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We study the inter-temporally optimal innovation strategies of incumbent manufacturing firms that compete in an established market and can extend their product line through product innovation. Firms invest in production capacity and R&D knowledge stock, where the R&D knowledge stock and the current R&D investment determine the hazard rate of innovation. Our findings show that the firms’ optimal R&D strategies are driven by a subtle interplay between the relative positions of their R&D knowledge stocks and their current relative positions on the established market. First, we find that under symmetric investment costs the knowledge leader should spend more on R&D than the knowledge laggard only if it has a substantially smaller market share on the established market. If the knowledge leader’s market share is sufficiently large, its optimal investment in R&D is so small that its innovation rate is lower than the knowledge laggard’s. Second, optimal investment in R&D knowledge is negatively affected by the opponent’s production capacity on the established market if the competitor has not innovated yet. However, we find that this effect is reversed after the competitor has successfully introduced the new product on the submarket. Third, the manufacturing firm with higher costs of adjusting production capacity for the established product has a higher incentive to engage in product innovation and might even achieve a higher total discounted profit than its more efficient competitor.

Industries differ in the extent to which they can offshore their production. I document that industries with low offshoring potential carry a sizeable risk premium compared with industries with high offshoring potential, suggesting that the possibility to offshore affects industry risk. A two-country dynamic trade model in which offshoring allows firms to secure market share against foreign competitors can rationalize the empirical findings. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4393 .

This paper investigates the effect of the “financialization” of commodity markets in terms of pricing. I explore whether the emergence of commodity index traders affects weekly returns and turnover during the roll periods. I split the sample (1994–2017) into the pre-financialization (1994–2003) and the post-financialization (2004–2017). I directly test whether the market share of index traders contributes to commodity returns and whether risk adjustments (based on momentum, basis, basis-momentum, open interest, crowding, and average factors) alter liquidity and insurance premiums documented in Kang, Rouwenhorst, and Tang (2020). I also examine how the financialization affects liquidity and insurance premiums. Finally, since previous results are obtained with Fama-MacBeth regressions, I use an alternative method totest how liquidity and insurance premiums determine commodity returns.

The governmental subsidy is an important instrument for catalyzing the early adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs)}. A sustainable subsidy policy must balance between promoting EVs and expanding the charging infrastructure. This paper proposes a dynamic game approach to accelerate the adoption of EV technology. The government observes two correlated processes - the penetration of the EV market and the expansion of the charging infrastructure. It finds an optimal strategy that maximizes the cumulative social benefit in the face of uncertainty. A case study of China's EV industry finds that \blue{the established EV subsidy policies are inadequate to support EVs' growth over the next decades}. In contrast, the optimal subsidies will achieve \blue{the target EV market share and ensure the accessibility to charging infrastructure by 2030}. This non-myopic strategy can prioritize the infrastructure expansion, eliminate policy enforcement's monitoring costs, prevent compensation evasion, and help achieve long-term targets by making proactive regulatory policies.

To meet the domestic demand for biodiesel, because the application of the biodiesel blending mandate is very aggressive and even exceeds that of all countries in the world, it is suspected that Indonesia, which is involved in export trade, has lost its export competitiveness when compared to other leading biodiesel exporting countries in the world. The purpose of this study is to determine whether biodiesel can survive or lose its competitiveness with the application of the biodiesel blending mandate in that country which is the highest when compared to all other biodiesel producing and exporting countries. By using the analysis method of export market share and comparative advantage, research was conducted to determine whether Indonesian biodiesel has export competitiveness or not when compared to other leading biodiesel exporting countries. The results show that the average market share of Indonesia’s biodiesel exports is still higher when compared to that of the majority of biodiesel exporting countries and including biodiesel exporting countries that have a comparative advantage even when the biodiesel blending mandate is enforced every year compared to the majority of the world’s leading biodiesel exporting countries that have a comparative disadvantage. The authors acknowledge LPDP, any person, institution, and department that supported any part of study.

As a promising alternative solution to cloud storage, decentralized storage networks (DSN) are widely anticipated to develop continuously and reshape the storage market share in the foreseeable future. In particular, one of the most important research problems is how to enforce the quality of service (QoS) in the context of storage solutions. Despite plenty of auditing-related works in the context of cloud storage, none of them can be directly applied to the decentralized storage paradigm. The challenges of designing a feasible storage auditing framework emanate from two aspects: 1) security problems unique to the decentralized settings; 2) performance overhead due to on-chain operations. In this work, we first put forward a basic storage auditing framework that satisfies the security and efficiency requirements, and outperforms the existing approaches. We also identify a critical and overlooked security problem that would compromise the integrity of storage auditing solutions in the blockchain paradigm. With our refined storage auditing design based on customized zero knowledge protocols, we propose a convenient mitigation solution in our revised security model. The evaluation results confirm that our solution would only incur a 10%-15% increase in the overall auditing costs for common usage scenarios, compared to the basic design.

This study examines how the market share of dark venues changes at earnings announcements. Our analysis shows a statistically significant increase in dark market share in the weeks prior to, during, and following the earnings announcement. We also predict and find evidence that increases in dark market share around earnings announcements are higher for firms with high-quality accounting information. In addition, we find a positive relation between the change in dark market share and the speed of resolution of investor disagreement—a key dimension of informational efficiency, which suggests that dark trading is associated with an improvement in market quality. How market fragmentation changes around news events, the role accounting information plays in market fragmentation, and how changes in market fragmentation relate to market quality can help provide insights to securities regulators. JEL Classifications: G12; G14; D47; M41.

Reverse logistics programs to support end-of-life product management strategies are becoming more prevalent as firms respond to stricter regulations and increasing consumer expectations. Despite a growing body of theoretical literature on this topic, many firms struggle to implement efficient and effective reverse logistics systems. This research identifies common strategic, tactical, and operational considerations needed to design reverse logistics programs, and offers industry examples to show how organizations have excelled in these areas. Through a synthesis of literature and examples, key takeaways are provided across a range of reverse logistics activities. In doing so, this paper illustrates ways in which managers can implement best practices in reverse logistics that not only benefit the environment but also generate societal and stakeholder value, augment and improve customer service and loyalty, and increase market share and revenue capabilities.

Until very recently, the major focus of research in the field of consumer behavior has been on the selection of products, brands and decision choices primarily in the sphere of marketing. The purpose of this paper was to modify a model developed to measure market share to account for the variables that enter into the selection of a political candidate and predict voting behavior.

This study proposes a novel approach to forecast a transhipment port's competitiveness on the basis of market share. The potential reasons for escalating or diminishing competitiveness are explored by utilising a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology. We assess the competitiveness of transhipment ports by seven major components: connectivity, port facility, efficiency, cost factor, policy and management, information systems and green port management, and contribute to the understanding of the interdependence among the components. We investigate the Bangladesh container market due to the uniqueness of its regional context and dimensions of competitiveness. Bangladesh has direct connections to four regional hubs, namely, Singapore, Colombo, Port Klang and Tanjung Pelepas. These regional hubs compete to grasp a significant volume of container movements in line with the rapid growth of Bangladesh's industrialisation and national economy. We find that Singapore outperforms others in terms of competitiveness, but all ports perform below expectations in green port management practices. These findings would benefit port authorities for improving their competitiveness, and liner shipping companies and shippers in making strategic port choice decisions.

Our understanding of airline passengers' perception of safety and its association with their satisfaction and airline service quality measures is limited in the literature. This study aims to conduct a systematic examination of airline passengers’ perception of safety and its association with demographics attributes, service quality measures, overall satisfaction and loyalty by using Vietnam to Australia route as a case study. We conducted a questionnaire survey of 436 respondents travelling on a full-service airline flying from Vietnam to Australia. Only 53.4% of respondents feel safe while travelling in the airline while 28.9% feel neutral safe and 17.7% feel unsafe. We found that the four service quality measures of SERVQUAL model (Tangibles, Reliability, Assurance and Empathy) and airline specific measures (Flight Experience, Ground Service, Airline Employees and Flight Schedule) had significant effects on the passengers' perception of safety. Also, respondents' differences in educational qualification, frequency of travel, ticket types and the membership of frequent flyer program (FFP) had a significant effect on their perception of safety. Likewise, passengers’ overall satisfaction and loyalty to the airline also had a significant effect on the perception of safety. No effects on the perception of safety were found for differences in gender, age, nationality, income and purpose of travel. Although all airlines flying in and out of Australia must meet Australia's Safety Management System regulations and requirements, our findings emphasize the importance of understanding the relationship between passengers' perception of safety and their satisfaction. There is an opportunity for the airline operator to secure a lead in the market share of air travel by improving service quality measures that can influence passengers' perception of safety.

We consider a large group of consumers who decide whether or not to buy a durable good offered by a firm. Without previous experience with the product, consumers rely on the ratings of past purchasers to evaluate the product goodwill and make optimal decisions. The consumers have heterogeneous intrinsic rating behaviors and preferences. For example, the population may include avid fans who tend to purchase at early stages and over-rate the product. What are the firm’s optimal pricing and marketing strategies in the face of such heterogeneous market? To answer this question, we model the problem as a Stackelberg mean-field game, with the firm acting as leader and the consumers as followers. We determine the conditions under which a Stackelberg equilibrium exists and provide a numerical scheme to compute the optimal prices, marketing activities, aggregate rating, and market share. We provide some numerical examples to illustrate the type of insights that can be obtained with our model. For instance, we show that it is useful to compare the fairness of different rating aggregators, and can anticipate herding behavior triggered by biased raters.

An intelligent agent-based supply chain simulation model, in which each enterprise/consumer is represented by an agent, is designed. There are six layers in this supply chain simulation model: raw material providers, component manufacturers, product assemblers, product holders, retailers, and final customers. Each entity in the supply chain represented by an agent has five components: interface, task distribution, business processing activities, knowledge management and decision support, and information storage. A detailed agent structure is designed and various functions of an agent including communication among agents are described. Issues in the supply chain integration, information sharing among supply chain partners, demand forecasting, supply chain risk management, and automated communication and negotiation, could be simulated and studied by using the proposed system. Based on the proposed supply chain simulation model, a generic six-layer prototype mobile phone supply chain simulation system is designed, developed and implemented. The system allows a user to setup and adjust a large number of parameters, including (1) simulation period, loan and saving interest rates; (2) customers' behavior and market demand; (3) each retailer's initial cash, loan, market share, inventories, Order Amount Policy and Order Point Strategy; (4) each product holder's initial cash, loan, market share, inventories, Order Amount Policy, Order Point Strategy and inventory strategy; (5) each assembler's and component agent's initial cash, loan, inventories, Order Amount Policy, Order Point Strategy, production strategy, and production capacities; and (6) each material provider's initial cash, loan, inventory, production strategy, and production capacities. Extensive simulation studies are carried out to examine and compare many supply chain management strategies and agent behaviors. This system can be used to test which strategy is most suitable in certain environments, The generic supply chain simulation system developed can be used in a number of ways, including: as an analysis tool for entity in a supply chain from the entity's perspective; as a tool for studying supply chain coordination and integration from the perspective of an entire supply chain, or portion of it; as a tool to design supply chains by answering "what-if" questions.

Using a large sample of securities class action lawsuits, we examine the association of law firm market share with litigation outcomes. We find lawsuits with top market share plaintiff law firms are less likely to be dismissed and take longer to be dismissed and to reach settlement. In contrast, lawsuits with top defendant law firms reach settlement faster. Top market share defendant law firms are neither associated with suit dismissal nor with speed of dismissal. Finally, neither top plaintiff nor top defendant law firms are associated with the cash and/or total settlement amount. These results suggest plaintiff and/or defendant law firm market share is an important factor in securities class action litigation outcomes. The results favor the view that plaintiff and defendant law firms with a higher market share are more reputable and better serve the interests of their respective clients in securities class action litigations.

In this paper, we study Nash equilibria for real R&D options in a context of non-cooperative oligopoly under fuzzy uncertainty in market shares and revealed information. In particular, we consider a duopoly fuzzy game in which each firm has two available strategies, that is to invest or to defer its research investment. The deferring option gives the benefit of the information revelation about market reaction but, on the other hand, the disadvantage of a lower market share. Since these two effects are not easily to quantify, we describe the revealed information and the market shares as fuzzy numbers. As shown by numerical examples, the proposed fuzzy framework allows to reach different firms' strategic behaviours and new Nash equilibria with respect to the crisp case.

The service industry has become increasingly competitive. One of the main drivers for increasing profits and market share is service quality. When consumers encounter a bad experience, or a frustration, they may be tempted to stop using the service. In collaboration with the ride-sharing platform Via, our goal is to understand the benefits of proactively compensating customers who have experienced a frustration. Motivated by historical data, we consider two types of frustrations: long waiting times and long travel times. We design and run three field experiments to investigate how different types of compensation affect the engagement of riders who experienced a frustration. We find that sending proactive compensation to frustrated riders (i) is profitable and boosts their engagement behavior, (ii) works well for long waiting times but not for long travel times, (iii) seems more effective than sending the same offer to nonfrustrated riders, and (iv) has an impact moderated by past usage frequency. We also observe that the best strategy is to send credit for future usage (as opposed to waiving the charge or sending an apologetic message). This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management.

Introduction Orthodontics is evolving with advances in 3D imaging, additive fabrication, digital scanning, and treatment planning. With digital tools, orthodontic treatment may become more predictable, efficient, and effective while reducing side-effects. These technologies are affecting patient care, but knowledge of their adoption patterns and influence is incomplete. We aimed to identify adoption decision makers, information sources, perspectives, incentives, and barriers. Methods Twenty-four privately practicing orthodontists were interviewed in a semistructured format following a topic guide. Interview transcripts were analyzed to identify factors in technology adoption and its perceived influence on practice. Thematic patterns were established through iterative systematic analysis, and qualitative validity was ensured with researcher triangulation. Results Qualitative interviews revealed that orthodontists make purchasing decisions independently from staff, after consulting other dentists and company representatives. Meetings, residency training, and continuing education courses are influential information sources, whereas research literature is not. Early and middle adopters are integrating digital imaging, planning, and fabrication technologies into practice and view enhanced ease of use, capabilities, performance, and procedural efficiency as primary incentives to adoption. Improving outcomes and patient comfort are not frequently cited as incentives, and all interviewees view cost as the largest barrier. Orthodontists positively perceive the influence of technology on their practices, but are concerned that further innovation and direct-to-consumer products will cause loss of market share. Conclusions CAD/CAM appliances, 3D imaging, and digital treatment planning are viewed as future standards of care and are increasingly being incorporated into the orthodontic office. Understanding the technology adoption process can guide innovation to improve treatment and ease the transition into a digital workflow.

Products exhibit network effects when the utility a customer obtains from buying a product depends not only on its attributes but also on the sales of the same or similar products. In this article, we study product line optimization problem considering network effects. We first characterize consumer choice model considering network effects. Then we investigate the product line optimization problem under such model. In the homogeneous case with the same products, we find that the optimal choice probabilities and optimal prices may be different for each product. In the heterogeneous case with different products, there is at most one product that takes the “high” market share while all the other products take “low” market share. In particular, when only the network effects are heterogeneous, the larger the network effect, the lower the optimal pricing and the higher the market share. Through numerical experiment, finally, we demonstrate the importance of considering network effects and test the robustness of solutions.

The echelon utilization of retired batteries has attracted more attention as the market share of electric vehicles (EVs) increases steadily year by year. The current battery recycling methods cannot utilize the remaining value of these retired batteries effectively. Studies have shown that the Second-Life Batteries (SLBs) have a much lower cost compared to fresh batteries but retain a certain capacity simultaneously, which means they have a high secondary utilization value. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel multi-stage system planning model including Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). BESS designed in this paper involves not only the use of fresh batteries but also the echelon utilization of SLBs and considers the multiple lifespan cycles based on its State of Health (SOH). Moreover, the proposed planning strategy integrates the electricity and transportation networks in the first stage and evaluates the flexibility of the planning system by comparing the adaptation costs of each system in the second stage. The proposed planning model is verified on the IEEE 33-bus electricity system and the 20-node transportation system. According to the simulation results, the differences in system cost and system operation situations caused by fresh batteries and SLBs are analyzed, verifying the effectiveness and flexibility of echelon utilization of SLBs.

This paper contributes to the literature on firms’ export pricing by assessing whether and to what extent firms take into account the expected future evolution of the exchange rates while setting their prices. Using French micro-level trade data, our empirical analysis reveals that by adjusting their export prices, firms partly absorb information about future exchange rate variations. The extent to which individual exporters absorb future exchange rate fluctuations is found to depend on their market power, in accordance with theoretical dynamic demand-side models encompassing mechanisms creating an inter-temporal relationship between current market shares and future profits. The analysis also shows that the strength of such expectation-related mechanism is considerably reduced with greater future exchange rate uncertainty, in line with an interpretation of pricing-to-market as an investment decision under uncertainty. In a comparative perspective our results are shown to drive asymmetric responses across destinations of aggregate bilateral export flows to expected exchange rate movements.

Frequency competition is critical for a full-service airline in gaining market share, and adopting a proper strategy can improve an airline’s profits. This study proposes a new equilibrium programming model with flow balance to address frequency competition on airports network with time slot constraints. We first show that a pure-strategy Nash equilibrium may not always exist, and thus forming a pure strategy profile in frequency competition among airlines may naturally lead to deviation from current frequency. Therefore, we formulate the problem as a programming model with a mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium. To avoid shocks from dramatic frequency changes across the network, airlines tend to fine-tune frequencies on select segments during each adjustment. We propose a procedure to generate a computationally tractable amount of representative strategies from a finite set of feasible strategies to demonstrate mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium. We conduct an empirical analysis using an example in which industry profitability increased by as much as 7.89%. We then extend the model to formulate frequency competition among metal-neutral alliances. The results show that forming metal-neutral alliances can improve total industry profits by 10.59%. In particular, a sensitivity analysis with real data on the tolerance of flow imbalance demonstrates that deducting the potential costs due to the relaxation of flow balance between congested airports may earn additional total industry profits in a frequency competition.

We consider a fundamental pricing model in which a fixed number of units of a reusable resource are used to serve customers. Customers arrive to the system according to a stochastic process and upon arrival decide whether or not to purchase the service, depending on their willingness-to-pay and the current price. The service time during which the resource is used by the customer is stochastic and the firm may incur a service cost. This model represents various markets for reusable resources such as cloud computing, shared vehicles, rotable parts, and hotel rooms. In the present paper, we analyze this pricing problem when the firm attempts to maximize a weighted combination of three central metrics: profit, market share, and service level. Under Poisson arrivals, exponential service times, and standard assumptions on the willingness-to-pay distribution, we establish a series of results that characterize the performance of static pricing in such environments. In particular, while an optimal policy is fully dynamic in such a context, we prove that a static pricing policy simultaneously guarantees 78.9% of the profit, market share, and service level from the optimal policy. Notably, this result holds for any service rate and number of units the firm operates. Our proof technique relies on a judicious construction of a static price that is derived directly from the optimal dynamic pricing policy. In the special case where there are two units and the induced demand is linear, we also prove that the static policy guarantees 95.5% of the profit from the optimal policy. Our numerical findings on a large testbed of instances suggest that the latter result is quite indicative of the profit obtained by the static pricing policy across all parameters.

The global outbreak of COVID-19 has further exposed deficiencies in city logistics based on human and ground roads, such as poor emergency response capacity and high risk of infection during transportation. Metro-based underground logistics system (M-ULS) may be an innovative approach to deal with this city-level disaster due to its efficient operation, contactless and driverless characteristics. However, the market evolution process and the quantitative calculation framework of comprehensive benefits after the application of M-ULS are still unclear, which has become a problem of mutual restriction with the extensive application of M-ULS. This paper attempts to use the system dynamics method, based on the real-world simulation, to analyze the quantitative relationship between the M-ULS implementation and the city logistics performance under epidemic outbreaks. Wuhan city in China was selected as the empirical background, and five simulation scenarios were set under different implementation strategies of M-ULS in response to the epidemic. Six variables were selected to measure city logistics performance and M-ULS operation status, including demand fill-rate, unit delivery time, total deprivation cost, total transportation cost, total number of susceptible people, and utilization rate of M-ULS. The results show that M-ULS is effective in improving the performance of city logistics and responding to the epidemic. The delivery time and transportation cost have a strong impact on the market share of M-ULS. Finally, a set of incentive policies was designed to promote the adoption of M-ULS. The findings not only provide a method for evaluating the overall performance of M-ULS, but also provide a unique perspective for promoting the implementation of M-ULS and responding to the transportation challenges brought by the epidemic.

Multiple studies employ consumers’ intentions rather than actual purchases when assessing organic food consumption. These studies typically suggest a green bias in organic market share. Employing reactance and construal level theory, this research investigates the impact of one’s social distance to the character depicted in ads (animal vs. human) and the temporal distance (present vs. future) toward organic animal husbandry on consumers’ purchase responses directly; indirectly, as related to the portrayed character; and generally to organic foods. Three 2 (temporal distance: low, high) × 2 (social distance: low, high) between-subjects experiments demonstrate that low social distance depicting humans rather than animals induces psychological reactance, which impedes purchase intentions of organic groceries, whereas ads featuring high social and temporal distance (depicting animals in an ideal future husbandry state) increase consumers’ purchase intentions and actual purchase behavior, even for products with no direct connection to the depicted character in the ads.

This paper models autonomous ridesharing — multiple travelers simultaneously riding one shared autonomous vehicle (SAV) — in a network equilibrium setting with mixed SAV and human-driven vehicle (HV) traffic. We make two major methodological contributions. First, a novel one (SAV)-to-many (riders) matching is proposed to characterize the waiting times of an SAV and multiple travelers who share rides in the SAV during online matching, which is a nontrivial generalization of the one-to-one matching without ridesharing. Our matching characterization considers the possibilities of a traveler matched with an SAV starting from the same origin, whereto the SAV moved unoccupied as a result of either pickup or relocation, or with an in-service SAV that goes through the traveler's origin. Second, a section-based formulation for SAV ridesharing user equilibrium is introduced to characterize the SAV traveler flow, which accommodates the possibility that an SAV traveler's itinerary (OD pair) is different from that of the serving SAV and other travelers in the SAV. Unlike the existing link and route based ridesharing formulations, the notion of section both prevents undesired traveler en-route transfer(s) and allows travelers of multiple ODs to share rides, meanwhile respecting the SAV seat capacity constraint. In addition to the above two methodological contributions, the optimal SAV fleet size, fare, routing, and allocation (to in-service, pickup, and relocation states) decisions of a transportation network company (TNC) are formulated. The TNC decisions anticipate traveler reactions as characterized by a new multimodal autonomous ridesharing user equilibrium (MARUE), which is put forward with a proof of its existence and finds the endogenous market shares and road congestion effects of SAV/HV. Original insights are obtained from model implementation, including substantial systemwide benefit of ridesharing, marginal benefit of relocation in the presence of ridesharing, and diminishing economies of SAV size.

The current situation and the prospects for an increase in the biodiesel market share in Ecuador were analyzed. The substitution of up to 15% of diesel (4.88 million barrels) would be possible using the surplus of African palm oil and the pinion crop expansion (1000 times). This would decrease the emitted CO2 (611,303 tons/year). Despite in Ecuador the biodiesel cost is 53% higher than diesel cost, the social and economic co-benefits at the pinion producer level must also be considered. To reduce the pinion oil costs, it is necessary to improve its performance (use sophisticated technologies). The use of other raw materials (e.g. lignocellulosic waste) could be another alternative.

The need for green energy and minimization of emissions has pushed automakers to cleaner transportation means. Electric vehicles market share is increasing annually at a high rate and is expected to grow even more. This paper aims to review the energy management systems and strategies introduced at literature including all the different approaches followed to minimize cost, weight and energy used but also maximize range and reliability. Current requirements needed for electric vehicles to be adopted are described with a brief report at hybrid energy storage. Even though various strategies and controlling modules are simplified, there is still option for improvement due to the complexity and quantity of calculated values. Driver behavior, traffic, storage characteristics and power splitting must be taken into consideration to prevent battery aging, oversizing and power losses. Hence battery lifetime will be extended and efficiency can be maximized.

Starting with this chapter, we make a deep plunge in the product development process with a very practical approach, exploring methods and tools that may support development teams in their work. The coverage of the development process will be limited to the first phases, at least up to the point where general-purpose methods can be applied, irrespectively of the industry and of the technology that underlies products or services. The subsequent phases of product development, which focus on the detailed design of products and processes and on product industrialization, will therefore be left aside.

Xerox spent most of the 1980s painfully regaining, inch by inch, the market share it had lost so dramatically to new entrants from its dominant position in the market in the 1970s. In Europe, for instance, Xerox’s market share tumbled from 18% in the early 1980s to 4% in 1986, stabilizing around 15% in 1989. Central to this comeback was an obsessive dedication to quality, and the introduction of just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing and distribution. In fact, Xerox spent the second half of the 1980s implementing the JIT philosophy in its European manufacturing operations. In this process, Xerox rationalized its supply base, reducing it from 5,000 suppliers to 300, enabled direct delivery into the production lines, and closed down all of its national warehouses, centralizing the distribution activities through a European logistics center in Holland.1 As emphasized in Figure 3.1, this supply chain rationalization effort was accompanied by a reclassification of the product offerings, ranging from built-to-order high-end products to make-to-stock low-end products with different decoupling points.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin dünya pazarındaki rekabet gücünün pamuk ve pamuklu dokuma itibariyle belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Materyal ve Yöntem: Çalışmanın ana materyali; UN COMTRADE’den sağlanan pamuk ve pamuklu dokuma ile ilgili dış ticaret verileridir. Veriler kullanılarak Türkiye ve rakip ülkeler için Nispi İhracat Avantajı (RXA), Nispi İthalat Avantajı (RMA), Nispi Ticaret Avantajı (RTA), Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükler (RCA), İhracatta Uzmanlaşma (ESI) endeksi hesaplanmıştır. Dünya pazarında meydana gelen değişim ve bu değişimin ardında yatan nedenler ise sabit pazar payı analizi ile açıklanmıştır. Araştırma Bulguları: Türkiye’nin kütlü pamukta rakipleri karşısında bir üstünlüğü söz konusu değildir. Türkiye ele alınan dönemde kardelenmiş pamukta daha avantajlı konuma gelmiştir. RTA endeksi açısından ise ele alınan dönemde sınırlı bir avantaja sahiptir. Pamuklu dokuma açısından sonuçlar incelendiğinde diğer ürünlerden farklı bir durumda olmadığı, rekabet gücünün az olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Elde edilen sonuçlar incelendiğinde pamukta Türkiye’nin yurtiçi talebini karşılayamadığı için talebin %50’sinden fazlasını ithalat yoluyla karşıladığı bulunmuştur. Türkiye’nin kardelenmemiş pamukta (5201) rekabet gücü yok iken, kardelenmiş pamukta (5203) zayıf derecede üstünlüğü söz konusudur. Pamuklu dokuma açısından da Türkiye’nin zayıf derecede üstünlüğü söz konusudur.

As global warming has severely threatened the ecosystem and sustainable development of human beings, carbon trading scheme is introduced to mitigate global warming and consumer environmental awareness (CEA) is gradually enhanced. Government regulation and consumer supervision have required firms to seek efficient strategies of product rollover and emission abatement in order to sustain and increase market share. This paper constructs a two-period analytical model in the context of intertemporal carbon emission regulation to investigate how carbon emission regulations and CEA affect the optimal strategies of product rollover, emission abatement, and social welfare. The results reveal that without consumer supervision, the firm prefers to adopt dual product rollover strategy and the optimal product rollover strategy depends on costs and benefits when product recycling is considered. When CEA is high, welfare and emission abatement regulated by hybrid policy is lower than those regulated by carbon trading scheme. When CEA is low, emission abatement under hybrid policy is superior to those regulated by carbon trading scheme. These findings help provide implications for improving carbon emission management efficiency and prompting sustainable development.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to theoretically and empirically advance a concept of competitive antecedents to absorptive capacity (AC) research and to explain their relationship to a firm’s innovative performance. A firm’s competitive antecedents involve a relative advantage in a firm’s ability to access external knowledge – (i.e. relative advantage in external knowledge flows) – and a relative advantage in appropriating these external knowledge flows (i.e. relative advantage in appropriability regime). Design/methodology/approach By drawing on network and market share explanations, hypotheses were developed in which a firm’s AC is argued to mediate the influence of these competitive antecedents on a firm’s innovations. In using linear and negative binomial estimation methods, a mediation analysis of the US biotechnology industry was conducted. Findings A firm’s competitive antecedents have a positive influence on a firm’s AC and that these influences indirectly impact a biotechnology firm’s product innovations. Originality/value While a firm’s innovation is widely attributed to its AC, this study’s concept of competitive antecedents shows that a firm’s competitive advantage lies upstream from its AC.

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the impact of market structure and market share on the performance of the Islamic banks operating in the Iranian banking system based on the structure-conduct-performance (SCP) paradigm. Design/methodology/approach The Iranian Islamic banking system’s market structure is evaluated by using the econometrics method to test the validity of the traditional SCP paradigm. For this purpose, the authors estimate a simple regression model that is consisted of several independent variables, such as the market share, bank size, real gross domestic product, liquidity and Herfindahl-Hirschman index as a proxy variable for concentration and one dependent variable, namely, the profit as a proxy for performance. The panel data includes a data sample of 22 Islamic banks operating from 2006 to 2019. Data are extracted from the balance sheet of Islamic banks and the time-series database of the Central Bank of Iran and World Bank. Findings The study’s findings indicate that both concentration and market share have a positive impact on the performance of banks in the Iranian Islamic banking system. This result is contradicted with both traditional SCP and efficient structure hypotheses; however, it confirms the existence of oligopoly or cartel in the Iranian Islamic banking system that few banks try to gain the highest share of profit and maintain their market share by colluding with each other. This result is in contradiction with other research studies about the market structure in the Iranian banking system that claimed that banks in Iran operate under monopolistic competition. In addition, it shows that the privatization of some banks in Iran does not improve and help competition in the Iranian banking system. Originality/value This paper is a pioneer empirical study analyzing the market structure, concentration and collusion based on the SCP paradigm in Iranian Islamic banking. The results of the study support the existence of collusive behavior among the Islamic bank in Iran that is not aligned with Sharia. This study clearly shows the difference between ideal Islamic banking and Islamic banking in practice in Islamic countries. This clearly indicates that only prohibiting some operations like receiving interest, gambling and bearing excessive risk is not enough. In fact, the Islamic banking system should be based on the Sharia rule in all aspects and much more modification and study have to be done to achieve an appropriate Islamic banking system. These possible modifications to overcome the issues of cartel-like market structure and collusive behavior in the Iranian Islamic banking system include making the Iranian banking system more transparent, letting foreign banks enter the Iranian banking system and minimizing the government intervention in the Iranian banking system.

Retail distribution is one of the major challenges in emerging economies. These economies are volatile and filled with inefficiencies, and the representativeness of unstructured retail increases the complexity of distribution systems for consumer packaged-goods companies. We analyze 644 brands to extend the existing literature by modeling the retail distribution and market share in an emerging market according to the type of retail channel (full- and self-service channels), moderated by economic fluctuations and the market position of a brand (high- and low-share brands). Our model controls for endogeneity using instrumental variables (IVs) and accommodates heterogeneity across brands and categories by means of a fixed-effects robust regression. Our study highlights that the relationship between distribution and market share exhibits greater convexity in the self-service channel than in the full-service channel. Further, we contribute to the existing research in distribution effectiveness in emerging markets by showing the convex effect of distribution on market share could vary when the economy changes. Distribution gains are more effective in the self-service channel than in the full-service channel in times of economic decline. Also, the results indicate the higher degree of convexity in the relationship between distribution and market share for the self-service channel compared with the full-service channel is increased further for high-share brands than for low-share brands.

Public transport is a pivotal utility in increasing the long-term sustainability of cities. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in promoting a sustainable modal shift that reduces dependence on private vehicle use. This strategy has involved several specific actions, among them employing price differentiation between the two substitutes considered in this research – public transport and private cars. Governments can influence fares in different ways. However, fiscal policy governing applicable taxes is one that is often neglected in the literature. This paper investigates the relationship between the market share of public transport and taxation – in particular, value added tax (VAT), which is levied on three main products: public transport fares, fuel, and vehicle ownership. The results show that taxes matter, but not all taxes are determinant. A lower VAT rate on public transport fares and a higher tax rate on vehicle ownership can lead to an increase in public transport's market share. Taxing car utilization through VAT on fuel does appear to be significant.

Despite the growing market share of electric scooter-style motorcycles (e-scooters), only limited insight into the role of environmental concern with respect to their adoption is available. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychological and contextual factors that associate with a switch from fossil fuel scooters to e-scooters. To model these factors, we conducted two studies in Taiwan. In Study 1, we elicited context-specific reasons for and against purchasing an e-scooter in a series of semi-structured interviews. In Study 2, we analyzed data from a survey among consumers (N = 320) using structural equation modelling. We consider the most important reasons from Study 1 together with environmental concerns (egoistic, altruistic, biospheric) in their relationship with intentions to switch to an e-scooter using the framework of Behavioral Reasoning Theory (BRT). In doing so, we provide unique insights for marketers and policymakers who seek to encourage the switch to this more sustainable form of mobility. We found environmental concerns among users of fossil-fueled scooters to be associated with attitude toward as well as reasons for and against switching to an e-scooter. But only a biospheric concern appeared to relate to both reason types and attitude, whereas egoistic and altruistic concerns only associated with reasons for the switch. The study also provides researchers and marketers in the e-scooter industry with a framework for understanding the role of environmental concern and contextual factors on purchase intention for a sustainable mobility product.

PurposeWith the rapid growth of the economy, people have increasingly higher living standards, and although people simply pursued material wealth in the past, they now pay more attention to material quality and safety and environmental protection. This paper discusses the lack of motivation for investing in fresh-keeping technology for agricultural products by individual members of an agricultural supply chain composed of a supplier and a retailer by means of mathematical models and data simulations and discuss the optimal price-invest strategies under different sales models.Design/methodology/approachFirst, based on the model of no investment by both sides (NN), this paper considers three models: supplier only (MN), retailer only (NR) and cooperative investment (MR). Then, the authors analyze the influence of consumer price sensitivity and freshness sensitivity on the investment motivation of agricultural products under four models. Subsequently, the paper makes a sensitivity analysis of the optimal strategies under several models, and makes a game analysis of the suppliers and retailers of agricultural products. Finally, we conduct an empirical analysis through specific values.FindingsThe results show that (a) when the two sides cooperate, the amount of investment is largest, the freshness of the agricultural products is highest, and the sales volume is greatest; however, when both sides do not invest, the freshness of agricultural products and sales volume are lowest. (b) The price and freshness sensitivity of the consumer have an impact on investment decisions. Greater freshness sensitivity corresponds to a higher investment, higher agricultural product price, greater sales volume, and greater supply chain member income and overall income; however, greater price sensitivity corresponds to a lower investment, lower agricultural product price, lower sales volume, fewer supply chain members and lower overall income. (c) The investment game between the supplier and retailer is not only related to the sensitivity to price and freshness but also to the coordination coefficients of interest. At the same time, the market position of agricultural products should be considered when making decisions. The market share of agricultural products will affect the final game equilibrium and then affect the final benefit of the supply chain and individual members.Practical implicationsThese results provide managerial insights for enterprises preparing to invest in agricultural products preservation technology.Originality/valueAt present, the main problem is that member enterprises of agricultural supply chains operate based on their own benefits and are resistant to investing alone to improve the freshness of agricultural products. Instead, they would prefer that other members invest so that they may reap the benefits at no cost. Therefore, the enterprises in each node of the agricultural product supply chain are not motivated enough to invest, and competition and game states are observed among them, and such behavior is definitely not conducive to improving the freshness of agricultural products. However, the current research on agricultural products is more about price, quality and greenness, etc., and there are few studies on agricultural investment. Through the establishment of the model, this paper is expected to provide theoretical suggestions for the supply chain enterprises that plan to invest in agricultural products preservation technology.

Purpose The singularity of being the first Chinese manufacturer of drug-eluting stents to arrive in Brazil and the country being selected as the company's first experience outside its home country motivated the interest in the study of this case, vis-à-vis with the characteristic of internationalization medical device companies according to the Uppsala model. Considering this context, the following research question was outlined: “How did Microport internationalize before the distribution of its stents product in Brazil?” The aim of the study is to investigate Microport's internationalization process for the distribution of its drug-eluting stents in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach Exploratory research under the qualitative method was adopted. It chose the single case study as a procedure for data collection, as it is a revealing, exemplary subject that offers opportunities for access to unusual research. The company MicroPort was chosen because in the period when Chinese medical device companies were focused on gaining market share in China, MicroPort began its international expansion, choosing Brazil as the first country to have its own subsidiary. It consists in the case of the internationalization of a high-tech EMNE in an emerging country that has institutional and cultural differences. Findings Taking advantage of new technology in highly internationalized environments favors its insertion; the internationalization of medical technology can expand according to the Uppsala Model, which does not explain internationalization, but rather its evolution. Cultural and behavioral issues reinforce that the development of the market for medical devices depends on local perspectives and values. The formation of an ecosystem in the local market for internationalization is observed. One implication of the study is that MicroPort's experience and the application of the Uppsala model for international expansion can serve as an important learning experience for Brazilian multinational companies. Research limitations/implications Empirical analysis carried out in the context of a single company. Although the results can be used as lessons learned from the application of the Uppsala model for international expansion of EMNE in an emerging market, caution should be exercised when generalizing its findings. Future studies could carry out comparative cases considering other emerging multinational companies, from the same sector or even from different industries, investing in other emerging markets. There is a limitation of the fact that the case studied does not explore the concepts of the later stages of the Uppsala model. Practical implications High-tech EMNEs internationalizing in other markets need to adopt aggressive strategies. The need to adopt different strategies for supply chain operations according to the specificities of the markets in which they operate. Important contributions to the Uppsala model, with regard to the process of passing stages, learning and networking. The findings of this study have similarities to the process described as a sequence of distinct phases of activities. Social implications A local top management team is essential to deal with institutional issues of government agencies when EMNE is internationalized in a culturally distant market. When there are major institutional differences between the country of origin and the host country, the autonomy in the management of the foreign subsidiary positively influences the acceleration of the internationalization process of companies in the high-tech sector. When there are major institutional differences between the country of origin and the country of destination, the use of local social networks positively influences the acceleration of the internationalization process of companies in the high-technology sector. Originality/value Regardless of these limitations, the study provided an exciting case of internationalization of a Chinese company in Brazil operating in a high-tech medical sector. The challenges for the internationalization of EMNEs continue, which makes it opportune for future studies to include more research in this area. The propositions suggested in the study may be the first step.

This research presents a retail analytics application which uses machine learning (ML) to identify and predict under- and overperforming consumer packaged goods (CPGs) using retail scanner data. Essential to measuring market performance at the SKU level is the relationship between distribution and market share (the velocity curve). We validate that ML can reproduce the velocity curve, and ML is further used to predict underperforming, in-line performing, and overperforming SKUs relative to the velocity curve, based on a range of variables (SKU features) at a point in time. Our ML approach can correctly predict 83% of SKUs as under-, in-line-, or overperforming based on their characteristics. The research analyzes 9,321 SKUs of 2,565 brands across seven product categories of CPGs which were sold in 8,117 stores from 49 different retail chains of five different retail channels located in the US states of California, New York, Texas, and Wisconsin. The retail stores comprise convenience stores, drug stores, food stores, liquor stores, and mass merchandise retail stores. The data is Nielsen retail store scanner data for the calendar year 2014. The relationship between distribution and market share is a market-wide proxy for the ratio of relative sales in a category to, for example, aggregate shelf space, a key retail productivity metric. We further find indications that the distribution of SKUs across different store sizes, the stores’ category specialization, the line length of the brands, the overall performance of the parent brand, and sales consistency are the most important characteristics for the prediction of market share performance beyond the velocity curve. The methods and results presented will help CPG marketers (suppliers and retailers) understand which SKUs are under-, in-line-, or overperforming and the potential factors contributing to that performance. Optimizing assortments and portfolios is essential to decrease failure rates of individual SKUs. ML approaches can evolve to complementary support tools for such management problems.

While researchers have stressed the potential of automated vehicle (AV) technology in improving mobility and accessibility for a range of people, only a few attempts have been made to examine the impact of this new technology on different segments of the population in a realistic setting using high-fidelity simulation. To fill this gap, we analyze the equity implications of Automated Mobility-on-Demand (AMoD) in three full-scale prototype cities using SimMobility, a state-of-the-art activity- and agent-based framework. The prototype cities were developed based on two auto-dependent typologies, representing cities largely in the US/Canada, and a dense transit-oriented typology. We perform equity analyses at the individual and income-group level, in order to reveal the winners and losers from the introduction of AVs under two scenarios: (1) AMoD Intro, in which a low-cost AMoD service competes with mass transit, and (2) AMoD Transit Integration, where AMoD complements mass transit, via access/egress connectivity service to rapid transit stations. We evaluate the following outcomes: induced demand by age and income groups, mode share by income levels, individual kilometers traveled by different modes and income levels, and the spatial distribution of change in fare and accessibility. Outcomes are considered as equity-oriented if they reduce accessibility gaps, particularly among disadvantaged populations. Our results indicate that in large population-dense and transit-oriented cities, the most equity-oriented outcomes can be achieved, due to extensive mass transit usage, which depresses car usage and restricts induced demand for AMoD. Such cities provide greater opportunities for low-income groups. Specifically, the AMoD Transit Integration scenario results in the best outcomes and implies a new market share, as disadvantaged groups, such as children and low-income individuals, were able to travel more using the integrated AMoD-transit service. Nevertheless, in car-dependent cities, where accessibility gaps are much larger, AMoD Intro scenario performs better compared to AMoD Transit Integration, as it serves the less accessible population and significantly improves their opportunities.

With the ongoing increase of variable renewable energy sources (VRES), such as wind or solar power, weather dependent production profiles induce uncertainty on the supply side and drastically change operations in power markets. In this paper, we study how an increasing market share of VRES affects spot power price dynamics and the forward price premium. Using data from simulated power markets, we analyse the forward premium in three identical power markets with a varying market share of VRES supplied to the system. We demonstrate that markets with a high share of supply from VRES yield a significantly lower forward premium than markets with a low market share of wind or solar supply. Where our results confirm that, regardless of the market share of supply from VRES, forward power prices contain information about future spot power prices, the study also provides evidence for a shift in the sign of the forward premium, from positive in a market with no VRES to negative when the share of VRES is high. These insights generate important implications for producers, retailers and other market participants exposed to wholesale price risk.

In 2019, the number of conventional vehicles in Indonesia reached 133,617,012 units, dominated by motorcycles of 112,771,136 units and passenger cars of 15,592,419 units. The high number of conventional motorcycle users can increase the number of pollutants and combustion emissions in the environment. This condition has encouraged the transition to a sustainable transport system that will be needed for decades to come, especially for the electric motorcycle to resolve the issue. This research aims to predict and estimate the market share of electric motorcycles by considering life cycle cost per kilometer. System dynamics simulations are developed to model the adoption-diffusion of electric motorcycles in Indonesia. This model has four main modules: an electric motorcycle module, a conventional motorcycle module, an economy module, and a consumer market module. This model shows a positive trend of EM market share from 2021-2030, with the market share value of EM is 0,411 in 2030. The development of retail price subsidy and electricity price scenarios is also carried out to determine the right policies to accelerate the adoption-diffusion process. Based on the scenario, the provision of retail price subsidy and a decrease in electricity price can increase the value of the EM Market Share.

Case overview Maruti Suzuki India Limited (MSIL), a joint venture between Maruti Udyog Limited, India and Suzuki Motors, Japan, is considering repositioning its WagonR brand amidst issues of overall decline in sales in the automobile industry. With a market share of more than 53%, MSIL is the market leader in passenger vehicle segment in India, yet it is facing difficulties in driving up sales. The company’s portfolio comprises entry-hatch, mid-hatch, premium-hatch, sedan, SUV/MUV, crossover and van. The case dilemma involves the decision that MSIL’s management should take for the repositioning of WagonR, a compact hatchback, at a time when the automobile industry is showing no signs of recovery. Is it opportune to reposition WagonR, given the current situation of the passenger car market in India? If yes, what can MSIL learn from its past positioning efforts and how can it use insights about consumers’ current perceptions of WagonR’s brand image to arrive at a repositioning decision? Leaning objectives Using the case will help address the following objectives: to expose students to the challenges of repositioning an established brand; appreciate the need for and importance of repositioning established brands; evaluate existing positioning and market conditions for making a sound decision; and develop analytical skills that will prepare them to make decisions in real business scenarios. Complexity academic level The study is suitable for Masters level students in courses on Marketing Management, but it can also work well in elective courses such as brand management. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 8: Marketing.

Refereed/Peer-reviewed E-fashion brand competition has historically been studied from an attitudinal lens, through surveys and theory-based approaches. These studies generally examine consumer attitudes, satisfaction and loyalty; highlighting that trust, satisfaction and reputation are key e-commerce success elements. However, the empirical consumer behaviour literature rebuts the use of attitudes to explain brand performance, criticising their subjectivity and the overall ineffectiveness of loyalty as a brand growth tool. The article presents Gerald Goodhardt and colleagues' Dirichlet model as an alternative approach to understanding e-fashion buyer behaviour. The Dirichlet model is a robust, stochastic model that has reliably predicted well-established law-like patterns of buyer behaviour and brand competition. We apply Dirichlet modelling to a new, non-fast moving consumer goods category to extend consumer behaviour research in the online environment. The study uses consumer panel data from the United Kingdom, across two consecutive years. We conclude that the Dirichlet model has an excellent fit within the eBay fashion brand market. The study also identifies that the well-known double jeopardy pattern exists within this market, demonstrating that e-fashion brands grow through acquisition rather than retention of customers. This provides a different viewpoint than most e-fashion brand growth literature. In addition to this, we examine the predictive capability of the Dirichlet model. We use a holdout sample to show that the model can predict future brand performance metrics, which is an exciting new development in consumer behaviour research.

BackgroundThe government of Vietnam is embarking on a radical tobacco excise tax reform, switching from the current pure ad valorem scheme to a mixed system by adding a specific component. There have been concerns raised by state-owned tobacco companies against this initiative that switching to a mixed scheme may shift consumption away from cheaper, domestic brands to more expensive, foreign brands (produced locally by joint ventures between multinational tobacco companies and domestic firms) and to illicit cigarettes, thus impairing the domestic industry, rather than reducing cigarette consumption effectively. Unfortunately, although this concern has been one of the biggest obstacles to the tobacco tax reform in the country, no study thus far has attempted to address it due mostly to the unavailability of relevant micro-market data with detailed information on brand choice.ObjectivesThis research attempts to study cigarette brand substitution patterns and quantify the potential effect of the proposed tax structure change on cigarette brand choice to inform tax policy discussions in Vietnam.MethodsA discrete choice experiment is conducted to collect data on smokers’ stated brand choice when cigarette prices change exogenously. Combined with data on their current cigarette consumption, random parameter logit models were estimated and then used to calculate brand-level price semielasticities as well as numerically simulate the impact of tax reforms on smoking.ResultsSmokers are more likely to substitute a low-priced domestic brand with another domestic brand than either with a foreign brand or with an illicit brand, both of which are more expensive. Furthermore, the opt-out is one of the closest substitutes to low-priced brands and also the most sensitive to a change in their prices, implying that smokers of low-priced brands are more likely to buy none of the studied brands when cigarette prices increase. This provides strong suggestive evidence that they appear more likely to stop smoking when faced with higher cigarette prices. Imposing a specific tax tends to reduce the market share for both low-priced and high-priced licit brands, although the estimated market share reduction is larger for the former. In response to specific tax increases, a large share of current smokers do not intend to switch to illegal cigarette brands, but rather choose none of the experimented brands, suggesting their intention to quit. Finally, the magnitude of substitution to illicit brands tends to be negatively related to change in their prices as a result of the specific excise tax hike.ConclusionContrary to the raised concern, smokers are more likely to substitute a domestic brand with another domestic brand than with a foreign brand. Moreover, the threat of illicit trade should not be exaggerated, and there are actions that the government of Vietnam can take to mitigate the threat effectively.

PurposeCorporate organizations could enhance their economic and commercial values through knowledge acquisitions and exploitations. The purpose of this study is to analyze the economic and commercial performance effect of poultry management absorptive capacity in Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachStructural equation modeling was used in the analysis of a random sample of 300 poultry managers and owners surveyed within the South-Eastern Nigeria. The scales that quantified the latent variables of the factors were tested for reliability and consistency using confirmatory factor analysis.FindingsThe study found evidence that the difference between economically and commercially viable poultry businesses and failing ones depends on the level of absorptive capacity. Absorptive capacity advanced innovations that resulted in higher economic and commercial performance of poultry farm. Poultry firms' profitability, sales growth and market shares were positively increased by absorptive capacity dimensions of acquisition, assimilation, transformation and exploitation.Research limitations/implicationsThe study was carried out within a region in Nigeria and thus could be limited by generalization to the developed country.Originality/valueThis study is the first to link four dimensions of absorptive capacity to the economic and commercial performance of poultry businesses in Nigeria. As such, it originally breaks new frontier of poultry farming from dynamic capabilities and absorptive capacity perspectives.

The metro has developed rapidly in the past two decades and has become one of the crucial patterns of transportation for urban residents in China. Many studies have explored the factors affecting metro ridership, but few have focused on the metro usage of specific groups, such as the elderly and students. This paper uses the negative binomial regression model to explore the relationship between the built environment and the metro ridership of three types of people (adults, the elderly, and students) by using the metro smart card data of Qingdao. We also used the fractional response model to discuss the factors that influence the ridership share for the elderly and students. The results show that most variables promote the metro usage of the three groups of people but have a significantly different effect on the market share of those groups. Specifically, the number of schools, hospitals, supermarkets, squares, parks, and scenic spots near metro stations significantly increases the proportion of the elderly metro usage. The number of bus stops and schools substantially increases the share of metro ridership by students. The research results can provide valuable insights for promoting the metro’s overall ridership and minimizing the gap in allocating public transport resources among different groups.

Company age and experience are concepts that remain the same. Younger and older companies differ in experience and other aspects. The company's innovation activities change over time and the age of the company reflects the process of growth and accumulation of experience. Age is considered an important determinant of corporate innovation because of its learning effect, which enables mature companies to innovate more effectively as they build on previous routines and capabilities. Over time, companies can not only innovate based on past experience and capabilities, but can also accumulate resources, managerial knowledge, and the ability to handle uncertainty. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of company age on financial performance, as measured by return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). The results of the regression analysis show that the age of the company has no effect on ROA and ROE. Based on the results of this study, the management of Bank Victoria Syariah should try to increase market share to increase financial performance, for example by intensifying promotions and corporate cooperation.

In recent years, organizations in the tourism and service industries have fiercely competed to attract tourists and to gain market share and profit. It is challenging for entrepreneurs and the gove...

Green marketing has evolved, although the market share of green products remains considerably low. Green products are part of comprehensive green marketing, and this sort of marketing has progressed to the point that practically every consumer is aware of it. The study focuses on the factors that influence the adoption and consumption patterns of green goods in the greater Durban area. The study used a quantitative, non-probability, and random sampling strategy to discover consumers' sentiments toward the purchase of green products. The data was collected through the use of questionnaires and analyzed using the SPSS. The sample size was 384 customers from retail malls in selected Durban suburbs, representing a wide demographic and cultural background. The study's findings revealed that customers in the greater Durban area are aware of green products. Green products, on the other hand, are regarded as affluent due to their high pricing. This means that companies developing green products will have to look for ways to cut their pricing. The survey also reveals that when customers must pick between green and non-green items, pricing is a crucial factor. The study's findings are limited to the confines of the wider Durban area and cannot be extrapolated.