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Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder caused by various causes and characteristics of chronic hyperglycemia accompanied by impaired carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from impaired insulin secretion or insulin action. Purpose: Knowing the influence of diabetic wounds on people with Diabetes Mellitus. Method: Quantitative research with analytical survey design with a cross-sectional study approach. Results: Shows the results of the obesity statistical test p-value: 0.001, diet p-value: 0.000, age p-value: 0.000, physical activity p-value: 0.000. Conclusion: Obesity, diet, age and activity affect the occurrence of diabetic wounds in people with Diabetes Mellitus. Increase public knowledge about diabetes mellitus by providing counselling so the community can avoid the disease.

Ancestral SARS coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and variants of concern (VOC) caused a global pandemic with a spectrum of disease severity. The mechanistic explaining variations related to airway epithelium are relatively understudied. Here, we biobanked airway organoids (AO) by preserving stem cell function. We optimized viral infection with H1N1/PR8 and comprehensively characterized epithelial responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in phenotypically stable AO from 20 different subjects. We discovered Tetraspanin-8 (TSPAN8) as a facilitator of SARS-CoV-2 infection. TSPAN8 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infection rates independently of ACE2-Spike interaction. In head-to-head comparisons with Ancestral SARS-CoV-2, Delta and Omicron VOC displayed lower overall infection rates of AO but triggered changes in epithelial response. All variants shared highest tropism for ciliated and goblet cells. TSPAN8-blocking antibodies diminish SARS-CoV-2 infection and may spur novel avenues for COVID-19 therapy.

The study explores the velocity of Casson fluid that is time-independent over an exponentially infinite isotherm vertical permeable sheet. The impact of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) with Casson flow over the permeability sheet is examined. In contrast, thermal radiation and heat sink parameters have been incorporated. This study’s primary goal is to determine the significance of thermal radiation on Casson flow with MHD using an analytical solution over a permeable sheet. The flow of the fluid occurs above the sheet when [Formula: see text] is greater than zero, and the sheet extends far away in the [Formula: see text]-direction. The model of governing equations is reduced by applying a suitable set of dimensionless parameters. These dimensionless systems of equations are solved through the Laplace transformation method. The impacts of various variables over velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, and Nuseelt number are scrutinized. These variables contain magnetic field [Formula: see text], Casson fluid parameter [Formula: see text], Ghroshof number [Formula: see text], modified Grashof number [Formula: see text], Prandtl number [Formula: see text], thermal radiation [Formula: see text] and Scimdth number [Formula: see text]. These plots are sketched for the considerable magnitude of these variables through the Mathematica Software, and these plots are discussed in detail. Results show that the increasing value of [Formula: see text] reduces the fluid velocity but velocity of fluid is enhanced with larger values of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The impact of Skin friction and Nusselt number is elaborated by tabular outlined.

The progress of membrane technology with the development of membranes with controlled parameters led to porous membranes. These membranes can be formed using different methods and have numerous applications in science and technology. Anodization of aluminum in this aspect is an electro-synthetic process that changes the surface of the metal through oxidation to deliver an anodic oxide layer. This process results in a self-coordinated, exceptional cluster of round and hollow formed pores with controllable pore widths, periodicity, and thickness. After the initial introduction, the paper proceeds with a brief overview of anodizing process. That engages anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) layers to be used as formats in various nanotechnology applications without the necessity for expensive lithographical systems. This review article surveys the current status of the investigation on AAO membranes. A comprehensive analysis is performed on AAO membranes in applications; filtration, sensors, drug delivery, template-assisted growth of various nanostructures. Their multiple usages in nanotechnology have also been discussed to gather nanomaterials and devices or unite them into specific applications, such as nano-electronic gadgets, channel layers, and clinical platforms tissue designing. From this review, the fact that the specified enhancement of properties of AAO can be done by varying geometric parameters of AAO has been highlighted. No review paper focused on a detailed discussion of applications of AAO with prospects and challenges. This review paper represents the formation, properties, applications with objective consideration of the prospects and challenges of AAO applications. The prospects may appeal to researchers to promote the development of unique membranes with functionalization and controlled geometric parameters and check the feasibility of the AAO membranes in nano-devices., 36 pages, 19 figures, 8 tables

Herein, we used TiO2 as the ETL and CBTS as the HTL in a CsPbI3-based PSC and optimized it using SCAPS-1D software, where the final optimization of the device gave a maximum PCE of 19.06%.

A comparative analysis along with the optimization of various parameters for 8 different Cs-halide perovskite absorber-based solar cells is performed using a SCAPS-1D simulator, where ZnO and CFTS are proposed as ETL and HTL materials, respectively.

The optical performance of different indium phosphide (InP) nanostructures are investigated using Wave Optics Module of COMSOL Multiphysics. Our results indicate that InP based nanostructures outperform silicon based nanostructures.

Conductive textiles have found notable applications as electrodes and sensors capable of detecting biosignals like the electrocardiogram (ECG), electrogastrogram (EGG), electroencephalogram (EEG), and electromyogram (EMG), etc; other applications include electromagnetic shielding, supercapacitors, and soft robotics. There are several classes of materials that impart conductivity, including polymers, metals, and non-metals. The most significant materials are Polypyrrole (PPy), Polyaniline (PANI), Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), carbon, and metallic nanoparticles. The processes of making conductive textiles include various deposition methods, polymerization, coating, and printing. The parameters, such as conductivity and electromagnetic shielding, are prerequisites that set the benchmark for the performance of conductive textile materials. This review paper focuses on the raw materials that are used for conductive textiles, various approaches that impart conductivity, the fabrication of conductive materials, testing methods of electrical parameters, and key technical applications, challenges, and future potential.

Although clothes washing machines remove dirt, microorganisms are not reliably removed by modern cold-water machine-washing practices. Microbial bioburden on clothing originates from the wearer’s skin, the environment (indoor and outdoor), and the washing machine itself. While most clothing microbes are commensals, microbes causing odors and opportunistic pathogens may also be present. Understanding the extent of microbial transfer from washing machines to clothes may inform strategies for odor control and for mitigating the transmission of microbes through the laundering process. This study was designed to quantify and identify bacteria/fungi transferred from laundromat machines to sentinel cotton washcloths under standard cold-water conditions. Bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS sequencing enabled identification of microorganisms in the washcloths following laundering. Total plate-based enumeration of viable microorganisms also was performed, using growth media appropriate for bacteria and fungi. Opportunistic human bacterial pathogens, including Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp., were recovered. The fungal bioburden was ~two-fold lower than the bacterial bioburden. Most sequences recovered were assigned to non-pathogenic fungi, such as those from genera Malassezia and Ascomycota. These results suggest that public washing machines represent a source of non-pathogenic and pathogenic microbial contamination of laundered garments.

Energy conservation has become crucial due to the present energy crisis in the world. To resolve such crises and reduce peak hours' electricity demand, the conservation voltage reduction (CVR) technique is frequently implemented in the power grid system. In this paper, experimental work along with simulation has been done to conserve energy by employing the CVR technique in a smart grid (SG). To verify the simulation result, an Arduino-based SG has been designed with a real-time clock (RTC) and Wi-Fi module esp8266. A program has been developed and burnt into a microcontroller integrated circuit (IC) of an Arduino board that senses day-to-day peak and/or off-peak hours of electricity consumption. The intelligent program that has been put in the system to control the switching of triode for AC (i.e., TRIAC) with an optocoupler to vary the firing angle α (0-π). At peak hours the developed system optimizes the output supplied voltage to load and it results in lesser supplied power at load. The energy consumption data is then sent to the ThingSpeak cloud for remote monitoring. Data aggregation and analytics can be done on ThingSpeak to estimate the energy consumption trend and according to the trend distribution management can notify the generation section for demand management. It has been found that the CVR technique is feasible in RTC-based SG systems which conserves 8.33 % energy by considering 2 ms as an optimized firing delay while the CVR factor = 1. The developed RTC-based SG could be useful in mitigating the present energy crisis in developing countries.

Intestinal parasites and bacteria especially enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are important causative agents responsible for persistent diarrhea in infants and children worldwide due to their high occurrence in both the hospitals and community settings. However, sporadic outbreaks by these microorganisms occur globally. This study was conducted from August 2021 to January 2022, during which 500 diarrheic stool samples were collected from both genders and various ages (6 month to 12 years) from outpatient in Zakho hospital. In this study the total rate of infection was 64.2% (321/500), considerable number of samples were positive for more than one species of microorganisms, elevating the rate to 89%, with the highest rate (62%) being with bacteria among which E. coli was the dominant species (74.84%), while the rate with parasites was 27%, with E. histolytica being the dominant species (45.93%). Other recorded bacterial species with their rates are: Klebsiella (15.16%) Pseudomonas spp. and Shigella spp. at rates of 6.13% and 3.87%, respectively. While other parasites included: Cryptosporidium spp. (34.07%), Blastocystis spp. (13.33%), G. lamblia (5.93%) and H. nana (0.74%). Single infections were reported in 61.68% (198/321) of the positive cases with the highest rate (49.53%) of bacteria and only 12.15% with parasites. The dominant organisms in single infections were E. coli and the oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. at rates of 81.13% and 61.54%, respectively. The mixed infections were documented in 38.32% (123/321). Among these, 67.48% (83/123) showed a combination between bacteria and parasites. The most frequent microorganisms encountered in mixed infections were E. coli and E. histolytica at rate of 33.33%. The total rate of infection in females was higher than that in males (59.19 vs 40.81%), with the highest (77.89%) being among the age group 6 months-2 years. In each gender separately, males of the age group 6 months to 2 years showed the highest rate (62.16%,) whereas females of the age group 9-12 years had the highest rate (51.16%). Statistically the relationships between the rate of infection, age and gender were non-significant (P < 0.294). In conclusions it's obvious that 89 % of diarrheal cases were associated with bacteria, and parasites, with E. coli, Klebsiella, E. histolytica, and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts as leading microorganisms. About 61.68% were infected with one microorganism and 38.32% with two different species of microorganisms and the prevalence rate of microbes was found to be sex and age independent. Therefore, it is recommended to disseminate the health education and sanitary application programs among the community.

Aims The aim of this study was to determine how the transfer efficiency of MS-2 coliphage from the toilet seat to hands and fingertip to lip differs according to the suspension of the inoculum. Methods and Results Hands were sampled after lifting a toilet seat which was inoculated with MS-2 on the underneath side. MS-2 was suspended in a spectrum of proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous solutions. Transfer efficiencies were greatest with the ASTM tripartite soil load (3.02% ± 4.03) and lowest with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (1.10% ± 0.81) for hand-to-toilet seat contacts. Finger-to-lip transfer rates were significantly different (p < 0.05) depending on suspension matrix, with PBS yielding the highest transfer (52.53% ± 4.48%) and tryptose soy broth (TSB) the lowest (23.15% ± 24.27%). Quantitative microbial risk assessment was used to estimate the probability of infection from adenovirus and norovirus from finger contact with a toilet seat. Conclusions The greatest transfer as well as the largest variation of transfer were measured for finger-to-lip contacts as opposed to toilet seat-to-finger contacts. These factors influence the estimation of the probability of infection from micro-activity, that is, toilet seat adjustment. Significance and Impact Viruses may be transferred from various human excreta with differing transfer efficiencies, depending on the protein content.

Game theory is an excellent mathematical tool to describe the interaction between the immune system and cancerous leukocytes c . l e u . The feature of cancerous leukocytes to differentiate and mutate to give rise to leukemia is in the domain of ecological models as well. In this work, the dynamic of leukemia is described and compared by two models: firstly by a simple probabilistic mathematical model using the zero-sum two player game of Hawk and Dove, and secondly by Leslie Predator Prey model of ecology. The main goal of this study is to compare the results of both models and then discuss the treatment of leukemia i.e., Hematopoietic Stem cell transplant with the best model among them. Hawk and Dove model also describes the cell to cell interaction of cancerous leukocytes and healthy leukocytes l e u after diagnoses and the condition of the patient before and after treatments. In this work, Hematopoietic Stem cell transplant is discussed by using concepts of a zero-sum three player game. Also, both models will be characterized by determining the stability properties, identifying basins of attraction, and locating the equilibrium points to see, at what extent the patient’s survival is possible with leukemia in its body. Results for both models will be presented graphically.

In these times of globalization, it is impossible to avoid progressive educational development. The unanticipated Covid-19 pandemic has impacted negatively on Malaysia's education system, especially at the tertiary level. Thus, Malaysian Polytechnics were forced to turn to virtual teaching and learning methods. The study's featured Learning Management System (LMS) is CIDOS 3.5, which all lecturers and students are encouraged to use during the tough period. The research design is a quantitative approach. The respondents were chosen through purposive sampling based on the course they enrolled using LMS (CIDOS 3.5) they used during the Covid-19 Pandemic. The online cross-sectional survey from 100 tertiary Communicative English students at one of the Polytechnics in Sarawak, Malaysia was collected to evaluate their perceptions on CIDOS 3.5 during the Covid-19 pandemic. The findings found a high level of Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use and Behavioral Intention. Pearson correlation coefficient indicates a statistically significant relationship between Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease on Behavioral Intention in using LMS CIDOS 3.5 among Communicative English students at this institution in Sarawak.

Microchannels based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have received a lot of interest in the microfluidics and biomedical fields over the past forty years. While their applications have been multifarious, a comprehensive literature review focusing on their design, type, and applications is not currently present in the literature. Researchers working on these elements of microchannels will gain targeted knowledge from the current review on microchannels. Due to its advanced properties, flexibility of mass, and small size, microdevice demand has been rising quickly, particularly in industrial applications. The classification of microchannels and their uses are the main focus of this work. These include but are not limited to molding, electroplating, lithography, lab-on-a-chip, micromolding, micromachining, micromilling, laser ablation, lithography, microcontact printing (μcp), hot embossing, electrochemical micromachining (EMM), and etching. In addition, numerous hybrid techniques for microchannel manufacturing have been reported. So, in essence, this review offers a range of advancements in microchannel manufacturing. The review also attempts to present a qualitative analysis describing the various methodologies associated with microchannels in terms of their design, shape, and flow regimes for applications such as pressure drop and transfer of heat prediction. Additionally, depending on the precise uses needed, a number of materials, including but not limited to ceramics, silicon, metals, and polymers, are utilized in the manufacture of microchannels. On metallic substrates, polymers such as silicon, glass, and polymeric materials are used. The biomedical industry uses polymeric and glass substrates instead of silicon substrates, which are used for mechanical engineering and electronic applications. In addition to outlining methods for choosing the best kind of microchannel, this paper also suggests important directions for the future.

Research on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the aging process has advanced significantly over the last two decades. In light of recent findings, ROS takes part in the aging process of cells along with contributing to various physiological signaling pathways. Antioxidants being cells' natural defense mechanism against ROS-mediated alteration, play an imperative role to maintain intracellular ROS homeostasis. Although the complete understanding of the ROS regulated aging process is yet to be fully comprehended, current insights into various sources of cellular ROS and their correlation with the aging process and age-related diseases are portrayed in this review. In addition, results on the effect of antioxidants on ROS homeostasis and the aging process as well as their advances in clinical trials are also discussed in detail. The future perspective in ROS-antioxidant dynamics on antiaging research is also marshaled to provide future directions for ROS-mediated antiaging research fields.

The prevalence of ESBLs producing Enterobacteriaceae are increasing locally and globally. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility profile of Enterobacteriaceae causing urinary tract infection and to record the prevalence of ESBLs genes among enterobacterial isolates. A total of 454 urine specimens were collected from outpatients with UTIs from two major hospitals in Zakho city; The Zakho General hospital and Emergency hospital. The enterobacterial isolates were identified using the phenotypic and conventional biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated organisms was determined using the disk diffusion method, and ESBL production was detected by a double-disk synergy test. The suspected ESBL producers were further confirmed by the amplification of specific primers using PCR assay. Out of 454 specimens, 239 enterobacterial isolates were identified. The most common detected isolates and their rates were: Escherichia coli (65.20 %) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (25.49 %). Imipenem was the most effective antibiotic used while, amoxicillin and ampicillin were the most resistant. The highest level of ESBL production was determined in E. coli (66.3 %) followed by K. pneumoniae (30.43%). The predominant detected gene were both CTX-M and SHV equally followed by TEM. In conclusion, this study indicated that member of Enterobacteriaceae in particular E. coli and K. pneumoniae are the predominant species causing UTI. The isolated bacteria were resistant to most of used antibiotics except imipenem which was effective. These bacteria are becoming multidrug-resistant due to the absence of restriction in antibiotics uses, in addition to their abuse and overuse.

This study aims to determine whether there is a significant effect of cartoon film media on the vocabulary of English students. This type of research is quantitative research and was conducted using two classes, the experimental class consisted of 30 students and the control class consisted of 30 students. In the data collection technique, the researcher used pre-test, treatment and post-test by giving a reading comprehension test consisting of 10 multiple choice items for each test. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant influence from the use of cartoon film media. This can be seen from the difference between the students’ mean scores from the pre-test and post-test in the experimental class which increased from 44 to 75. The average post-test score in the control class was 52 while the post-test score in the experimental class was 75. Higher than the average value of the control class. That means, the cartoon film media strategy can improve students’ understanding of English vocabulary.

Guru TKQ dan DTA yang merupakan pendidik di tingkat PAUD sekaligus fasilitator kepada siswanya dalam menyampaikan materi belum memaksimalkan media pembelajaran digital. Padahal di era sekarang ini, media pembelajaran digital sangat dibutuhkan untuk membuat siswa semangat dalam belajarnya, apalagi di tengah pandemi Covid 19. Dampak pembelajaran yang tidak menggunakan media digital adalah kejenuhan siswa dan kurangnya semangat dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran, sehingga tujuan pembelajaran tidak tercapai sebagaimana mestinya. Literasi digital menempati peran yang sangat penting dalam permasalahan ini sebagai solusi dan antisipasi dalam menghadapi tantangan digital di era revolusi 4.0. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan peserta guru bahasa Arab TKQ dan DTA di Kota Bandung. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa literasi digital memiliki dampak dan efek langsung pada khazanah media ajar guru, serta partisipasi siswa dalam pembelajaran aktif dan kolaboratif.

Background Antrochoanal polyps (ACPs) are pathologically benign nasal swellings. The maxillary sinus is the commonest reported origin. The polyps are usually unilateral and often exit through the progressively widened maxillary sinus ostium to occupy the choana and may reach the nasopharynx. It is a disease of adolescents and young adults who often present with progressive unilateral nasal obstruction. Encountering bilateral antrochoanal polyps is very rare. Case presentation We report a forty years old male who had progressive bilateral nasal obstruction for 8 years associated with hyposmia and intermittent facial pain and headaches. A nasal mass could be seen on anterior rhinoscopy on both sides, more prominent on the left. Endoscopy revealed bilateral masses hanging down the choanae. Computerized tomography scan of the nose and paranasal sinuses demonstrated bilateral nasal polypi and widening of the maxillary sinus ostia. During endoscopic surgical excision of the lesions, polypi were found to dilate the ostia of both maxillary sinuses. The polypi had antral, nasal, and choanal parts typical of antrochoanal polypi on both sides. The histopathology showed the inflammatory nature characteristic of antrochoanal polyp. Postoperatively, the patient’s symptoms resolved dramatically, and he is on continuous regular scheduled follow-up. Conclusion Bilateral antrochoanal polyps can present with nasal obstruction and can be misdiagnosed as sinusitis; radiological and endoscopic features are useful to reach specific diagnosis; what is special about our presentation is that it is an addition to the literature of a rare disease (bilateral ACPs), and we are reporting it in an older age rather than the common younger age of presentation in the literature reports, which is an addition to the demographic data.

A novel multi-objective Coronavirus disease optimization algorithm (MOCOVIDOA) is presented to solve global optimization problems with up to three objective functions. This algorithm used an archive to store non-dominated POSs during the optimization process. Then, a roulette wheel selection mechanism selects the effective archived solutions by simulating the frameshifting technique Coronavirus particles use for replication. We evaluated the efficiency by solving twenty-seven multi-objective (21 benchmarks & 6 real-world engineering design) problems, where the results are compared against five common multi-objective metaheuristics. The comparison uses six evaluation metrics, including IGD, GD, MS, SP, HV, and delta p ($$\Delta \mathrm{P}$$ Δ P ). The obtained results and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test show the superiority of this novel algorithm over the existing algorithms and reveal its applicability in solving multi-objective problems.

Kesulitan belajar akademik dapat diketahui oleh guru atau orang tua ketika gagal menampilkan salah satu atau beberapa kemampuan akademik. Sebaliknya, kesulitan yang bersifat perkembangan umumnya sukar diketahui baik oleh orang tua maupun oleh guru karena tidak ada pengukuran-pengukuran yang sistematik seperti halnya dalam bidang akademik.Untuk mencapai prestasi akademik yang memuaskan seorang anak memerlukan penguasaan keterampilan prasyarat. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan kesulitan belajar anak di Sekolah Dasar Negeri. Metode penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional, populasi dalam penelitian sebanyak 80 siswa yang ada di Sekolah Dasar Negeri dengan sampel 45 siswa. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan tehnik porpusive sampling, pengumpulan data menggunakan koesioner, pengolahan data menggunakan program komputer, disajikan dalam bentuk tabel dan narasi. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis bivariat dengan menggunakan uji chi-square (p=

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2, a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus that emerged less than two years ago but has caused nearly 6.1 million deaths to date. Recently developed variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus have been shown to be more potent and expanded at a faster rate. Until now, there is no specific and effective treatment for SARS-CoV-2 in terms of reliable and sustainable recovery. Precaution, prevention, and vaccinations are the only ways to keep the pandemic situation under control. Medical and scientific professionals are now focusing on the repurposing of previous technology and trying to develop more fruitful methodologies to detect the presence of viruses, treat the patients, precautionary items, and vaccine developments. Nanomedicine or nanobased platforms can play a crucial role in these fronts. Researchers are working on many effective approaches by nanosized particles to combat SARS-CoV-2. The role of a nanobased platform to combat SARS-CoV-2 is extremely diverse (i.e., mark to personal protective suit, rapid diagnostic tool to targeted treatment, and vaccine developments). Although there are many theoretical possibilities of a nanobased platform to combat SARS-CoV-2, until now there is an inadequate number of research targeting SARS-CoV-2 to explore such scenarios. This unique mini-review aims to compile and elaborate on the recent advances of nanobased approaches from prevention, diagnostics, treatment to vaccine developments against SARS-CoV-2, and associated challenges.

SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron are globally relevant variants of concern. Although individuals infected with Delta are at risk of developing severe lung disease, infection with Omicron often causes milder symptoms, especially in vaccinated individuals1,2. The question arises of whether widespread Omicron infections could lead to future cross-variant protection, accelerating the end of the pandemic. Here we show that without vaccination, infection with Omicron induces a limited humoral immune response in mice and humans. Sera from mice overexpressing the human ACE2 receptor and infected with Omicron neutralize only Omicron, but not other variants of concern, whereas broader cross-variant neutralization was observed after WA1 and Delta infections. Unlike WA1 and Delta, Omicron replicates to low levels in the lungs and brains of infected animals, leading to mild disease with reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and diminished activation of lung-resident T cells. Sera from individuals who were unvaccinated and infected with Omicron show the same limited neutralization of only Omicron itself. By contrast, Omicron breakthrough infections induce overall higher neutralization titres against all variants of concern. Our results demonstrate that Omicron infection enhances pre-existing immunity elicited by vaccines but, on its own, may not confer broad protection against non-Omicron variants in unvaccinated individuals.

Dynamical evolution of global quantum discord (GQD) and von Neumann entropy (VNE) is studied for N two-level atomic system (TLS) (two, three and four TLS). The system interacts with the single mode Fock field and the cavity is filled with the non-linear Kerr medium (NLKM). It is seen that for large values of the Kerr parameter, the GQD and VNE show periodic behavior which leads to the sudden death and birth of the quantum entanglement (QE). It is found that the oscillations of the GQD is suppressed for the initial mixed state. The VNE has non-zero values of quantum interference throughout the dynamics of the system for initial mixed states. It is also found that the multipartite systems show sustained response to the QE during the time evolution. Moreover, the GQD and VNE are notably affected in the presence of the NLKM and affected for the entire range of Kerr values as we increase the number of photons in the cavity. Furthermore, for both initial pure and mixed states, the periodic behavior of the GQD and VNE is almost the same for the case of moving TLS. The sudden death and birth of QE is more prominent for moving TLS case. The atomic motion is favorable to sustain the QE in the atomic systems in a NLKM.

Although the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (BA.1) spread rapidly across the world and effectively evaded immune responses, its viral fitness in cell and animal models was reduced. The precise nature of this attenuation remains unknown as generating replication-competent viral genomes is challenging because of the length of the viral genome (~30 kb). Here, we present a plasmid-based viral genome assembly and rescue strategy (pGLUE) that constructs complete infectious viruses or noninfectious subgenomic replicons in a single ligation reaction with >80% efficiency. Fully sequenced replicons and infectious viral stocks can be generated in 1 and 3 weeks, respectively. By testing a series of naturally occurring viruses as well as Delta-Omicron chimeric replicons, we show that Omicron nonstructural protein 6 harbors critical attenuating mutations, which dampen viral RNA replication and reduce lipid droplet consumption. Thus, pGLUE overcomes remaining barriers to broadly study SARS-CoV-2 replication and reveals deficits in nonstructural protein function underlying Omicron attenuation.