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El objetivo: evaluar la actividad física (AF), aptitud física (ApF) y competencia motora (CM) entre jóvenes caboverdianos en relación con el estado de peso. La altura, peso, ApF (fuerza de prensión, flexiones de brazos, abdominales, sentarse-alcanzar, una milla de carrera/caminata), CM (KTK) yAF (podómetros) se midieron en 343 niños y niñas de 12-14 años. Se utilizó ANCOVA. AF y CM no variaron consistentemente con el estado de peso. La aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y la fuerza de prensión de las niñas delgadas fueron significativamente mejores que las de peso normal y con sobrepeso/obesidad. Los niños con bajo peso se desempeñaron significativamente mejor que los niños normales y con sobrepeso/obesidad. En conclusión, las diferencias entre los jóvenes por estado de peso no fueron evidentes, excepto en la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria en las niñas y la fuerza de prensión en ambos sexos. CM se diferenciaba por el estado de peso solo entre las niñas Aim: evaluate physical activity (PA), physical fitness (PF) and motor competence (MC) relative weight status among Cabo Verde youth. Height and weight were measured in 343 boys and girls 12-14 years. PF tests included grip strength, push-ups, curl-ups, sit-and-reach, one-mile-run/walk. KTK tests were the indicator of MC. PA was estimated with pedometers. ANCOVA was used. PA and MC did not vary consistently with weight status. Cardiorespiratory fitness and grip strength per unit mass of thin girls was significantly better than normal weight and overweight/obese girls. Underweight boys performed significantly better in grip strength per unit mass than normal and overweight/obese boys. In conclusions, differences among youth by weight status were not apparent except for the one-mile run in girls and grip strength per unit body mass in both sexes. MC differed by weight status only among girls Objetivo: avaliar a atividade física (AF), aptidão física (ApF) e competência motora (CM) em jovens cabo-verdianos de acordo com o estatuto ponderal. Altura, peso, ApP (força de preensão, flexões de braços, elevações do tronco, sentar-alcançar, correr/caminhar uma milha), CM (bateria KTK) e AF (pedómetros) foram medidos em 343 meninos e meninas de 12-14 anos. ANCOVA foi usada. A AF e CM não variaram com o estatuto ponderal. Aptidão cardiorrespiratória e força de preensão de meninas magras foram melhores do que a das meninas com peso normal e com sobrepeso/obesidade. Rapazes com baixo peso tiveram desempenho melhor na força de preensão do que rapazes normais e com sobrepeso/obesidade. Conclusão, as diferenças entre os jovens por estatuto ponderal não foram evidentes, exceto para a corrida de uma milha em meninas e força de preensão por unidade de massa corporal em ambos os sexos. MC diferiu por estatuto ponderal apenas entre as meninas.

This paper quantifies the impact of different policy options on the economic viability of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production technologies. The pathways considered include isobutanol to jet from corn grain, hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) from inedible fats and oils, HEFA from palm fatty acid distillate, synthesized iso-paraffins from sugarcane, Fischer-Tropsch (FT) gasification and synthesis from municipal solid waste, and micro FT from wood residues. The policies considered include feedstock subsidies, capital grants, output based incentives, and two policies intended to reduce project risk. Stochastic techno-economic analysis models are used to quantify the policies’ impact on project net present value and minimum selling price of the middle distillate fuel products. None of the technology pathways studied are found to be financially viable without policy aid. The median total policy costs required for economic viability range from 35 to 337 million USD per production facility, or 0.07–0.71 USD/liter. Our results indicate that the cumulative impact of multiple policies, similar in magnitude to analogous real-world fuel policies, could result in economically viable SAF production.

Additional file 2. Ecosystem services categorization.

Additional file 3. Soil ecosystem services.

Additional file 1. Supplementary materials and descriptions of regression functions of each sub-process of ATJ production, first-order and second-order stochastic dominance, and Welch's t-test result for breakeven price distribution.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the developmental changes in performance in a repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test in young soccer players of contrasting maturity status. A total of 83 regional level Portuguese youth soccer players, aged 11-13 years at baseline was assessed annually. Stature, body mass, 7x34.2-m sprint protocol (25-s active recovery), 20-m multi-stage continuous shuttle endurance run and counter-movement jump (CMJ) without the use of the arms were measured. Fat-free mass (FFM) was determined by age and gender-specific formulas. Developmental changes in total sprint time across ages were predicted using multilevel modeling. Corresponding measurements were performed on an independent cross-sectional subsample of 52 youth soccer players 11-17 years to evaluate the predictive model. CA, CA(2), maturational status (SA-CA), body size (mass and stature), FFM, aerobic endurance, lower limb explosive strength and annual volume training significantly improved the statistical fit of the RSA multilevel model. In 'late' maturing athletes, the best model for predicting change in RSA was expressed by the following equation: 86.54 - 2.87 x CA + 0.05 x CA(2) - 0.25 x FFM + 0.15 x body mass + 0.05 x stature - 0.05 x aerobic endurance - 0.09 x lower limb explosive strength - 0.01 x annual volume training. The best fitting models for players who were 'on time' and 'early' maturing were identical to the best model for late maturing players, less 0.64 seconds and 1.74 seconds, respectively. Multilevel modeling provided performance curves that permitted the prediction of individual RSA performance across adolescent years in regional level soccer players. Key pointsRepeated-sprint ability tests are a valuable sport-specific field test of sprint performance in youth soccer players. Here, the test had reasonable reliability and can be useful to trainers and coaches in the assessment of young athletes and in monitoring changes over time.The total sprint time of youth soccer players advanced in biological maturation improves more, on average, than that of players who are on time (average) and late in maturation. The performance difference between early and late maturing players is consistent after about 13 years of age.Multilevel modeling is a promising statistical technique for analyzing the development of functional capacity in a sport. It has the potential to provide useful information to assist trainers and coaches in evaluating and facilitating the development of individual players.

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has alleged that Volkswagen Group of America (VW) violated the Clean Air Act (CAA) by developing and installing emissions control system 'defeat devices' (software) in model year 2009–2015 vehicles with 2.0 litre diesel engines. VW has admitted the inclusion of defeat devices. On-road emissions testing suggests that in-use NO[subscript x] emissions for these vehicles are a factor of 10 to 40 above the EPA standard. In this paper we quantify the human health impacts and associated costs of the excess emissions. We propagate uncertainties throughout the analysis. A distribution function for excess emissions is estimated based on available in-use NO[subscript x] emissions measurements. We then use vehicle sales data and the STEP vehicle fleet model to estimate vehicle distance traveled per year for the fleet. The excess NO[subscript x] emissions are allocated on a 50 km grid using an EPA estimate of the light duty diesel vehicle NO[subscript x] emissions distribution. We apply a GEOS-Chem adjoint-based rapid air pollution exposure model to produce estimates of particulate matter and ozone exposure due to the spatially resolved excess NO[subscript x] emissions. A set of concentration-response functions is applied to estimate mortality and morbidity outcomes. Integrated over the sales period (2008–2015) we estimate that the excess emissions will cause 59 (95% CI: 10 to 150) early deaths in the US. When monetizing premature mortality using EPA-recommended data, we find a social cost of ~$450m over the sales period. For the current fleet, we estimate that a return to compliance for all affected vehicles by the end of 2016 will avert ~130 early deaths and avoid ~$840m in social costs compared to a counterfactual case without recall.

Lifecycle analysis is a tool widely used to evaluate the climate impact of greenhouse gas emissions attributable to the production and use of biofuels. In this paper we employ an augmented lifecycle framework that includes climate impacts from changes in surface albedo due to land use change. We consider eleven land-use change scenarios for the cultivation of biomass for middle distillate fuel production, and compare our results to previous estimates of lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions for the same set of land-use change scenarios in terms of CO2e per unit of fuel energy. We find that two of the land-use change scenarios considered demonstrate a warming effect due to changes in surface albedo, compared to conventional fuel, the largest of which is for replacement of desert land with salicornia cultivation. This corresponds to 222 gCO2e/MJ, equivalent to 3890% and 247% of the lifecycle GHG emissions of fuels derived from salicornia and crude oil, respectively. Nine of the land-use change scenarios considered demonstrate a cooling effect, the largest of which is for the replacement of tropical rainforests with soybean cultivation. This corresponds to − 161 gCO2e/MJ, or − 28% and − 178% of the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of fuels derived from soybean and crude oil, respectively. These results indicate that changes in surface albedo have the potential to dominate the climate impact of biofuels, and we conclude that accounting for changes in surface albedo is necessary for a complete assessment of the aggregate climate impacts of biofuel production and use., Federal Aviation Administration, United States. Air Force Research Laboratory, United States. Defense Logistics Agency (DLA Energy, Project 47 of the Partnership for Air Transportation Noise and Emissions Reduction (PARTNER))