C. These results suggest that fish raised at 30 °C will have lower growth performance, and lower concentrations of specific amino acids. Moreover, heterogeneity in body size and body lipid content is expanded by a superoptimal temperature.

This study evaluated the effects of dietary substitution of fishmeal by graded levels of a blend composed of Aspergillus oryzae fermented rapeseed meal [0% (RM0), 25% (RM25), 50% (RM50), 75% (RM75) and 100% (RM100)] on growth performance, haemato-immunological responses and antioxidative status of Pagrus major (average weight 5.5 ± 0.02 g). After 56 days, growth performances were significantly improved in fish fed RM25 diet compared to control (P

This study evaluated the effects of chemically synthesized astaxanthin (Ax) on growth performance, survival, stress resistance, immune responses, fatty acid contents, and pigmentation of juvenile kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). Six dietary levels of Ax (0, 200, 400, 800, 1200, and 1600 mg kg−1 diet) were added to a baseline diet. The feeding trial was conducted for 56 days. The results showed that juveniles fed diets supplemented with Ax exhibited better growth performance, final body weight (FBW), body weight gain (BWG), and specific growth rate (SGR) than the control group, with the best performance exhibited by in the 400 mg kg−1 diet Ax supplemented group (P

We determined the dietary inosine effects in gradually replaced fishmeal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM) protein-based diets on growth, digestibility, immunity, stress resistance and gut morphology of juvenile amberjack. Seven experimental diets were formulated to be nearly isonitrogenous (48% crude protein) where diet 1 (D1) was FM based control diet. Diet 2 to 7 were formulated by replacing 25, 50 and 75% of FM protein with SBM and each replacement level was supplemented with or without inosine at 0.6% for diet groups D2(FM25INO), D3(FM25), D4 (FM50INO), D5(FM50), D6(FM75INO) and D7(FM75), respectively. Triplicate groups of fish (24.9 g) were randomly stocked in 200 L polycarbonate tanks at a rate of 24 fish per tank and fed to satiation twice daily for 56 days. After the feeding trial, final weight, specific growth rate, and weight gain were not significantly different among the treatments with that of the 50% replacement containing inosine. Without inosine-supplemented 50% replaced group and with or without inosine-supplemented 75% replaced group showed reduced growth and feed utilization performances. The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein and lipid were significantly higher in control and other replacement groups with inosine supplementation. In the case of oxidative stress parameters, fish fed inosine-supplemented diets showed the best condition. Stress resistance against low salinity exposure (LT50), significantly increased with inosine supplementation and was highest in inosine-supplemented 50% replacement diet group. Total serum protein (TSP), alternative complement pathways (ACH50), lysozyme activity (LA), bactericidal activity (BA) and peroxidase activity (PA) tended to be higher in inosine-supplemented groups compared to the non-supplemented groups. Simultaneously, enterocyte height, fold height, and microvillus height of the anterior and posterior enteric sections increased significantly with the inosine supplementation. Results of the study indicated that at least half of the fishmeal could be replaced with soybean meal and supplementation of inosine in the diets of juvenile amberjack. Moreover, inosine administration in 50 to 75% FM replacement groups could be helpful to improve the digestibility, immune responses, stress resistance, and intestinal health condition of fish.

We report the first highly conducting single-molecule magnet, (BEDO)4[ReF6]·6H2O [1; BEDO = bis(ethylenedioxo)tetrathiafulvalene], whose conductivity and single-molecule magnetism coexist in the same temperature range. The compound was synthesized by BEDO electrocrystallization in the presence of (Ph4P)2[ReF6]·2H2O and characterized by crystallography and measurements of the conductivity and alternating-current magnetic susceptibility.

Single crystals of 4,5-ethylenedioxy-4′-iodotetrathiafulvalene (EDO-TTF-I) with iodine bonding ability were obtained by recrystallization from acetonitrile and crystallized in the orthorhombic system with the space group Pbca. Bent EDO-TTF-I molecules formed the dimer structure, and a short I⋯O contact was observed between dimers. Electrocrystallization of EDO-TTF-I in absolute ethanol containing tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate, (TBA)PF6, afforded single crystals of (EDO-TTF-I)2PF6. An X-ray structural analysis revealed that EDO-TTF-I molecules form dimerized stacking columns in a head-to-tail manner, which is referred to as a β′-type arrangement. Iodine bonds between EDO-TTF-I and PF6 anions and short I⋯S contacts between EDO-TTF-I molecules were observed. Tight-binding band calculations indicated that the strong molecular dimerization splits the energy band into upper and lower bands with a small energy gap, where the upper band is effectively half-filled. It was found that (EDO-TTF-I)2PF6 is semiconducting (σRT = 5.3 S cm−1 and Ea = 0.17 eV) and exhibits magnetic properties reminiscent of a low-dimensional localized spin system. The magnetic data were analyzed by the Bonner–Fisher model incorporating interchain interactions: |J|/kB = 67.1 K and zJ′/kB = −61.1 K. No splitting of the CC stretching modes was observed in the range of 5–300 K by Raman spectroscopy, indicating a homogeneous charge distribution of EDO-TTF-I0.5+. Therefore, (EDO-TTF-I)2PF6 is considered as a dimerized Mott insulator.

Three feeding studies were conducted to investigate whether dietary soybean lecithin (SBL) enhanced feed intake of non-fish meal, SPC-based diet, in yellowtail, and also to clarify which fraction of phospholipid (PL) was effective to enhance feed intake. In experiments 1 and 2, fish were fed SBL level at 0%–5%, and it was revealed that the daily feeding rate (DFR) of fish was significantly higher for SBL 2% than for SBL 0%, while a further increase of SBL in the diet did not additionally increase the DFR. Moreover, the DFR of fish fed a diet without feeding stimulants (FS) was the lowest among the dietary treatments, indicating that the SBL does not have an effect of enhancing feed intake in yellowtail. In experiment 3, fish were fed a diet with several products containing PL at 2%. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol concentrations in these products positively correlated to the DFR of fish. This result revealed that these two fractions in the SBL are effective for enhancing feed intake of yellowtail when FS is present in the diet.

Eugenol, which has been used as an anesthetic for fish, was administered to Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (127 ± 50.8 g), by bath treatment at concentrations of 0.025, 0.125, and 0.25 mL/L seawater for 10 min and intramuscular injection at 40 μL/fish to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of eugenol in the plasma of Japanese flounder. In the bath treatment test, plasma eugenol concentration increased with increasing eugenol concentration up to 0.125 mL/L and reached steady state within 5 min. After a 10-min bath treatment in 0.25 mL/L eugenol, plasma eugenol concentration was about 58.4 µg/mL. After transfer into running seawater, plasma eugenol concentration decreased biphasically with half-lives of 0.0296 h (α-phase) and 0.289 h (β-phase). The AUC0000→0800 was about 16.5 µg h/mL. In administration by intramuscular injection, plasma eugenol concentration increased rapidly after administration and decreased biphasically with half-lives of 0.0329 h (α-phase) and 8.08 h (β-phase). The AUC0000→0800 was about 52.5 µg h/mL. In both methods of administration, Japanese flounder with average weight of 127 g were effectively anesthetized when plasma eugenol concentrations were between 2.19 and 4.88 µg/mL.

In the present study we investigate the dietary administration effects of uridine monophosphate (UMP) to enhance the growth, hematological profile, innate and adaptive immune functions and stress resistance of juvenile red sea bream, Pagrus major . A casein fishmeal based semi-purified basal diet supplemented with 0% (control), 0.1% (UMP-0.1), 0.2% (UMP-0.2), 0.4% (UMP-0.4) and 0.8% (UMP-0.8) purified UMP to formulate five experimental diets. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish (mean initial weight 2.9 g) for 56 days. In general dietary UMP supplementation tended to improve growth performances (final body weight, % weight gain and specific growth rate), in which significantly higher performances were found in diet group UMP-0.4 followed by diet groups UMP-0.8, UMP-0.1 and UMP-0.2. UMP supplementation resulted increased feed conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio and significantly higher value (P 0.05) with dietary UMP supplementation. Fish in control group without UMP supplementation showed significantly lower growth and feed utilization performances. The capabilities of enhancing immune responses of fish fed UMP supplemented diets were detected by nonspecific and acquired immune parameters measured in this study. Peroxidase activity (PA) was significantly higher in fish fed diet group UMP-0.8 and higher (P Vibrio anguillarum . In the 15th day after vaccination, significantly higher agglutination antibody titer was found in diet group UMP-0.4 and simultaneously other supplemented diet groups showed intermediate values. In terms of oxidative stress, diet group UMP-0.4 showed best condition with low oxidative stress and high antioxidant levels. Moreover, the fish fed UMP supplemented diets had better improvement (P

Reduction of aluminum(III), gallium(III), and indium(III) phthalocyanine chlorides by sodium fluorenone ketyl in the presence of tetrabutylammonium cations yielded crystalline salts of the type (Bu4 N+ )2 [MIII (HFl-O- )(Pc.3- )].- (Br- )⋅1.5 C6 H4 Cl2 [M=Al (1), Ga (2); HFl-O- =fluoren-9-olato- anion; Pc=phthalocyanine] and (Bu4 N+ ) [InIII Br(Pc.3- )].- ⋅0.875 C6 H4 Cl2 ⋅0.125 C6 H14 (3). The salts were found to contain Pc.3- radical anions with negatively charged phthalocyanine macrocycles, as evidenced by the presence of intense bands of Pc.3- in the near-IR region and a noticeable blueshift in both the Q and Soret bands of phthalocyanine. The metal(III) atoms coordinate HFl-O- anions in 1 and 2 with short Al-O and Ga-O bond lengths of 1.749(2) and 1.836(6) A, respectively. The C-O bonds [1.402(3) and 1.391(11) A in 1 and 2, respectively] in the HFl-O- anions are longer than the same bond in the fluorenone ketyl (1.27-1.31 A). Salts 1-3 show effective magnetic moments of 1.72, 1.66, and 1.79 μB at 300 K, respectively, owing to the presence of unpaired S=1/2 spins on Pc.3- . These spins are coupled antiferromagnetically with Weiss temperatures of -22, -14, and -30 K for 1-3, respectively. Coupling can occur in the corrugated two-dimensional phthalocyanine layers of 1 and 2 with an exchange interaction of J/kB =-0.9 and -1.1 K, respectively, and in the π-stacking {[InIII Br(Pc.3- )].- }2 dimers of 3 with an exchange interaction of J/kB =-10.8 K. The salts show intense electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals attributed to Pc.3- . It was found that increasing the size of the central metal atom strongly broadened these EPR signals.

Aims Orexin‐A is known to induce anti‐nociceptive effects in animal models of chronic pain. We have found that orexin‐A inhibits KCl loading‐induced increases in the intracellular calcium ion levels ([Ca2+]i) in C‐fiber‐like neurons of rats showing inflammatory nociceptive behavior. Here, we examined the effects of orexin‐A on the depolarization of C‐fiber‐like neurons derived from a rat model for another type of chronic pain, namely neuropathic pain. Thus, we analyzed the effects of orexin‐A on KCl‐induced increases in [Ca2+]i in C‐fiber‐like neurons of rats with sciatic nerve ligation. Methods Paw withdrawal and threshold force in response to tactile stimuli were evaluated using von Frey filaments. Sham‐operated rats served as controls. [Ca2+]i in neurons were visualized by calcium fluorescent probe. Changes in [Ca2+]i were assessed using relative fluorescence intensity. Results Seven days after sciatic nerve ligation, paw withdrawal and threshold force for tactile stimuli were increased and reduced, respectively. KCl loading to neurons from either sciatic nerve‐ligated or control rats increased relative fluorescence intensity. The KCl‐induced increase in relative fluorescence intensity in sciatic nerve‐ligated, but not that of control, rats was inhibited by orexin‐A. The OX1 and OX2 receptor antagonist MK‐4305 and OX2 receptor antagonist EMPA, but not the OX1 receptor antagonist SB 334867, each counteracted orexin‐A‐induced inhibition of KCl‐provoked increases in relative fluorescence intensity. Conclusion The present findings constitute neuropharmacological evidence that OX2 but not OX1 receptors mediate the inhibitory effects of orexin‐A on KCl‐induced increases in [Ca2+]i in C‐fiber‐like neurons of rats showing hyperalgesia provoked by sciatic nerve ligation., We analyzed the effects of orexin‐A on intracellular Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]i) in C‐fiber‐like neurons of rats with sciatic nerve ligation to experimentally induce neuropathic pain. The OX1 and OX2 receptor (‐R) antagonist MK‐4305 and the OX2‐R antagonist EMPA, but not the OX1‐R antagonist SB 334867, each counteracted orexin‐A‐induced inhibition of KCl‐provoked increases in [Ca2+]i. These findings suggest that orexin‐A inhibits neural excitability in C‐fibers of animals with neuropathic pain through OX2‐Rs.

The effective use of distillery by-products of the shochu sweet potato has long been considered as a rich source of protein, fiber, amino acids, fatty acids, probiotics with a great potential as a functional feed for animals. This study applied fermented by-product of Shochu distillery (FBPSD) and salmon roe emulsion oil for rotifer enrichment to evaluate its effects on the: (i) nutritional composition of rotifers and (ii) feeding responses of Paralichthys olivaceus larvae when fed with enriched rotifers. The salmon roe oil enrichment was set as a control diet and FBPSD was supplemented at different doses (1, 5 and 10 % based on the salmon roe oil amount). The results showed that the rotifers supplemented with FBPSD at 5 and 10 % significantly enhanced protein, carbohydrate, and HUFA content. Similarly, the activity and expression profiles of targeted enzymes including trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase and amylase effectively responded at early and middle-metamorphosis of the larvae to 5 and 10 % enrichment regiment. These two treatments were also found to be better supported in energy metabolism evidenced by Cytochrome-C-Oxidase (cox) and ATPase-pk (atp) gene expression in the larvae. Moreover, the expression levels of immune-related genes (IL-10, IL-1β, TNF-α, P2Y6) and antioxidant-related genes (SOD, CAT) were significantly improved at 5 and 10 % of FBPSD. Cessation of feeding and delay in growth during the metamorphic process was also molecularly demonstrated. Larvae suffered low survival (24.5–25.3 %) in control and 1 % supplementation of FBPSD, but significantly improved at 5 and 10 % (36.4–38.7%). However, the growth performance of larval fish was not remarkable after 40 days of culture. The results of this study revealed that FBPSD could be considered as a potential supplementary enrichment for live feed in fish larviculture, especially at 5 and 10 % rotifer enrichment dosage.

We grew large single crystals of the cluster magnet Nb3Cl8 with a magnetic triangular lattice and investigated its magnetic properties and crystal structure. In Nb3Cl8, the [Nb3]8+ cluster has a single unpaired spin, making it an S = 1/2 triangular lattice anti-ferromagnet. At low temperatures, Nb3Cl8 exhibits a magnetic-nonmagnetic phase transition driven by a charge disproportionation, in which the paramagnetic [Nb3]8+ clusters transform into alternating layers of nonmagnetic [Nb3]7+ and [Nb3]9+ clusters. The observed exotic phenomenon with the strong correlation between the magnetism and structure are based on the nature of the cluster magnetism.

Crystalline anionic salts with copper octafluoro- and hexadecafluorophthalocyanines, (Bu4N+)2[CuII(F8Pc)4–]2–·2C6H4Cl2 (1) and (PPN+)3[CuF16Pc]33–·2C6H5CN (2), where PPN+ is bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium and Pc is phthalocyanine, have been obtained. The absence of noticeable absorption in the NIR range and DFT calculations for 1 indicate that both negative charges are mainly localized on the Pc ligand, and that the [CuII(F8Pc)4–]2– dianions are formed without reduction of CuII. The magnetic moment of 1.60 μB corresponds to the contribution of one S = 1/2 spin per dianion. The spin is localized on the CuII atom, which shows an EPR signal characteristic of CuII. Dianions are isolated in 1, providing only weak magnetic coupling of spins with a Weiss temperature of −4 K. Salt 2 contains closely packed π–π stacks built of [CuF16Pc]− anions of types I and II, and the interplanar distances are 3.187 and 3.275 A. According to the DFT calculations, the [CuF16Pc]− anions of types I and II can have differe...

A 50-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary inosine on growth performance, immune responses, oxidative stress and gut morphology of juvenile amberjack, Seriola dumerili. Five isonitrogenous (52% crude protein) and isolipidic (14% crude lipid) semi-purified test diets were prepared by supplementing incremental levels of dietary inosine nucleoside at 0% (D1, control), 0.1% (D2), 0.3% (D3), 0.6% (D4) and 0.9% (D5), respectively. Triplicate groups of juvenile with an initial average weight of approximately 26 g were randomly stocked in fifteen, 200L polycarbonate tanks at a stocking density of 20 fish per tank. The fish were hand-fed twice daily to apparent satiation level. At the end of the feeding trial, final body weight (g), weight gain (%) and specific growth rate (% day− 1) were significantly (P

Two isostructural salts with radical anions of titanyl and vanadyl phthalocyanines (Me4P+)[MIVO(Pc•3–)]•–(TPC)0.5·C6H4Cl2 (M = Ti (1), V (2)), where TPC is triptycene, were obtained. These salts contain phthalocyanine layers composed of the {[MIVO(Pc•3–)]•–}2 dimers with strong π–π intradimer interaction. The reduction of metal phthalocyanines was centered on the Pc macrocycles providing the appearance of new bands in the near infrared range and a blue shift of Q- and Soret bands. That results in the alternation of shorter and longer C–Nimine bonds in Pc•3–. Only one S = 1/2 spin is delocalized over Pc•3– in 1 providing a χMT value of 0.364 emu K mol–1 at 300 K. Salt 1 showed antiferromagnetic behavior approximated by the Heisenberg model for isolated pairs of antiferromagnetically interacting spins with exchange interaction of J/kB = −123.0 K. The χMT value for 2 is equal to 0.617 emu K mol–1 at 300 K to show the contribution of two S = 1/2 spins localized on VIV and delocalized over Pc•3–. Magnetic beha...

We analysed the roles of orexin receptors in the effects of orexin-A on KCl-induced increases in intracellular calcium ion levels ([Ca2+]i) in C-fiber-like small neurons of rats with inflammation induced by intraplantar injection of carrageenan into the hind paw. Controls were treated with saline. Paw withdrawal and threshold forces in response to tactile stimuli were determined using von Frey filaments. [Ca2+]i in C-fiber-like neurons derived from dorsal root ganglia was visualised using a calcium fluorescence probe. Changes in neuronal [Ca2+]i were assessed as relative fluorescence intensity (F/F0). One day after carrageenan injection, the paw withdrawal response to tactile stimuli and the paw withdrawal threshold were increased and reduced, respectively. KCl loading of neurons from either carrageenan-treated or control rats increased F/F0 to about 2.0. KCl-induced increases in F/F0 of carrageenan-treated, but not control, rats were inhibited by orexin-A. The OX1 and OX2 receptor antagonist MK-4305, but not the OX1 receptor antagonist SB334867, counteracted the effects of orexin-A on the KCl-induced increase in F/F0. These results suggest that OX2, but not OX1 receptors mediate the inhibitory effect of orexin-A on KCl-induced increases in [Ca2+]i in C-fiber-like neurons of rats with inflammation.

Charge transfer complexes (Cp*2Co+)(H2Pc˙−)·0.5C6H4Cl2·0.7C6H5CN·0.3C6H14 (1) and (Cp*2Cr+)(H2Pc˙−)·4C6H4Cl2 (2) have been obtained as single crystals. Both complexes contain metal-free phthalocyanine (Pc) radical anions and decamethylmetallocenium cations. Reduction of the Pc macrocycle leads to the appearance of new bands at 1026–1030 nm in the NIR range and blue shifts of both Soret and Q-bands of H2Pc in the spectra of 1 and 2. The geometry of the Pc macrocycles supports the formation of H2Pc˙− by the alternation of shorter and longer C–N(imine) bonds in the macrocycles in 2. Complex 1 contains pairs of H2Pc˙− having effective π–π interactions with two sandwiched Cp*2Co+ cations, whereas complex 2 contains stacks composed of alternating Cp*2Cr+ and H2Pc˙− ions. The magnetic moment of 1 is 1.64 μB at 300 K due to the contribution of the H2Pc˙− spins with the S = 1/2 state and diamagnetism of Cp*2Co+. This is supported by the observation of a narrow EPR signal of 1 with g = 2.0032–2.0036 characteristic of H2Pc˙−. Strong antiferromagnetic coupling of spins with a Weiss temperature of −23 K is observed between H2Pc˙− in 1. This coupling is probably mediated by the Cp*2Co+ cations. The magnetic moment of 2 is 4.18 μB at 300 K indicating the contribution of both paramagnetic H2Pc˙− (S = 1/2) and Cp*2Cr+ (S = 3/2) species. In spite of the presence of stacks of alternating ions in 2, only weak magnetic coupling is observed with a Weiss temperature of −4 K most probably due to ineffective π–π interactions between Cp*2Cr+ and H2Pc˙−. The EPR spectrum of 2 contains an asymmetric signal attributed to CrIII (g1 = 3.9059–3.9220) and a narrow Lorentzian signal from H2Pc˙− with g2 = 1.9943–1.9961. In addition to these signals, a broad EPR signal grows in intensity below 80 K with g4 = 2.1085–2.2438 which can be attributed to both paramagnetic Cp*2Cr+ and H2Pc˙− species having exchange interactions.

A spin crossover phenomena is observed in an anionic (Bu4N+){Co(Ph3P)}2(μ2-Cl–)(μ2-η2,η2-C60)2·2C6H14 (1) complex in which two cobalt atoms bridge two fullerene molecules to form a dimer. The dimer has a triplet ground state with two weakly coupling Co0 atoms (S = 1/2). The spin transition realized above 150 K is accompanied by a cobalt-to-fullerene charge transfer that forms a quintet excited state with a high spin CoI (S = 1) and C60•– (S = 1/2).

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the efficacy of nucleotide related products on growth, blood chemistry, oxidative stress and growth factor gene expression of juvenile red sea bream. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain 49% protein, 11% lipid and the diet without nucleotide related product supplementation was the control (D1). Nucleotide related products like; nucleoside by-products (NBPs) and inosine were supplemented at 1, 3 and 0.03, 0.1% consecutively with basal ingredients of D1 and named as D2, D3 & D4 and D5 respectively. Experimental diets were fed to triplicate groups of fish for 60 days. Fish fed diet D5 showed significantly the highest final body weight and % weight gain followed by the diet groups D2 and D4. Fish fed control group showed the lowest growth performance and were not differed significantly with diet group D3. Feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were also significantly higher in diet group D5, whereas the other supplemented group showed intermediate value. A wide variation in some of the blood parameters was observed. In case of oxidative stress parameters, fish fed inosine supplemented diets showed the best conditions because they performed better under oxidative stress conditions as well as had the highest tolerance against oxidation. Among NBP supplemented groups, diet group D2 also showed acceptable conditions of oxidative stress tolerance. Stress resistance against low salinity exposure (LT50) also increased with dietary supplementation and it was significantly the highest in fish fed diet group D5. Total serum protein, serum lysozyme activity and total peroxidase content tended to be higher (P > 0.05) in NBP and inosine supplemented diet groups. In numerically higher hepatic IGF-1, mRNA expression was found in diet groups D2 and D4. However, IGF-1 and IGF-2 mRNA expressions were not significantly altered by dietary supplementations in the present study. Considering overall performance of the present study, we concluded that inosine and low concentration of NBP (1%) could be effectively used as dietary supplements for better growth and health performance of Pagrus major. Statement of relevance In this study industrial by-products, nucleoside by-products and relatively low cost nucleoside, inosine has been evaluated as potential functional nutrients for marine fish such as red sea bream. Utilization of these functional supplements will help to reduce nucleotide administration cost in fish feed as well as to develop low fishmeal based functional aquafeed in the near future.

Twelve kinds of bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF or ET) cation radical salts with tetrahedrally coordinated zinc(II) complex anions were obtained by electrocrystallization; most of them were produced via the additional reaction of Lewis-basic cyano-containing anions [N(CN)2–, C(CN)3–, and Au(CN)2–] with ZnX2 (X = Cl–, Br–, and SCN–) that occurred during electrocrystallization. On the basis of the charge and arrangement of ET molecules, these salts were predominantly categorized into four groups: (A) isolated ET•+ dimers or tetramers, (B) infinite ET•+ ribbon, (C) infinite layers either with a peculiar ET0.5+ arrangement of ET molecules with partial charges other than +0.5, and (D) infinite layers of ET0.5+ molecules. In A, zinc(II) complex anions including a unidentate-coordinated C(CN)3 or Au(CN)2 group spatially interrupt the infinite arrangement of ET molecules. The ET•+ ribbon in B runs parallel to the pseudopolymeric chain of disordered Zn[C(CN)3]2Br22– ions. In C, two salts are semico...

A usual strategy in modern aquaculture to combat production bottlenecks associated with intensification is preventive health care through the use of consumer and environment-friendly alternatives including probiotics. The current study evaluates the influence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR), a lyophilized probiotic bacterium, on health status and performance of red sea bream (Pagrus major). Probiotics were incorporated in the diets at four different concentrations: 0 (control diet, LR0), 10(2) (LR1), 10(4) (LR2) and 10(6) (LR3) cells g(-1) and diets were administered to the fish for a period of 8 weeks. After the feeding trial, final body weight, body weight gain, specific growth rate, protease activity, protein digestibility, Lactobacillus sp. intestinal count, and superoxide dismutase were significantly higher in all probiotic-fed groups (P 0.05). In addition, lipid and dry matter digestibility, reactive oxygen metabolites, biological antioxidant potential, and humoral and mucosal immune parameters including (total serum protein, alternative complement pathway, bactericidal and peroxidase activities) were also significantly elevated in fish fed probiotic supplementations being the effects dose-dependent. All growth, feed utilization, immune and oxidative parameters were significantly improved following probiotic administration. Present results revealed that L. rhamnosus is a promising probiotic candidate employed to help red sea bream protect themselves, thus promoting safe farming that would be less dependent on chemotherapy against infectious diseases.

Environmental stressors caused by inadequate aquaculture management strategies suppress the immune response of fish and make them more susceptible to diseases. Therefore, efforts have been made to relieve stress in fish by using various functional feed additives in the diet, including probiotics. The present work evaluates the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR) on physiological stress response, blood chemistry and mucus secretion of red sea bream (Pagrus major) under low salinity stress. Fish were fed four diets supplemented with LR at [0 (LR0), 1 × 102 (LR1), 1 × 104 (LR2) and 1 × 106 (LR3) cells g−1] for 56 days. Before stress, blood cortisol, urea nitrogen (BUN) and total bilirubin (T-BIL) showed no significant difference (P > 0.05), whereas plasma glucose and triglyceride (TG) of fish-fed LR2 and LR3 diets were significantly lower (P 0.05). In addition, the fish that received LR-supplemented diets showed significantly higher tolerance against low salinity stress than the fish-fed LR-free diet (P

A feeding trial was conducted to determine effects of dietary inosine on growth, immune responses, oxidative stress resistance and intestinal morphology of juvenile red sea bream. A semi-purified basal diet supplemented with 0 (D1, control), 2 g kg−1 (D2), 4 g kg−1 (D3), 6 g kg−1 (D4) and 8 g kg−1 (D5) dietary inosine, respectively, to formulate five experimental diets. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish (initial weight: 8 g). After 50 days of feeding trial, fish fed diets with 4 g kg−1 inosine had the highest (p

Inosine and inosine monophosphate (IMP) are the most extensively studied specific nucleotide for feeding stimulation research rather than using as functional nutrients for potential growth and health benefit of aquatic species. Therefore, a 10-week feeding trial was conducted to determine comparative effects of inosine and IMP as functional nutrients on growth performance, immune responses, stress resistance and intestinal morphology of juvenile red sea bream (Pagrus major). Casein based semi-purified basal diet was formulated to contain 54% protein, 11% lipid, without inosine and IMP supplementation (Control). Four levels of inosine nucleoside (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8% for diet groups INO-0.2, INO-0.4, INO-0.6 and INO-0.8 respectively) and IMP nucleotide (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8% for diet groups IMP-0.2, IMP-0.4, IMP-0.6 and IMP-0.8 respectively) were added to the basal diet. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish with initial average weight of 6.6 g. The results indicated that dietary inosine and IMP supplementations tended to improve growth performances, in which one of the best ones was found in diet group IMP-0.6, but the values did not significantly differ from those in diet groups IMP-0.4 and INO-0.4, respectively. Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and bactericidal activity were significantly influenced by dietary supplementation of inosine and IMP. However, the values of these parameters were not significantly different among diet groups INO-0.4, IMP-0.4 and IMP-0.6. Total serum protein, catalase and lysozyme activity were also improved (P > 0.05) by dietary supplementation of inosine and IMP. Supplementations improved both freshwater stress and oxidative stress resistances. Fish fed diet groups INO-0.4 and IMP-0.6 showed the least oxidative stress condition. Inosine and IMP supplementations significantly increased enterocyte height (hE), fold height (hF) of both anterior and posterior intestine and microvillus height (hMV) of posterior intestine compared to those of the control. The highest hF observed in diet group IMP-0.4 and the mean value was not significantly different from those in other IMP diets, INO-0.4 and INO-0.6, respectively. Significantly highest anterior hE and posterior hF, hE and hMV observed in diet group INO-0.4. However, no significant difference of posterior hF observed between INO-0.4 and IMP supplemented diet groups. Fish fed supplemented diets also showed improved survival compared to control (P > 0.05). Considering overall performances, it can be concluded that diet groups INO-0.4 and IMP-0.4 showed relatively better performance among inosine and IMP supplemented diet groups respectively compared to control. Furthermore, diets supplemented with either inosine or IMP at 0.4% are beneficial to promote growth, immune responses, stress resistance and intestinal health condition of juvenile red sea bream. Statement of relevance In this study inosine and inosine monophosphate has been evaluated as potential functional nutrients for marine fish such as red sea bream. Since supplementations of such immunostimulant-like functional nutrients are very important for the development of functional aquafeeds, I hope findings of this paper will help to develop low fishmeal based functional aquafeeds in near future.