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Additional file 1. Additional figures.

Additional file 1: Figure S1 Immunofluorescence staining of Gal-3 in the colon tissue of normal nude mouse. Blue: nucleus; red: Gal-3 protein. Figure S2. XPS analysis of phosphorus (A), calcium (B), carbon (C), and oxygen (D) in PSVII@MCP-CaP. Figure S3. Thermogravimetric analysis of calcium phosphate powder (A), MCP (B), PSVII@CM-��-CD inclusion compound (C), @MCP-CaP (D), and PSVII@MCP-CaP (E). Figure S4. The cellular uptake mechanism of PSVII@MCP-CaP by HCT116/L cell. A The effect of uptake inhibitor on the uptake of PSVII@MCP-CaP by HCT116/L cell observed via LSCM. B Semi-quantitative analysis results of PSVII@MCP-CaP uptake by HCT116/L cell. All data are expressed as mean �� SD (n = 3). **p

Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) is a neuropeptide that modulates various physiological processes. The regulatory role of NPFF in the immune and inflammatory response is currently being revealed. However, the effect of NPFF at the transcriptome level in macrophages has not been fully elucidated. Here, the impact of NPFF on gene expression at the transcriptome level of RAW 264.7 cells was investigated by RNA-seq. RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with NPFF (1 nM) for 18 h, followed by RNA-seq examination. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were acquired, followed by GO, KEGG, and PPI analysis. A total of eight qPCR-verified DEGs were obtained. Next, three-dimensional models of the eight hub proteins were constructed by using homology modeling with Modeller (9v23). Finally, molecular dynamics simulation (300 ns) was performed with GROMACS 2018.2 to investigate the structural characteristics of these hub proteins. NPFF had no detectable effect on the morphology of RAW264.7 cells. A total of 211 DEGs were acquired, and an enrichment study demonstrated that the immune response-related pathway was significantly inhibited by NPFF. Moreover, the molecular dynamics optimized-protein models of the hub proteins were obtained. Collectively, NPFF inhibited the expression of immune-related genes in RAW 264.7 cells at the transcriptome level, which suggested a negative relationship between NPFF and this set of immune-related genes in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Therefore, our data may provide direct evidence of the role of NPFF in peripheral or central inflammatory diseases.

The present study focuses on the anti-arthritic effect of Zushima cataplasms (ZC) in adjuvant arthritic (AA) rats. AA rats were treated with ZC from the 3rd day before immunization and continued until the 20th day after immunization. The severity of arthritis was evaluated by swelling, heat, nociceptive, histopathology and radiological changes. The levels of IL-1β, TNF-α in the serum were measured by ELISA. ZC showed no effect on alleviating swelling in primary inflammation, while ZC 0.75 g/kg dramatically reduced the swelling, and showed a significant increment of mechanical pain thresholds in secondary inflammation. The synovial hyperplasia and inflammatory cells infiltration were suppressed by ZC in secondary inflammation but not in primary inflammation. The radiographic studies further provided supportive evidence for histopathology analysis. Additionally, There was significant reduction in production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in serum of AA rats treated with ZC.

Sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P) is an important signaling sphingolipid involved in the pathogenesis of various cardio cerebral vascular diseases such as ischemic stroke. In particular, the S1P mimetic FTY720 is protective for brain against ischemic conditions. However, whether and how FTY720 can modulate vascular tone and blood pressure remains to be determined. We showed that FTY720 (1 mg/kg) enhanced the contractile response of rat thoracic aortic rings induced by high potassium and phenylephrine, respectively. This enhancement involves the activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) since ERK phosphorylation was also enhanced and application of PD98059 (10 μmol/L), an inhibitor of ERK activation abrogated the aforementioned enhanced response by FTY720. In parallel, FTY720 (1 mg/kg) led to a modest elevation of blood pressure in rats, effects also being prevented by PD98059. In contrast, FTY720 decreased the high potassium‐induced contractile response in basilarartery preparations from rabbits, an effect blocked by PD98059. Together, FTY720‐induced an enhanced response of artery contractility in aorta and in arterial pressure involving ERK activation, with an attenuation in basilarartery contractility. This action property of FTY720 would be endowed with a potential of facilitating more blood flow perfusion to the brain and improving blood supply to the ischemic brain region and could be useful as an adjuvant in the treatment of ischemic stroke in the clinics.