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L’intervento prende in esame due casi di studio dell’Appennino tosco-emiliano: l’ospedale intitolato a San Benedetto e a Sant’Antonino delle Alpi, detto anche di Prato del Vescovo, e l’ospedale della Croce Brandegliana. Erano entrambi ospedali di valico posti su due delle principali strade che collegavano Pistoia ai territori emiliani. Particolarmente interessanti appaiono le vicende due e trecentesche di questi due enti (sorti a fine XI secolo), che conobbero il passaggio dalla giurisdizione ecclesiastica a quella comunale, l’ampliamento delle funzioni espletate, la progressiva riduzione della comunità ospedaliera fino al trasferimento in città o alla sua scomparsa. Nel tentativo di comprendere le ragioni di queste evoluzioni, nel contributo ci si sofferma sul significato assunto dalla costituzione di una rete ospedaliera per la colonizzazione ecclesiastica della zona; sulle conseguenze nell’indirizzamento militare delle attività ospedaliere derivante dall’affermazione del comune come forza politica; e infine sugli effetti di fenomeni di carattere climatico, fazionario e religioso nella configurazione del paesaggio assistenziale., The paper examines two case studies from the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines: the hospital named after St Benedict and St Antoninus of the Alps, also known as Prato del Vescovo, and the hospital of the Brandegliana Cross. Both were pass hospitals located on two of the main roads connecting Pistoia to the Emilian territories. The events of these two institutions (founded at the end of the 11th century) are particularly interesting in the 13th and 14th centuries, as they experienced the passage from ecclesiastical to municipal jurisdiction, the expansion of the functions performed, and the progressive reduction of the hospital community until it moved to the city or disappeared. In an attempt to understand the reasons for these evolutions, the contribution focuses on the significance of the establishment of a hospital network for the ecclesiastical colonisation of the area; on the consequences of the military direction of hospital activities resulting from the establishment of the municipality as a political force; and finally, on the effects of climatic, factional and religious phenomena on the configuration of the welfare landscape.

This study aimed to measure and validate altitudes from existing sources with direct GNSS measurements and airborne lidar data. For this purpose, 12 mountain peaks located in the south part of Polish territory were selected. Measurements were performed using a GNSS receiver using the Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) or static techniques enabling altitude measurements with accuracy of 10 cm. GNSS was treated as the primary data source, as the direct field measurements can determine the highest point on each peak. The obtained results were confronted with historical, internet sources, and official altitude data. Moreover, each altitude was determined using lidar data from an airborne lidar dataset of Poland from the ISOK program and provided by the national agency. Significant discrepancies in data were already detected during the analysis of internet materials and traditional maps, up to a few meters. The differences between measured and internet sources in altitude of mountain peak range from 27 cm to 504 cm. This study has shown the need to re-measure the altitudes of the mountain peaks and determine the highest point correctly.

Cet article questionne le lien entre tourisme et aménagement dans les territoires de montagne. Basé sur l’observation des Pyrénées catalanes, il vise à étudier la place de la planification stratégique dans la construction d’un projet touristique territorialisé articulant les stations de sports d’hiver dans leur environnement. Nous mettons en évidence le rôle de l’élaboration du schéma de cohérence territoriale (SCoT) dans la définition d’un projet touristique intercommunal ainsi que les freins à l’intégration des problématiques touristiques dans ce document de planification. This paper explores the link between tourism and spatial planning in mountain territories. Based on the observation of French Catalan Pyrenees, it focuses on the place of winters sport resorts into urban development plans (territorial coherence schemes). It explores limits and opportunities of the integration of tourism in contemporary spatial planning practices. Este artículo explora el vínculo entre el turismo y la ordenación territorial en los territorios de montaña. A partir de la observación de los Pirineos catalanes franceses, se centra en el lugar de las estaciones deportivas de invierno en los planes de desarrollo urbano (esquemas de coherencia territorial). Explora los límites y las oportunidades de la integración del turismo en las prácticas contemporáneas de ordenación territorial.

Prispevek na primeru gorskih vasi v Furlaniji - Julijski krajini, ki doživljajo depopulacijo, osvetljuje, da lahko nove oblike priseljevanja izboljšajo videz in socialno-ekonomski položaj perifernih območij v Alpah. Na podlagi statistične analize je obravnavno trenutno stanje gorskih vasi (območja), podkrepljeno s terenskimi raziskavami zapuščenih naselij. Rezultati kažejo, da so »novi priseljenci« nosilci inovacij, ki dajejo zagon različnim dejavnostim, zlasti kmetijstvu, turizmu, umetniškim in kulturnim dejavnostim ter imajo bistveno vlogo pri prestrukturiranju nepremičninske dediščine in pri obnovi zapuščenih naselij. Njihova dejavnost omogoča vzdrževanje in vse večjo regeneracijo alpske pokrajine, kar z oblikovanjem novega kmetovanja spodbuja nove družbene strukture. Vas Dordolla v Aupski dolini (Val Aupa) se je nedavno izpostavila kot lokalno središče teh inovacijskih gibanj, vpliv pa se kaže v celotni dolini. Model procesa regeneracije je mogoče uporabiti tudi na drugih depopulacijskih gorskih območjih Furlanije - Julijske krajine in širše. // Abandoned settlements in the mountainous areas of Friuli-Venezia Giulia: the possibilities of recovering of the Canal del Ferro The aim of this work is to demonstrate that new immigrations improve the appearance and socioeconomic situation of remote alpine regions. Friuli mountain villages, having become sparsely inhabited or indeed real ghost towns, are particularly suitable areas for such studies. The research builds on the one hand on analysis of the current state of the art as well as on analyses of official statistical data. It is on the other hand derived from own surveys in the course of investigative visits to all ghost towns in the research area. The results show that newcomers bring innovation and new impulses in agriculture, tourism, artistic and cultural sphere and play a key role in renovating existing buildings, reusing fallow plots of land and establishing a creative dynamic. Their activities increasingly enable the regeneration and maintenance of alpine cultural landscapes, resulting in new social and agrarian structures, which are emerging as »new farming« in the study area. The village of Dordolla in the Aupa Valley has recently established itself as a centre of innovation of these new processes and its achievements are evident in the rest of the valley, too. The regeneration processes analysed in the study area could also be transferred to other remaining partially abandoned settlements in Friuli-Venezia Giulia and broader.

Dans le domaine des risques dits naturels, l’intérêt de séries événementielles séculaires fait aujourd’hui consensus. Cela nécessite cependant de contextualiser les chronologies résultant de sources historiques en considérant l’ensemble des facteurs explicatifs potentiels et leurs interactions. Adoptant une approche géohistorique et systémique, cet article propose une grille d’analyse permettant d’opérationnaliser la démarche de contextualisation et d’exploiter au mieux une chronologie événementielle. La mise en correspondance spatiale et temporelle entre les événements et les différents éléments qui composent le système territorial aboutit à la compréhension de chacun des facteurs en jeu, et ainsi à celle de l’évolution de l’aléa et du risque. L’approche est illustrée par l’analyse d’une chronologie spatiale et temporelle des avalanches dans le Massif vosgien depuis la fin du XVIIIe siècle. Quatre prismes – "effet source", événement, phénomène et risque – se combinent, s’entrecroisent et leurs poids respectifs varient dans le temps et dans l’espace. Les modifications climatiques et de l’occupation du sol expliquent la "disparition" des avalanches déclenchées à basse altitude et celles descendant des sommets aux fonds de vallée. Les évolutions conjuguées des enjeux, du climat et de l’occupation des sols contribuent à expliquer celle du risque. Enfin l’"effet source" a une influence prépondérante sur l’évolution du nombre d’événements. La richesse de ces résultats suggère que la démarche proposée pourrait s’avérer intéressante pour de nombreuses applications en géohistoire des risques. In the field of natural hazards, there is a strong consensus on the interest of using centennial chronologies of past events. In order to grasp the evolution of natural hazards and of the processes at their origin, it is necessary to contextualize the chronologies resulting from historical sources by taking into account all potential explanatory factors and their interactions. On the basis of a geohistorical and systemic approach, this article provides a lecture grid that operationalizes the contextualization workflow, so as to optimize the chronologies of past events. The spatial and temporal matching between the events and the different components of the territorial system studied leads to a comprehension of all factors at play, and thus, of the hazard and risk evolution. This approach is illustrated with the analysis of a spatial and temporal chronology of avalanche risk in the Vosges Mountains (northeast of France) since the end of the 18th century. Four prisms – avalanche hazard, risk, event and "sources effect" – combine and their respective weights vary in time and space. Climate and land use changes explain the "disappearance" of avalanche triggers at low elevations and of those flowing down from the summits to the valley bottoms. The combined evolutions of stakes, climate and land use contribute to explain the risk evolution. Finally, the "sources effect" preponderantly influences the evolution of the amount of events. Various results regarding the local evolution of the risk and the comprehension of environment-society interactions which have generated the chronology suggest that this approach could be valuable for many applications in geohistory of risks. En el estudio del riesgo, particularmente los llamados naturales, existe en la actualidad un consenso sobre el interés de las series seculares de eventos. Sin embargo, lo anterior implica contextualizar las cronologías resultantes de las fuentes históricas considerando todos los posibles factores explicativos e interacciones asociadas. A partir de un enfoque geohistórico y sistémico, este artículo propone una matriz de análisis para operacionalizar el proceso de contextualización y propiciar así un mejor uso de una cronología de eventos. La correspondencia espacial y temporal entre los eventos y diferentes elementos que componen el sistema territorial, conduce a la comprensión de cada uno de los factores que intervienen y por tanto de la evolución en la amenaza y riesgo. Los cambios y combinación en el clima y la cobertura/uso de suelo, explican la "desaparición" de las avalanchas que se desencadenan a baja altura y que descienden desde las cumbres hasta el fondo del valle, por lo tanto, a explicar el riesgo. Finalmente, el "efecto fuente" presenta una alta influencia en la evolución del número de eventos. La riqueza de estos resultados sugiere que el enfoque propuesto podría resultar relevante para una diversidad de aplicaciones en la geohistoria de los riesgos.

The paper discusses current scientific issues related to the study of the traditional worldview and ritualism of the Khakas people. The work is focused on the analysis of the traditional festival of veneration of “land-water” by the Kyzyls — an ethnic group of the Khakas living in the northern part of Khakassia and in the south of Kras-noyarsk Krai. The characteristic of the ritual complex associated with the worship of the host-spirits is presented: the land spirits (mountains) — tag taig, and the water spirits (springs, lakes, rivers) — sug taiyg. The main sources of the research are unpublished field ethnographic materials. Archival ethnographic information related to this topic, collected in the 1970s by M.S. Usmanova and other researchers from the Tomsk State University, are introduced in the scientific discourse. In the process of studying the indicated problem, it was found that in the culture of the Khakas, including the Kyzyl people, an important place was given to the worship of their native land — sher-sug taiyg. In the religious-mythological consciousness, its specific personification was the spirit-masters of the mountains — tag eezi, and the water spirits — sug eezi. This worldview was due to the natural landscape of the territory in which they live. It features a mountainous terrain with a range of diverse water bodies — the streams, rivers, lakes, etc. The daily domestic life and economic activities of the ethnic community in question were directly related to them. It is argued that in the worldview of the people, connection between the human and nature goes beyond the framework of rational interaction. They were convinced of the close mystical interrelation of natural objects with the life and well-being of people. One of the common ways to maintain a steady balanced relationship between them was the rituals of sacrifice and celebration of these supernatural beings. It was found that in the cult practice of the Kyzyls, the sher-sug taiyg included two or even three specialized rites — tag / kol / sug taiyg, which were closely interconnected with each other and formed a single ritual complex. This sacralized event was held on a regular basis. It had a collective nature with a strictly defined structure, incorporating the leader and other immediate participants, as well as the victim themselves.

Cet article analyse les modes de vie mobiles d’individus privilégiés ayant adopté un mode de vie multirésidentiel dans une station renommée des Alpes suisses : Verbier. D’un côté, les nouvelles formes de mobilité dans le travail, l’habitat et les loisirs brouillent les frontières classiques entre vie privée et vie professionnelle, ici et ailleurs, hôte et visiteur. De l’autre, elles s’érigent en signe de prestige, reproduisant des distinctions de classe entre pratiques et représentations de l’espace montagnard. Les modes de vie mobiles observés — principalement la multirésidentialité — renvoient au capital social, symbolique, culturel et économique d’une classe moyenne supérieure dite créative. Ils se traduisent par la flexibilité de séquences du quotidien autrefois bien distinctes (activité/repos) et l’amalgame des qualités y étant relatives (sérieux/décontracté). À la fois inégalement accessible aux différents acteurs sociaux et réponse à une tendance normalisatrice plus générale, la mobilité multirésidentielle permet, en tant que notion anthropologiquement bonne à penser, d’étudier le processus d’embourgeoisement en cours dans la zone alpine., This article analyses the mobile lifestyles of privileged multi-resident individuals in a well-known ski resort in the Swiss Alps: Verbier. On the one hand, the new forms of work, dwelling and leisure mobilities blur the traditional boundaries between private and professional life, here and elsewhere, host and guest. On the other hand, they are a sign of prestige, reproducing class distinctions between practices and representations of mountain space. The observed lifestyle mobility—mainly multi-residential—reflects the social, symbolic, cultural and economic capital of a higher middle class, known as “creative.” They are expressed by the porosity of sequences of daily life formerly hermetic (activity/rest) and its related set of values (busy/relax). Both unequally accessible to various social actors, and in response to a more general normalising trend, multi-residential mobility allows, as an anthropologically sound concept, to study the gentrification process under way in the Alpine region., Este artículo analiza las formas de vida móviles de individuos multi-residentes privilegiados en un famoso centro turístico de los Alpes suizos: Verbier. Por una parte, las nuevas formas de movilidad en el trabajo, el hábitat y las actividades recreativas difuminan las fronteras clásicas entre vida privada y vida profesional, anfitrión y visitante, aquí y en otros lados. Por otra parte, se presentan como signos de prestigio, reproducen las distinciones de clase entre prácticas y representaciones del espacio alpino. Los estilos de vida móviles observados -principalmente multi-locales- se refieran al capital social, simbólico, cultural y económico de una clase media superior llamada «creativa». Se traducen debido a las porosidades de lo cotidiano antes totalmente impermeables (actividad/descanso) y a la relatividad de la combinación de valores (formal/relajado). Al mismo tiempo desigualmente accesibles a los diferentes actores sociales y respuesta a una tendencia normalizadora más general, la movilidad multi-residencial permite, en tanto que noción antropologicamente adecuada, pensar y estudiar el proceso de aburguesamiento en curso en la zona alpina.

The extensional structure as a normal fault could be found in many places at the southern part of Java compressive tectonic regime. The research area is in the eastern part of the South Serayu Mountains. This normal fault structure is the boundary of the South Serayu Mountains at the eastern part with Kulon Progo Tertiary volcanic Mountains. In the field, these normal fault lineament zones create the Bogowonto river as a boundary of two different geological styles. The influence of this structure on the geological dynamic of the South Serayu Mountains and the Kulon Progo Mountains is important to be explained. The study was conducted by measuring and analyzing fault data and lithology that developed in the area around the two basins boundary. The distribution of the Kulon Progo volcanic rocks indicates the presence of the extensional fault structure. The volcanic facies distribution of the volcano is cut and becomes narrow in the west, while the northward is very wide. Normal fault striations analysis on the fault plane along the fault line shows the least stress trending west-northwest that has worked to create North-South normal faults. The fault-controlled by stress with the vertical main compression area. They have worked to create North Northeast-South Southwest (NNE-SSW) normal faults with westward dipping.

Rural areas and in particular mountain territories have been experiencing an increasing appreciation of natural and heritage resources and their use for recreational and leisure activities, boosting tourism development and generating renewed functions with economic and social impact. Inland waters are becoming increasingly important for leisure and tourism, with many activities associated and many users seeking for them. Fluvial beaches represent leisure facilities for rural communities, allowing people and visitors access to aquatic spaces for leisure, sport and entertainment, creating conditions for enjoying nature and water resources, particularly during the summer period. The supply of surface water resources – rivers, lakes and canals – in the territory of the Estrela Geopark in Portugal, represent a tourist potential for this mountain region. They qualify the offer and constitute recreational attractions appreciated by the community and tourists, generating social well-being and fostering new services. There is a growing demand for these spaces, allowing the upgrading of fluvial areas, generating new features and enhancing the image of the destination Serra da estrela. The greater part of this equipment is operated by public entities linked to local administration, thus benefiting from public investment and support. There is a strong perception of its importance in attracting tourists, in improving the quality of life of the local population and in the opportunity to expand trade and service activities. Also in the image of the community, and their self-esteem is perceived, the importance of river beaches and consequently the disclosure that they associate, in terms of environmental quality, heritage value, and space of tranquillity.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the semantic patterns according to which rises of land are referred to in the Romance dialects of France. Using the motivational method, I examine the etymology and the semantic field of more than 80 lexical types (found in dialect atlases) and their corresponding word families, going from pre-Latin to current language. If we look at their original meanings, it appears that the words that bear the sense ‘rise of land’ first referred to the shape or the rocky/bushy/earthy nature of hills and mountains, when they did not simply represent these as borders, heaps, projections or even as blows, as bumps. The main result of my research lies in the observation of semantic determinism. Any word that is related at one point of its history to the concept of ‘mountain’ is prone to develop (or to have developed) many – if not all – of the meanings listed above. This points out the highly probable existence of semantic laws that bind together sets of correlated notions. Using my results, I attempt to describe the global organization of meaning and its cyclical nature.

L’espace pyreneen, comme tout espace dramatique de type ‘Monte’ est un espace passager (c’est-a-dire peuple et / ou parcouru par des personnages). Chez Tirso il recoit en outre un traitement particulier dans les comedies palatines ou palatino-historiques, qui n’est autre que le statut politique d’un etat dote, en accord avec l’imaginaire collectif de l’epoque, de vertus heroiques et archaiques nobiliaires. Cet espace-matrice, qui est aussi l’espace litteraire de l’epopee, une fois passe par le moule modernisateur de la comedia et de ses valeurs, va generer un autre espace, celui de la modernite monarchique dans lequel le Roi-Monte est source et origine de tout bien dans une societe concue exclusivement comme une relation verticale d’amour et de fidelite entre le monarque et ses sujets.

Aim: At the elevational limit of forest distribution, montane forests show diverse responses to environmental change with upward shifts, increased tree density and lateral expansion reported. To enable informed analysis of the consequences forest advance will have on montane biodiversity, we quantify changes in the area and elevation of the tree line ecotone and identify how patterns of forest advance are modified by topography and over time. Location: Central Mountain Range, Taiwan. Time period: 1963–2016. Major taxa studied: Montane Forests. Methods: Changes in the area and elevation of montane forest at the tree line ecotone were quantified using a stratified random sample of aerial photography captured in 1963, 1980, 2001 and 2016. Weighted estimates of habitat area and elevation for each time step were used to quantify the influence of slope aspect and inclination on tree line ecotone change and identify how the rate of habitat change varies over time. Results: Non‐forest area declined by 29% between 1963 and 2016 driven by a 295.0 ha increase in forest area within the study region. Despite no change in mean forest elevation, the mean elevation of establishing forest has increased at a rate of 2.17 m/yr. Changes in forest area and elevation are spatially variable, driven by the complex montane topography. East and south facing slopes show the largest gains in forest area and 0–20° slopes show an increasing rate of forest establishment up to 2016, while slopes facing west or with incline > 46° show negligible change. Main conclusions: Climate‐linked montane forest expansion in the Central Mountain Range in Taiwan is dominated by infilling rather than increases in forest elevation. Forest expansion has significantly reduced non‐forest habitat area in this endemic species‐rich region. However, considerable terrain‐dependent variation in forest advance occurs, offering the potential that non‐forest species will continue to persist at high elevations with reduced population size.

Mountain breezes, including katabatic and anabatic flows, and temperature inversions are common features of forested mountain landscapes. However, the effects of mountain breezes on moisture transport in forests and implications for regional climate change are not well understood. A detailed, instrumented study was conducted from July to September 2012 in an even-aged conifer forest in the Oregon Cascade Range to investigate how temperature profiles within the forest canopy influenced atmospheric surface layer processes that ventilate the forest. Subcanopy inversion strength has a bimodal relationship to subcanopy wind speed and moisture flux from the forest. On days with relatively modest heating of the top of the canopy and weak subcanopy inversions, above canopy winds more efficiently mix subcanopy air, leading to greater than average vertical moisture flux and weaker than average along-slope, subcanopy water vapor advection. On days with strong heating of the top of the canopy and a strong subcanopy inversion, vertical moisture flux is suppressed, and daytime downslope winds are stronger than average under the canopy. Increased downslope winds lead to increased downslope transport of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other scalars under the canopy. Increasing summer vapor pressure deficit in the Pacific Northwest will enhance both processes: vertical moisture transport by mountain breezes when subcanopy inversions are weak and downslope water vapor transport when subcanopy inversions are strong. These mountain breeze dynamics have implications for climate refugia in forested mountains, forest plantations, and other forested regions with a similar canopy structure and regional atmospheric forcings.

Dans un contexte de changements globaux, concilier production agricole et préservation de la biodiversité constitue un enjeu majeur. Dans les régions de montagne identifiées comme "High Nature Value", des visions divergentes entre praticiens et écologues prennent la forme d’affrontements d’expertises relatives aux effets des pratiques agricoles sur les dynamiques écologiques. Soucieuse de favoriser les échanges entre les groupes d’acteurs qui s’opposent, cette recherche met en lumière la nature et les conditions d’élaboration des savoirs naturalistes locaux des éleveurs des Pyrénées françaises et espagnoles. Elle considère qu’au-delà des savoirs d’élevage, la fréquentation quotidienne d’une flore et d’une faune non productive permet l’acquisition de savoirs liés à la personnalité de chaque éleveur, mais aussi aux lieux qu’il fréquente. Elle fait l’hypothèse que ces savoirs sont indissociables des caractéristiques spatiales et écologiques des lieux-milieux que les éleveurs façonnent, mais aussi de leur mode d’habiter. Sur la base d’une quarantaine d’entretiens et de l’examen approfondi d’un cas, elle montre l’existence d’un fond de savoirs communs relatifs aux espèces qui posent problème. Pour les autres, des savoirs plus différenciés distinguent par contre les individus et les lieux. Les modes d’habiter constituent un déterminant essentiel de l’acquisition de ces savoirs, encore méconnu des sciences sociales ou écologiques. In a context of global change, reconciling agricultural production and biodiversity preservation is a major challenge. In mountain regions identified as "High Nature Value", divergent visions between shepherds and ecologists take the form of clashes of expertise regarding the effects of agricultural practices on ecological dynamics. In order to promote exchanges between opposing groups of actors, this research aims to shed light on the nature and conditions of the elaboration of the shepherds’ local naturalist knowledge, of the French and Spanish Pyrenees. We consider that beyond the knowledge of breeding, the daily frequentation of a non-productive flora and fauna allows the acquisition of knowledge related to the personality of each shepherds and to the places that he frequents. We therefore assume that this knowledge is inseparable from the spatial and ecological characteristics of the places and environments that the herders shape, but also from their inhabitancy. Based on forty in-depth interviews, we show the existence of a pool of common knowledge, particularly related to wild species that pose a problem for livestock farming. On the other hand, for non-problematic species, much more differentiated knowledge distinguishes individuals and places. Inhabitancy is an essential determinant of this knowledge’s acquisition, but are still understudied by social or ecological sciences. Bajo el contexto de cambio global, conciliar la agricultura y preservación de la biodiversidad resulta un importante desafío. En las regiones montañosas consideradas como « High Nature Value », existen diferentes opiniones respecto a los conflictos y efectos de las prácticas agrícolas sobre las dinámicas ecológicas para los lugareños y ecologistas. Con la finalidad de fomentar los intercambios entre estos divergentes grupos de actores, esta investigación expresa la naturaleza y condiciones de la generación de conocimiento naturalista local de los criadores de los Pirineos franceses y españoles. Se considera que más allá de los conocimientos sobre la crianza, la frecuentación cotidiana de una flora y fauna no productiva fomenta la adquisición de conocimientos vinculados a la personalidad de cada criador, pero también al lugar que frecuenta. Plantea la hipótesis que estos conocimientos son indisociables de las características del lugar-medio que los criadores construyen, pero también de su forma de habitar. A partir de una cuarentena de entrevistas y el profundo análisis de un estudio de caso, se demuestra la existencia de un conjunto de saberes comunes relativos a las especies que causan problemas. Por otro lado, para las especies no problemáticas, se distinguen un conocimiento mas diferenciado entre individuos y lugares. Los modos de habitar constituyen un elemento esencial en la adquisición de estos conocimientos, todavía desconocidos para las ciencias sociales o ecológicas.

Aims: There is extensive documentation of the floristic composition and plant diversity patterns in the South American coastal deserts and the adjoining arid Puna. Surprisingly, the vegetation along the transition zone from these deserts in the coastal lowlands to the Puna highlands has been little studied. The main goal of this study was to characterize and compare the structure of plant communities in two localities in the Ica department, with the aim of contributing to the floristic knowledge of the desertic western Andean slopes along the lowlands to Andean transition zone.Study area: Huancacasa and La Bolivar localities located at approximately 740 and 3,000 m a.s.l. in the Ica department, Peru.Methods: We sampled 10 plots of 100 m × 60 m located between 740–1,600 m a.s.l. in La Bolivar and 15 modified Whittaker plots (MWPs) of 20 m × 5 m located between 2,800–3,000 m a.s.l. in Huancacasa and recorded species richness and abundance. We estimated alpha diversity, performed Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and one-way Similarity (ANOSIM) analyses and plotted rank-abundance curves.Results: We recorded 215 species and morphospecies with coastal and Andean distribution, including 43 species (21.3%) that are either considered endemic to Peru or have been considered under some form of threat by Peruvian or international standards. Both plant communities differed in terms of composition, species richness, abundance, and dominant growth form, with higher values in the communities located at higher elevations. We added 83 species as new records for the Ica department.Conclusions: Our research reinforced the need to increase exploration and documentation of the vegetation within the lowland to highland transition zone along the dry western slopes of the Andes. Our results from such a transition in Ica department in southern Peru, show that much of its plant diversity seems to be, as yet, largely unknown.Taxonomic reference: The Plant List (2013).Abbreviations: ANOSIM = one-way Analysis of Similarities; BMAP = Biodiversity Monitoring and Assessment Program; IUCN = International Union for Conservation of Nature; NMDS = Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling; USM = Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Herbarium).

International audience

Tourism is not a type of first-class need for life, it is solved within certain boundaries and limitations of human development and his lifestyle. Tourism is formed at a certain level of income of the population, the level of planning and provision for it is measured by the budget and the level of income. Tourism in Azerbaijan is formed and expanded along with overall economic development. Its material and financial base, state economy and management are necessary. Therefore, tourism is an integral part of the economic system, the economy and its distribution system. Along with tourism economy being an integral part of the general economic and social life, its economic basis is the gross domestic product, budget revenues and the entrepreneurial activity of the population. Tourism development in Azerbaijan was developed at the expense of centralized resources in the planned economic system and had the status of a site as a planning object., Туризм не является видом первоклассной жизненной потребности, он решается в определенных гра-ницах и ограничениях развития человека и его образа жизни. Туризм формируется при определенном уровне доходов населения, уровень планирования и обеспечения его измеряется бюджетом и уровнем доходов. Туризм в Азербайджане формируется и расширяется вместе с общим экономическим развити-ем. Необходимы его материальная и финансовая база, государственное хозяйство и управление. Поэто-му туризм является составной частью экономической системы, экономики и системы ее распределения. Наряду с тем, что туристская экономика является неотъемлемой частью общей экономической и обще-ственной жизни, ее экономической основой являются валовой внутренний продукт, доходы бюджета и предпринимательская активность населения. Развитие туризма в Азербайджане развивалось за счет централизованных ресурсов в системе планового хозяйства и имело статус участка как объекта плани-рования.

Mountains and streams are inherently connected with the mountain landscape, constituting its most beautiful scenes. Captivating beauty provokes artists; mountains with their streams and sources are a frequent theme in art, also in poetry. After all, poets do not only praise the beauty of rock landscapes, but look for a deeper meaning in them, reaching the roots of human existence and reflection on its essence. One of the persistently recurring poetic themes that have been inspired by images of a mountain and a stream is a hike. It evokes the symbolic image of a man traversing his life like a wanderer climbing to the top. The mountains here become an imaginative image of the journey of the human spirit, created and called to ascend from earth to the heights of heaven. It is an upward journey, an ascent towards the sphere of the sacred; there is, however, the opposite direction, downwards, with the stream flowing through its waters: towards the lowlands, towards the hell's gates, towards the mouth of the end of the river's existence, melting in the swaying waves of abyssal depths. The article analyzes seven selected poems exploring symbolic images of mountains and streams. These are works by Joanna Ślósarska, Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer, Zbigniew Herbert, Adam Zagajewski, Czesław Miłosz, John Paul II and Katarzyna Citko. They are connected by reflection on the purpose and sense of human existence, contained in symbolic images of mountains and streams.

The production and forage quality of semi-natural hay meadows of Arrenatheretalia in the southern central Pyrenees were studied according to the time of mowing within the vegetative cycle, to determine its optimum moment. The results show important variations according to the meadows and the year. Higher productions (56% in kg DM ha−1, 42% in UFL ha−1) and lower qualities (−12% in CP, −11% in UFL kg DM−1, −7% in PDI and −17% in RFV) were obtained in the year in which temperatures and rainfalls were the highest. It is concluded that the timing (advance or delay) concerning the maximum value of production and the quality (two years) do not have a direct relationship with the variations of accumulated rainfalls and the growing degree days. The decreases in production (18% in kg DM ha−1 and 25% in UFL ha−1 until 24 June) and quality (26% in CP, 16% in UFL kg DM−1, 13% in PDI and 20% in RFV until 24 June) were also quantified from their maximum values within the traditional mowing period. The optimal time for mowing is between 20 May and 20 June, depending on the annual weather and the meadow characteristics.

Winter conditions, along with the snow cover, provide a specific environment for the mountainous fauna. The altitude gradient in such habitats suggests a dynamic in the availability and characteristics of this factor. Roe deer's occupation model of the southern and northern slopes of Central Stara Planina Mts was studied, using camera traps. The days with continuous snow cover presence on the mountainous ridge were registered in order to define the study period. More frequent detection of the species on the northern slope of the mountain was reported. The concentration of deer was higher in the areas of 600-800 m a.s.l and of 1000-1200 m a.s.l. The preference of the roe deer to an older mature beech stands for winter habitats is also confirmed in the present study. The snow cover presence reduces the activity of roe deer.

Les 18 et 19 juin 2013, une crue d’occurrence centennale frappe les Pyrénées centrales, situées à la frontière franco-espagnole, dans le sud de la France, de la vallée de la Garonne à celle du gave de Pau. Si le nombre de victimes (3 décès) est limité eu égard à l’ampleur de l’événement, les dégâts sont considérables. Six ans après l’événement, les deux vallées les plus marquées par la crue présentent des visages très différents et la vallée de Barèges, pourtant plus touchée, a mieux récupéré que celle de la Garonne. Nous interrogeons ces disparités dans la récupération post-catastrophe. Nous montrons que cette différenciation n’est pas directement liée aux modalités de la gestion de crise : d’une vallée à l’autre, ce sont à peu près les mêmes difficultés qui ont été rencontrées et les mêmes réponses qui ont été apportées. Cela nous amène à montrer que la différence de résilience tient surtout, ici, à des vulnérabilités et dynamiques territoriales préexistantes à la crue., On 18th and 19th June 2013, a 100-year flood hit the central Pyrenees, located at the French-Spanish frontier, in southern France, from the Garonne valley to the gave de Pau valley. Although the number of victims (3 deaths) is limited given the scale of the event, the damage is considerable. Five years after the event, the two valleys most affected by the flood have very different faces and the Barèges valley, although more affected, has recovered better than the Garonne valley. We question these disparities in post-disaster recovery. We show that this differentiation is not directly linked to the methods of crisis management: from one valley to another, more or less the same difficulties were encountered and the same responses were provided. This leads us to show that the difference in resilience is mainly due, here, to territorial vulnerabilities and dynamics pre-existing the flood.

Throughout history, accidental hypothermia has accompanied natural disasters in cold, temperate, and even subtropical regions. We conducted a non-systematic review of the causes and means of preventing accidental hypothermia after natural disasters caused by avalanches, earthquakes, tsunamis, and floods. Before a disaster occurs, preventive measures are required, such as accurate disaster risk analysis for given areas, hazard mapping and warning, protecting existing structures within hazard zones to the greatest extent possible, building structures outside hazard zones, and organising rapid and effective rescue. After the event, post hoc analyses of failures, and implementation of corrective actions will reduce the risk of accidental hypothermia in future disasters.

Invasive species are major drivers of ecosystem degradation globally. How invasive herbivore impacts differ from native herbivore impacts remains understudied. We examined the relationships between herbivore sign and vegetation height, foliage density, cover of forbs, weeds, bare ground, and soil compaction across environmental and herbivore activity gradients in the mainland Australian Alps. We detected native and exotic herbivore sign at 32.8% and 94.0% of sites, respectively. Total herbivore activity was primarily attributed to exotic herbivores and was associated with elevation and grassland type. Greater horse (exotic) activity was associated with lower vegetation height, lower foliage density, higher forb cover, and higher soil compaction. Greater rabbit and hare (exotic) activity was associated with lower vegetation height, lower foliage density, and a higher cover of bare ground. Greater total herbivore activity was associated with greater weed cover. Neither deer (exotic) nor kangaroo and wallaby (native) activity was related to response variables. We demonstrate that exotic herbivores dominate mammalian herbivory in these grasslands, which evolved without analogous hooved species. Given the restricted distribution and high endemism of these ecosystems, and associations between exotic herbivores and characteristics of degraded grasslands, we recommend landscape‐scale exotic herbivore management, focusing on maintaining ground cover and vegetation structure.

Trachycarpus nanus is an endangered plant that is endemic to southwest of China. In the present study, the complete chloroplast genome of this species was assembled and characterized using whole genome next-generation sequencing. The complete chloroplast genome showed a circular genome of 158,713 bp size with 36.6% GC content. The genome is of typical structure and contain a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions with 27,240 bp, separated by one large single-copy (LSC) with 86,395 bp, and one small single-copy (SSC) regions with 17,838 bp. The genome contained 132 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes and 38 tRNA genes. A phylogenetic tree reconstructed based on 21 chloroplast genomes reveals that Trachycarpus nanus is most related with Chamaerops humilis. The information provides important genetic basis for the species’ future studies on phylogenetic and utilization.

Pinus contorta is considered one of the most invasive tree species worldwide, generating significant impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems. In several Patagonian ecosystems in southern Chile, it has escaped from plantations established mainly in the 1970s, and is now invading both forests and treeless environments. In this study, we evaluated the impact of the invasion of P. contorta on microenvironmental conditions in Araucaria araucana forest and Patagonian steppe ecosystems, and assessed how these changes related to the richness and abundance of native and non-native plant species. In each ecosystem, 24 plots of 100 m2 were established along a gradient of P. contorta biomass, where 18 environmental variables and the composition of native and non-native vegetation were measured at a local scale. Our results indicated that increased pine biomass was associated with differences in microclimatic conditions (soil and air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and soil moisture) and soil properties (potassium, nitrate, pH, and litter accumulation). These changes were ecosystem dependent, however, as well as associated with the level of invasion. Finally, the reduction in the richness and abundance of native plants was associated with the changes in soil properties (accumulation of leaf litter, pH, and organic matter) as well as in the microclimate (minimum air temperature, PAR) generated by the invasion of P. contorta. Overall, our results confirm that the invasion of P. contorta impacts microenvironmental conditions (i.e., canopy cover, litter accumulation, minimum air temperature, and maximum soil temperature) and reduces native plant diversity. For future restoration plans, more emphasis should be given to how environmental changes can influence the recovery of invaded ecosystems even after the removal of the living pine biomass (i.e., legacy of the invasion).

Advancement in remote sensing platforms, sensors, and technology has significantly improved the assessment of hard-to-access areas, such as mountains. Despite these improvements, Africa lags in terms of research work published. This is of great concern as the continent needs more research to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, this study applied a bibliometric analysis of the annual production of publications on the application of remote sensing methods in mountainous environments. In total, 3849 original articles between 1973 and 2021 were used, and the results indicate a steady growth in publications from 2004 (n = 26) to 2021 (n = 504). Considering the source journals, Remote Sensing was the top-ranked, with 453 total publications. The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences was the highest-ranking affiliation, with 217 articles, and China produced the highest number of publications (n = 217). Keywords used between 1973 and 1997, such as “Canada”, “alps”, and “GIS”, metamorphosed into “remote sensing” between 1998 and 2021. This metamorphosis indicates a change in the areas of interest and an increase in the application of remote sensing methods. Most studies were conducted in the Global North countries, and a few were published in low-impact journals within the African continent. This study can help researchers and scholars better understand the progress and intellectual structure of the field and future research directions in the application of remote sensing methods in mountainous environments.

National Forest Inventory (NFI) data are the main source of information on forest resources at country and subcountry levels. This chapter explores the strengths and limitations of NFI-derived indicators to assess forest development with respect to adaptation to and mitigation of climate change, that is, the criteria of Climate-Smart Forestry (CSF). We reflect on harmonizing NFI-based indicators across Europe, use literature to scrutinize available indicators to evaluate CSF, and apply them in 1) Switzerland, where CSF is evaluated for NFI records and simulation model projections with four management scenarios; 2) 43 selected European countries, for which the indicators for Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) are used. The indicators were aggregated to composite indices for adaptation and mitigation and to an overall CSF rating. The Swiss NFI records showed increased CSF ratings in mountainous regions, where growing stocks increased. Simulations under business-as-usual management led to a positive CSF rating, whereas scenarios of increased harvesting decreased either only adaptation or both mitigation and adaptation. European-level results showed increases in CSF ratings for most countries. Negative adaptation ratings were mostly due to forest damages. We discuss the limitations of the indicator approach, consider the broader context of international greenhouse gas reporting, and conclude with policy recommendations.

Significance Landslides are triggered more often by human-induced changes, such as deforestation, infrastructure building, and increasing precipitation extremes, because of climate change. The huge economic and societal loss calls for a more cost-effective way to reduce risks and ensure sustainable development. Land-cover and land-use changes not only increase landslide susceptibility but also drive habitat loss and species extinctions. The high spatial overlap between landslide susceptibility and biodiversity in mountains provides an opportunity to achieve co-benefits in conservation and development. The identification of vulnerable mountains with both high biodiversity and landslide susceptibility prioritizes the regions for expansion of protected areas, forest conservation, and restoration, providing a nature-based solution to mitigate landslide risks through the protection of natural habitat., Natural disasters impose huge uncertainty and loss to human lives and economic activities. Landslides are one disaster that has become more prevalent because of anthropogenic disturbances, such as land-cover changes, land degradation, and expansion of infrastructure. These are further exacerbated by more extreme precipitation due to climate change, which is predicted to trigger more landslides and threaten sustainable development in vulnerable regions. Although biodiversity conservation and development are often regarded as having a trade-off relationship, here we present a global analysis of the area with co-benefits, where conservation through expanding protection and reducing deforestation can not only benefit biodiversity but also reduce landslide risks to human society. High overlap exists between landslide susceptibility and areas of endemism for mammals, birds, and amphibians, which are mostly concentrated in mountain regions. We identified 247 mountain ranges as areas with high vulnerability, having both exceptional biodiversity and landslide risks, accounting for 25.8% of the global mountainous areas. Another 31 biodiverse mountains are classified as future vulnerable mountains as they face increasing landslide risks because of predicted climate change and deforestation. None of these 278 mountains reach the Aichi Target 11 of 17% coverage by protected areas. Of the 278 mountains, 52 need immediate actions because of high vulnerability, severe threats from future deforestation and precipitation extremes, low protection, and high-population density and anthropogenic activities. These actions include protected area expansion, forest conservation, and restoration where it could be a cost-effective way to reduce the risks of landslides.

Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generationsector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance ofactive research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According tothe analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded thatamong the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations knownas Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21°22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out aremountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). Thesame measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for theseaverage wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that isnot being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristicsincluding the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how muchthe roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that theassumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annualenergy produced.

The aim of this article is to discuss the ideological function of mountain landscape in the Basque nationalism and the importance of sport, especially mountain sports and activities, in the process of creating, reproducing and transmitting Basque identity. It includes an outline of the history of the Basque presence in the mountains, as well as the political dimension of hiking in the mountains and conquering mountain peaks. The question of the relationship between language, identity and the lifestyle of the individual and the family is analyzed, too. The text concludes that a mountain was an important space for celebration of Basque identity and even sometimes is considered the symbol of the Basque culture. The article is based on the author’s field research in the Basque Autonomous Community (observations, interviews, analysis of documents). This study advances our understanding of the nature of Basque nationalism and identity.

Climate seasonality is a predominant constraint on the lifecycles of species in alpine and polar biomes. Assessing the response of these species to climate change thus requires taking into account seasonal constraints on populations. However, interactions between seasonality, weather fluctuations, and population parameters remain poorly explored as they require long‐term studies with high sampling frequency. This study investigated the influence of environmental covariates on the demography of a corvid species, the alpine chough Pyrrhocorax graculus, in the highly seasonal environment of the Mont Blanc region. In two steps, we estimated: (1) the seasonal survival of categories of individuals based on their age, sex, etc., (2) the effect of environmental covariates on seasonal survival. We hypothesized that the cold season—and more specifically, the end of the cold season (spring)—would be a critical period for individuals, and we expected that weather and individual covariates would influence survival variation during critical periods. We found that while spring was a critical season for adult female survival, it was not for males. This is likely because females are dominated by males at feeding sites during snowy seasons (winter and spring), and additionally must invest energy in egg production. When conditions were not favorable, which seemed to happen when the cold season was warmer than usual, females probably reached their physiological limits. Surprisingly, adult survival was higher at the beginning of the cold season than in summer, which may result from adaptation to harsh weather in alpine and polar vertebrates. This hypothesis could be confirmed by testing it with larger sets of populations. This first seasonal analysis of individual survival over the full life cycle in a sedentary alpine bird shows that including seasonality in demographic investigations is crucial to better understand the potential impacts of climate change on cold ecosystems., We tested whether seasonality influence survival in a long‐lived alpine bird, before covariate analysis in a multi‐event framework. We highlight a critical survival period for adult females during the transition between spring (the end of cold season) and summer. Low female survival was associated to warm winter and spring temperatures, we discuss the sensitivity of the alpine ecosystem to spring condition from a new point of view and the importance of accounting for seasonality in these highly seasonal environments.

This paper presents the first pedoanthracological study carried out on two mountains of the Northern Apennines, Monte Cimone, and Corno alle Scale, where the results provided new palaeoenvironmental data. The pedoantracological sampling followed an elevation gradient from the current timberline to the highest possible elevation, also adapted to the geomorphological characteristics of the study areas. Based on radiocarbon datings (16 at Monte Cimone and 9 at Corno alle Scale), the soil charcoal fragments provided data about the vegetation dynamics and plant landscape reconstruction, primarily indicating the Late Holocene. The landscape over the last 3000 years appears very similar to the current one with very small altitudinal variations of the timberline and treeline. The present study shows a lack of radiocarbon dates for the Middle Holocene and two hypotheses are discussed to explain this finding. Data suggest that past fires were locally linked to periods of climate optimum and possibly with the management of natural resources (especially animal grazing) by human societies. Some questions concerning the absence of Abies alba, today only present as plantation and normally associated with Fagus sylvatica at these latitudes, are discussed.

Changes in food availability may act as a major mechanism by which global change impacts populations of birds, especially in seasonal environments at high elevations or latitudes. Systematic sampling of invertebrates, which constitute the diet of many bird species during the breeding season, is however largely missing in mountain ecosystems and is overall very rare for soil-dwelling species or stages. Here, we repeatedly sampled earthworms (Lumbricidae), the staple prey of the Ring Ouzel Turdus torquatus, over a whole breeding season in a study area in the Swiss Alps. Our main goal was to finely characterise spatio-temporal patterns of food availability for this declining bird species, in relation to elevation, habitat type and snowmelt stage. In 24 sampling plots, we extracted two soil cores every week for 6–10 weeks and hand-sorted soil invertebrates separately for two 5-cm soil layers. We then analysed the abundance of earthworms in those two layers in relation to various environmental parameters. We show that within our study area, edaphic and topographical parameters are poor predictors of the mean abundance of earthworms over the breeding season. Ground vegetation cover and soil moisture, however, are suitable predictors for the number of earthworms within the soil profile at each sampling time, i.e., of their availability for Ring Ouzels. Moreover, we provide evidence for a clear seasonal peak in earthworm availability, which was more pronounced in open grasslands compared to forested areas and happened later in the season where snow lingered. This study, by improving our understanding of the factors driving food availability for a mountain bird species, provides insights into how shifts in land-use and climate might lead to altered predator-prey interactions.

Simple Summary The Wolong National Nature Reserve in Sichuan province covers a unique mountainous ecosystem located on the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau in China. We applied a popular non-invasive observational method, i.e., infrared-triggered camera trapping, to gain thousands of photographs of wildlife to monitor biodiversity over three years. Combined with data on the local abiotic factors, our integrative statistical analysis identified the key environmental drivers, i.e., temperature and vegetation, affecting the distribution and abundance of mammals and birds in the reserve. All species were classified into three main types by their tolerance of or fondness for different environmental conditions. The detectability of each species by camera trapping was quantified and ranked to provide insights on each species' relative abundance in the area. The high-altitude ecosystem of the Tibetan Plateau in China is a biodiversity hotspot that provides unique habitats for endemic and relict species along an altitudinal gradient at the eastern edge. Acquiring biodiversity information in this area, where the average altitude is over 4000 m, has been difficult but has been aided by recent developments in non-invasive technology, including infrared-triggered camera trapping. We used camera trapping to acquire a substantial number of photographic wildlife records in Wolong National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China, from 2013 to 2016. We collected information of the habitat surrounding the observation sites, resulting in a dataset covering 37 species and 12 environmental factors. We performed a multivariate statistical analysis to discern the dominant environmental factors and cluster the mammals and birds of the ecosystem in order to examine environmental factors contributing to the species' relative abundance. Species were generalized into three main types, i.e., cold-resistant, phyllophilic, and thermophilic, according to the identified key environmental drivers (i.e., temperature and vegetation) for their abundances. The mammal species with the highest relative abundance were bharal (Pseudois nayaur), Moupin pika (Ochotona thibetana), and Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana). The bird species with highest relative abundance were snow partridge (Lerwa lerwa), plain mountain finch (Leucosticte nemoricola), Chinese monal (Lophophorus lhuysii), and alpine accentor (Prunella collaris).

This article aims to analyse the reasons for the unexpected absence of Greece in Mario Rigoni Stern’s works about the Italian military campaign against Greece during the winter of 1940-1941. As a young soldier, Rigoni Stern fought in that terrible war in the Albanian mountains, close to the Greek line, and recounted those events many years later. I focus in particular on Quota Albania (1971), in an attempt to show that the novel is not only a memoir, but rather a Bildungsroman, in which he recounts his personal life, his disillusionment with Italian disorganisation and the difficult conditions he endured, the cold and hunger. Furthermore, I would like to explain that the surprising indifference to Greek events is linked not only to the author’s narrative intention, but also to the fact that in the final battle Rigoni Stern did not go to Greece, and never returned thereafter. On the other hand, his unfamiliarity with the Mediterranean justifies the lack of descriptive details of the Greek landscape.

Background Peatlands form one of the largest carbon pools in the terrestrial ecosystems, representing approximately one-third of the world’s soil carbon. The aim of this study was to evaluate C:N:P stoichiometry as an indicator of changes initialized by dehydration in Histosols of varied origins. Four types of Histosols from lowland and mountain areas were investigated: fibric Histosols, hemic Histosols, sapric Histosols and Histosols drainic. Results We established the concentration and stoichiometry of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous in the Histosols, and found marked differences in C:N:P stoichiometry between the different types – especially the dehydrated samples. The mean C:N:P ratio of dehydrated soil was narrower than the C:N:P ratio of soil under the influence of water, which demonstrates that dehydrating Histosols leads to a narrower C:N:P stoichiometry. This is directly related to the intensification of the organic matter mineralisation process and the resulting loss of organic carbon. We recorded a 50 % lower carbon stock in the case of Histosols drainic compared to the other types of Histosols. Conclusions The narrower C:N:P stoichiometry in Histosols drainic is the result of an decrease in the ratio of N and P to the C content. Thus, this study demonstrates that C:N:P stoichiometry is a useful indicator of the changes that occur in Histosols as a result of dehydration.

A survey was conducted on 12 cable yarding operations in northern Italy, with the purpose of determining fuel consumption and time use. The observation unit was the individual operation, intended as all the activities needed to complete the harvesting of a sale (mean = 500 m3 of timber). All teams were equipped with a tower yarder, an excavator-based loader or processor and a truck or a tractor with trailer, if intermediate transportation to a larger roadside landing (two-staging) was required. The crew size was 3 or 4 operators. Time and fuel use were recorded separately for the following tasks: relocation; set up & dismantle; commuting; yarding; processing and/or loading; major delay events. Fuel consumption averaged 5.1 L m−3, of which 2.2 L m−3 was incurred by two-staging. In general, the yarder accounted for less than half the total fuel consumption of the operation: the processor was indeed the main consumer. Relocation had a very small incidence on time and fuel use. Set up and dismantle did not incur significant fuel consumption but occupied a meaningful share of total time (mean = 22%). Commuting also incurred unexpectedly large (and generally neglected) fuel and time use—with means at 13% and 7%, respectively. Technology developments aimed at reducing fuel consumption should target both main consumers: the yarder as well as the excavator-based processor. Significant benefits would also be achieved through improved planning and infrastructure development, aimed at minimizing the need for intermediate transportation (i.e. two-staging).

RESUMEN: El cuadro de Carlos de Haes Canal de Mancorbo en los Picos de Europa, de 1876, expuesto en la sala 63A del Museo del Prado (Madrid), representa un paisaje rocoso abrupto y elevado, correspondiente al frente meridional del macizo de Ándara sobre la comarca de Liébana. Esta obra está considerada como un hito capital en la pintura del paisaje del siglo xix en España. Se estudia aquí, desde una perspectiva geográfica, el marco cultural en el que se inscribe, se muestran las características del lugar representado y se razona su modo de plasmación filtrado por el arte. RÉSUMÉ: La peinture de Carlos de Haes Canal de Mancorbo en los Picos de Europa, de 1876, exposé dans la salle 63A du Musée du Prado (Madrid), représente un paysage rocheux abrupt et surélevé, correspondant a la face sud du Massif d'Ándara sur la contrée de Liébana. Cette oeuvre est considérée comme un point de repére capital dans la peinture du paysage du xixe siécle en Espagne. On étudie ici, d'un point de vue géographique, le cadre culturel dans lequel la peinture est enregistré, les caractéristiques du lieu représenté et le mode d'expression filtré par l'art. ABSTRACT: The painting of Carlos de Haes Canal de Mancorbo en los Picos de Europa, from 1876, exhibited at the Prado Museum in room 63A (Madrid), represents an abrupt and high rocky landscape, corresponding to the southern front of the Ándara Massif over the county of Liébana. This pictorial work is considered a capital milestone in the painting of landscape in Spain during the 19th century. This work studies, from a geographical perspective, the cultural framework in which it is registered, the characteristics of the represented place and the mode of expression filtered by art.

Maqolada Zamonaviy geografik maydoncha, uning geografiya fanini o‟qitishda tutgan o‟rni, maydonchada jolashtiriladigan o‟quv jihozlari va ularning ahamiyati yoritilgan., The article describes the modern geographical area, its role in the teaching of geography, the educational equipment installed on the site and their importance.

[EU]Aurrekariak: Egun, goi-mendizaletasuna eta mendi lasterketak puri-purian dauden garaiotan, altuera handiko eremuetara bidaiatzen duen jende kopurua handituz doa. Giza gorputza ez dago garaiera horietan ematen diren baldintzak jasaten ohituta, eta horren ondorioetako bat altuera gaitza bezala ezagutzen dena izan daiteke. Eritasun hau 2500 metrotik gora agertu ohi da normalean, eta buruko mina, goragaleak, zorabioa, ahultasuna eta loezina bezalako sintomak ematen ditu. Egoerak okerrera eginez gero, garun zein birika edema eragin ditzake, eta azkenik, heriotza. // Helburua: Altuera gaitzaren fisiologia eta ekintza mekanismoei buruz gaurdaino lorturiko ezagutza azaltzea, haren sorreran eragina izan dezaketen faktoreak aztertuz. Horrez gain, gaitzaren detekzioan eta profilaxi nahiz tratamenduan azken urteetan emandako aurrerapenak biltzea. // Metodoak: Azken bost urteotako artikuluen bilaketa burutu da PubMed datu basean, “acute” “mountain” eta “sickness” hitz gakoak erabiliz. Hasiera batean 49 ikerketa aurkitu baziren ere, berrikusketa egiteko 18 aukeratu dira. // Emaitzak: Mendian gora igo ahala altuera gaitza jasateko aukera handituz joan da. Helmugara iristeko behar izandako denborak eragina dauka, azkarrago igotzean kasu gehiago ematen baitira. Altuerara igo aurretik preaklimatazio prozesu bat burutzeak onurak erakutsi ditu. Arrisku faktoreei dagokienez, obesitatea eta aurretiko osasun egoera kaxkarra altuera gaitza jasateko arriskuarekin erlazionaturik daude. Adina, sexua, tabakoa eta loaren eraginak ez daude argi. Altuera gaitzaren biomarkatzaile moduan joka dezaketen substantziak IL-6, ET-1, FENO eta kortisola dira. Gaitzaren profilaxi zein tratamendurako farmako eraginkorrena Azetazolamida da, neurri ez-farmakologiko moduan altuera jaistea eta oxigeno gehigarria aipa ditzakegularik. // Ondorioak: Altuera gaitzaren ekintza mekanismoei buruzko ideia orokor bat dagoen arren, gorputzean ematen diren prozesu biomolekular zehatzak ezezagunak dira egun. Etorkizunera begira, gaiaren inguruko ikerketa gehiagoren beharra dago, batez ere gaitzaren detekzio eta maneiuan aurrerapenak garatu ahal izateko.

Among Joaquín Costa's sociological studies, his observa- tions on family organization stand out. Aragonese Families were based on a system of property transfer based on the particular Aragonese legislation and a series of customary rules. This legal facts defined the Pyrenean family model. This article compares the observations of Joaquín Costa and kind of families, marriages and property transmission according to primary sources for Aragonese Modern Age. This study is based on the analysis of marital chapters, wills and lawsuits derived from unfulfilled marriage commitments. The observed result showed a considerable difference between the reality observed by Costa and the historical family patterns. This kind of property transmission was adapted on numerous occasions, due to the flexibility of the Aragonese law. On the other hand, modern research on family conflict suggest that, despite the undeniable power of families, forced marriages received a strong response Entre los estudios sociológicos de Joaquín Costa, destacan sus observaciones sobre la organización familiar en el Alto Aragón. Estas familias estaban asentadas en un sistema de transmisión de propiedad basado en la legislación aragonesa y una serie de normas consuetudinarias que definen el modelo familiar pirenaico. El presente artículo realiza una comparación entre las observaciones de Joaquín Costa y el tipo de familias, matrimonios y métodos de transmisión de la propiedad observables en las fuentes de la Edad Moderna. Este estudio se basa en el análisis de capítulos matrimoniales, testamentos y pleitos derivados de compromisos de matrimonio incumplidos. El resultado observado demuestra que existió una notable fluctuación entre la realidad observada por Costa y los modelos familiares de montaña. El sistema de transmisión de propiedad se adaptó en numerosas ocasiones aprovechando la flexibilidad de la ley aragonesa. Por otra parte, las últimas investigaciones sobre conflictividad familiar da a entender que, pese al innegable poder de las familias, los matrimonios forzados recibían una fuerte contestación

espanolEl mito de la montana como un espacio espiritual y transcendente ha estado presente en infinidad de religiones, creencias y cosmogonias. La montana ha servido como lugar privilegiado de encuentro entre lo terrenal y lo espiritual, y la arquitectura, desde sus origenes a emulado esta condicion heterotopica que representa el espacio sagrado. La atmosfera de la montana contiene unas condiciones especificas de caracter fisicoquimico, que hacen que las vivencias y percepciones de los espacios a gran altitud adquieran una fenomenologia propia. Mediante una mirada global capaz de interconectar comportamientos, eventos y atmosfera, se desprende lo que unicamente podemos establecer como una intuicion: la relacion entre las distorsiones fenomenologicas que genera el espacio de la montana con la espiritualidad y el misticismo asociado a estos lugares. La reconstruccion de la atmosfera alpina en el Hormonorium, el pabellon suizo para la bienal de Venecia (2002) de Decosterd&Rahm, nos permite reflexionar sobre cuales son las condiciones espaciales de las cumbres montanosas. La atmosfera de la montana y el desorden hormonal que en ella se genera nos afecta fisiologicamente, produciendo no solamente reacciones fisicas y que alteran el comportamiento de nuestro cuerpo, sino tambien, produce cambios en la actividad mental. De ahi que, la atmosfera de montana reconstruida en el Hormonorium es una atmosfera antifragil: un espacio que mejora con el desorden permite acoger lo indeterminado, crear nuevas reflexiones espaciales y generar multiples posibilidades inesperadas. EnglishThe myth of the mountain as a spiritual and transcendent space has been present in countless religions, beliefs and cosmogonies. The mountain has served as a privileged meeting place between the earthly and the spiritual. Architecture, since its origins, has emulated this heterotopic condition that represents the sacred space. The mountain atmosphere contains specific conditions of a physicochemical nature, which make the experiences and perceptions of high-altitude spaces acquire their own phenomenology. Through a global view capable of interconnecting behaviors, events and atmosphere, our intuition reveals the relationship between the phenomenological distortions that mountain space generates with the spirituality and mysticism associated with these places. The reconstruction of the alpine atmosphere in the Hormonorium, the Swiss pavilion for the Venice Biennale (2002) by Decosterd&Rahm, allows us to reflect on the spatial conditions of the mountain summits. The mountain atmosphere affects us physiologically, which generates, not only physical reactions and behavior of our body, but also produces changes in mental activity. An anti-fragile atmosphere is a space that improves with disorder, allows us to welcome the indeterminate and generates new unexpected possibilities.

L’intervento vuole indagare la necessità di rifunzionalizzare i territori montani nell’Info-Era, analizzando gli effetti delle nuove dinamiche tecnologiche e socio-economiche post-Covid nel ri-abitare i territori marginali. In questo quadro, gli Appennini si configurano come vera e propria infrastruttura verde dalle grandi possibilità di sviluppo, interessata da una progettualità basata su tre temi fondamentali per la competitività territoriale: la connettività fra aree diverse urbane-rurali, la permeabilità dei paesaggi e la diminuzione del divario digitale. The intervention aims to investigate the need to re-functionalize mountain areas in the Info-Era, by analyzing the effects of the new post-Covid technological and socio-economic dynamics in re-inhabiting marginal areas. In this context, the Apennines are configured as a real green infrastructure with great development possibilities, affected by a planning based on three fundamental themes for territorial competitiveness: the connectivity between different urban-rural areas, the permeability of landscapes and the decrease of the digital divide.

Patients treated with hemodialysis (HD) repeatedly undergo intradialytic low arterial oxygen saturation and low central venous oxygen saturation, reflecting an imbalance between upper body systemic oxygen supply and demand, which are associated with increased mortality. Abnormalities along the entire oxygen cascade, with impaired diffusive and convective oxygen transport, contribute to the reduced tissue oxygen supply. HD treatment impairs pulmonary gas exchange and reduces ventilatory drive, whereas ultrafiltration can reduce tissue perfusion due to a decline in cardiac output. In addition to these factors, capillary rarefaction and reduced mitochondrial efficacy can further affect the balance between cellular oxygen supply and demand. Whereas it has been convincingly demonstrated that a reduced perfusion of heart and brain during HD contributes to organ damage, the significance of systemic hypoxia remains uncertain, although it may contribute to oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and accelerated senescence. These abnormalities along the oxygen cascade of patients treated with HD appear to be diametrically opposite to the situation in Tibetan highlanders and Sherpa, whose physiology adapted to the inescapable hypobaric hypoxia of their living environment over many generations. Their adaptation includes pulmonary, vascular, and metabolic alterations with enhanced capillary density, nitric oxide production, and mitochondrial efficacy without oxidative stress. Improving the tissue oxygen supply in patients treated with HD depends primarily on preventing hemodynamic instability by increasing dialysis time/frequency or prescribing cool dialysis. Whether dietary or pharmacological interventions, such as the administration of L-arginine, fermented food, nitrate, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 agonists, or prolyl hydroxylase 2 inhibitors, improve clinical outcome in patients treated with HD warrants future research.

Toward the end of the 20th century, several major development projects that had been proposed in the Briançon area were defeated thanks to collective mobilization efforts. New initiatives now challenge the socio-spatial segregation of exiled people who are trying to cross the border amid the latter’s heavy militarization and in the context of the sensationalist coverage of events by the media. This article examines the discourses produced around these struggles, as well as people’s memories – in particular, that of Émilie Carles (1900–1979). The article considers their impact on how the “mountain” is perceived and hypothesizes that it can play a role in the dynamics of how mountain spaces are essentialized and their inhabitants naturalized. We find that the theme of a “mountain-refuge” is reactivated and enriched by the political work done by local memories. Through a critical geographical approach, this article carries out a political analysis of the figures of the mountain-refuge and links the issues of exile and ecology in order to contribute to thinking on the future of mountain areas.

Mountains of the arid Great Basin region of Nevada are home to critical water resources and numerous species of plants and animals. Understanding the nature of climatic variability in these environments, especially in the face of unfolding climate change, is a challenge for resource planning and adaptation. Here, we utilize an Embedded Sensor Network (ESN) to investigate landscape-scale temperature variability in Great Basin National Park (GBNP). The ESN was installed in 2006 and has been maintained during uninterrupted annual student research training expeditions. The ESN is comprised of 29 Lascar sensors that record hourly near-surface air temperature and relative humidity at locations spanning 2000 m and multiple ecoregions within the park. From a maximum elevation near 4000 m a.s.l. atop Wheeler Peak, the sensor locations are distributed: (1) along a multi-mountain ridgeline to the valley floor, located ~2000 m lower; (2) along two streams in adjoining eastern-draining watersheds; and (3) within multiple ecological zones including sub-alpine forests, alpine lakes, sagebrush meadows, and a rock glacier. After quality checking all available hourly observations, we analyze a twelve-year distributed temperature record for GBNP and report on key patterns of variability. From 2006 to 2018, there were significantly increasing trends in daily maximum, minimum and mean temperatures for all elevations. The average daily minimum temperatures increased by 2.1°C. The trend in daily maximum temperatures above 3500 m was significantly greater than the increasing trends at lower elevations, suggesting that daytime forcings may be driving enhanced warming at GBNP’s highest elevations. These results indicate that existing weather stations, such as the Wheeler Peak SNOTEL site, alone cannot account for small-scale variability found in GBNP. This study offers an alternative, low-cost methodology for sustaining long-term, distributed observations of conditions in heterogeneous mountainous environments at finer spatial resolutions. In arid mountainous regions with vulnerable water resources and fragile ecosystems, it is imperative to maintain and extend existing networks and observations as climate change continues to alter conditions.

Cet article essaie de comprendre comment le concept d'hétérotopie de Foucault peut contribuer à penser le rôle de cet espace autre, « l'utopie située » dans ce cas précis le refuge de montagne, c'est à dire une cabane primitive en altitude. L'articulation avec le premier sens du mot refuge, du latin refugium « action de se retrancher », « fuite », « asile », en tant que lieu où l'on se met en sûreté face au danger, soulève des questions sous-jacentes. En forme de livre d'artiste, manuscrit illustré, le premier de quatre volets, ces pages ont été écrites à 1.200 m d'altitude sur le Massif de l'Arize, dans le Parc Naturel Régional d'Ariège dans les Pyrénées. C'est une immersion dans la nature sauvage, l'habitat des « prédateurs apex » lynx et ours. La cabane représente également une figure de résistance, une réponse à l'urgence écologique (Montvalon) ; elle possède un pouvoir d'évocation poétique varié à l'infini. (Brun) Sans électricité, alimenté par l'eau de source, accessible seulement à pied, le refuge de montagne ne signifie pas seulement un abri, mais aussi « un espace dans le wilderness, une capsule pour voyager dans le temps, une demeure dans une vie plus simple ». (Bowman) This article attempts to understand how Foucault's concept of heterotopy contributes to the thought of this other space, the "situated utopia" that is the mountain refuge, in other words a primitive stone cabin at a high altitude. The articulation with the first meaning of the word refuge – from the Latin refugium, "action of retreat," "flee", "asylum," as a shelter where one is protected when faced with danger – raises underlying questions. In the form of a hand-written and illustrated artists book, the first of four installments, these pages were written at an altitude of 3600 ft on the Massif d'Arize, in the Regional Natural Park of Ariège in the Pyrénées. It is an immersion in the wilderness, habitat of "apex predators" lynx and bear. The mountain refuge equally represents a figure of resistance, a response to the ecological emergency (Montvalon) ; it possesses an evocative poetic power that is infinitely varied. (Brun) Without electricity, supplied by water from a natural spring, accessible only on foot, the mountain refuge signifies not only shelter, but also "A space in the wilderness, a capsule for Time Travel, an abode in a Simpler Life." (Bowman)

Sur la base d’entretiens réalisés au cours de quatre années de suivi du concours des prairies fleuries dans les Pyrénées-Atlantiques, cette contribution interroge le rapport des éleveurs au paysage au regard des débats relatifs aux divergences existant entre leur approche paysagère et celle proposée par les politiques publiques. Elle vise à montrer en quoi leur manière de vivre leur espace de vie et de production fait sens en termes paysagers et combien cela les invite à dépasser l’usage collectif du paysage pour le penser aussi comme à leur propre service. Il s’agira d’analyser ce vécu paysager singulier et de faire émerger la manière dont le paysage accompagne les actes et les gestes au quotidien, montrant ainsi en quoi le rôle du paysage dans le quotidien productif et habitant de l’éleveur et la conscience qu’il a de sa contribution paysagère invitent à penser cette relation de réciprocité comme un service par et pour l’éleveur. Based on interviews conducted over a four-year period following a meadow-flowering competition in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques region, this article studies the relationship between livestock farmers and the landscape in the light of discussions about the differences between their approach to the landscape and that put forward by public authorities. The article seeks to show how the way farmers experience the spaces in which they live and work is meaningful in landscape terms and how this incites them to look beyond the collective use of the landscape to also think of it as being at their service. It analyses this singular experience of the landscape and brings to light the way in which the landscape is a part of the daily actions and gestures of livestock farmers. The ultimate goal is to demonstrate how the role of the landscape in their farming and living activities as well as the awareness farmers have of their contribution to the landscape leads to considering this reciprocal relationship as a service provided by and for the farmer.