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The number of children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in giftedness is higher than that of the normotypic population. This study aimed to analyze the empirical evidence that shows the coexistence, or not, of both diagnoses. The results found did not allow to affirm that ADHD is a valid construction in the context of the giftedness. When studied from a psychobiological perspective it is found that gifted children can present clinical symptoms of ADHD in the absence of specific neuronal markers to this disorder, indeed they seem to follow an different development trajectory. It suggests the need to use neuroscientific and objective approaches that help to understand giftedness and ADHD within the context of neurodevelopment and as a consequence of an integrated and multifaceted organ that is more than a simple reflection of its separate parts or the sum of specific symptoms.

Polylepis tarapacana forms one of the highest-altitude woodlands worldwide. Its populations are experiencing a decline due to unsustainable land-use practices, climate change, and fungal infection. In Sajama National Park in Bolivia, Polylepis tarapacana is affected by a disease caused by the pleosporalean fungus Leptosphaeria polylepidis, recently described in 2005. In this study, the integrative morphological and molecular analyses using sequences from multiple DNA loci showed that it belongs to the genus Paraleptosphaeria (Leptosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales). Accordingly, the appropriate new combination, Paraleptosphaeria polylepidis, is made. Pseudothecia of Pa. polylepidis were found to be overgrown by enigmatic conidiomata that were not reported in the original description of this fungus. Morphological and molecular analyses using sequences from two DNA loci revealed that they belong to an undescribed genus and species in the family Dictyosporiaceae (Pleosporales). The new generic and specific names, Sajamaea and S. mycophila, are introduced for this unusual fungus.

With this investigation one tries to analyze the influence of the fluctuations of estradiol in the lear-ning process of university students. The hormonal levels of 17- ß estradiol have measured up in saliva, across kits ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) in 64 women, aged 18-19 years. The subjects realized the tests of memory and control atencional of Luria's battery DNA when his levels of estradiol were high and when these were lower. The studied women obtained significantly top punctuations in the curve of learning and in the tests of immediate memory and attention when they were during the more high beak of estradiol, that when the levels of estradiol were low. The results suggest that the estradiol might be one of the factors that take part in the plasticity of the circuit neuronal implied in the memory and the attention during the learning. Con esta investigación se pretende analizar la influencia de las fluctuaciones de estradiol en el proceso de aprendizaje de estudiantes universitarias. Se han medido los niveles hormonales de 17- β estradiol en saliva, a través de kits ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) en 64 mujeres, de entre 18 y 19 años. Los sujetos realizaron las pruebas de memoria y control atencio-nal de la batería de Luria DNA cuando sus niveles de estradiol eran más altos y cuando éstos eran más bajos. Las mujeres estudiadas obtuvieron puntuaciones significativamente superiores en la curva de aprendizaje y en las pruebas de memoria inmediata y atención cuando se encontraban durante el pico más alto de estradiol, que cuando los niveles de estradiol eran bajos. Los resulta-dos sugieren que el estradiol podría ser uno de los factores que participan en la plasticidad del circuito neuronal implicado en la memoria y la atención durante el aprendizaje.

Gifted people are endowed with a more efficient cognitive system, and capable of achieving objectives with fewer resources. The proper development of this potential is an important determinant for health and social and personal well-being. The aim of this work is to collect and analyse the latest findings on the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Studies of genetic associations have identified genes and genetic loci that generate cellular properties associated with intelligence. The appearance of transcriptomics and cellular neuroscience provide data on the differential development of brain cells associated with giftedness. Brain imaging studies provide us with a macroscopic, structural, and functional vision of the areas involved in intelligence. The neuro-computational models of cognitive development try to explain the trajectories of development in terms of polygenicity and variations in the level of environmental stimulation.

The latest findings in neuroscience show that the brain of the child with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) deviates from the typical development path since the prenatal period. We know that the mutation of certain genes alters the maturational trajectory of synaptic connections during early development, a period of maximum vulnerability in which the formation of neuronal circuits is highly plastic and depends on both genetic and environmental factors. A better understanding of the neurobiological bases of ASD will draw bridges, until recently insurmountable, between neuronal circuits and atypical behaviors in the classroom. In addition, it will allow us to better explore which are the critical periods of development where the intervention, both clinical and educational, in the child with ASD may be more effective.RESUMENLos ultimos hallazgos en neurociencia muestran que el cerebro del nino con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) se desvia de la ruta tipica del desarrollo ya desde el periodo prenatal. Sabemos que la mutacion de ciertos genes altera la trayectoria madurativa de las conexiones sinapticas durante el desarrollo temprano, un periodo de maxima vulnerabilidad en el que la formacion de circuitos neuronales es altamente plastica y dependiente tanto de factores geneticos como ambientales. Una mejor comprension de las bases neurobiologicas del TEA trazara puentes, hasta hace poco insalvables, entre los circuitos neuronales y los comportamientos atipicos en el aula. Ademas, nos permitira explorar mejor cuales son los periodos criticos del desarrollo donde la intervencion, tanto clinica como educativa, en el nino con TEA puede resultar mas eficaz.

¿Cómo acercar la ciencia a la práctica de la restauración de los bosques de Polylepis? Esta pregunta suscitó la discusión y la reflexión entre un grupo de científicos académicos y practicantes de restauración que participamos del simposio "Reforestación y Restauración de Ecosistemas de Polylepis: Experiencias y Perspectivas" durante el IV Congreso Internacional de Ecología y Conservación de Bosques de Polylepis. El diálogo dentro del grupo nos permitió reconocer que existen diferentes experiencias prácticas relacionadas con la reforestación con especies de Polylepis, con distintos objetivos, grado de avance y de éxito, y, en general, poca participación del sector académico. Para que los científicos colaboremos de una manera más efectiva con la restauración de estos bosques, tenemos que realizar investigaciones tanto en áreas relevantes para la ciencia como para la práctica, y compartir nuestros aportes con los practicantes. En este artículo identificamos temas que consideramos prioritarios como guía para definir el marco de trabajo de investigación en la restauración de los bosques de Polylepis y los presentamos de acuerdo con su importancia para los sectores académicos y de practicantes. El sector académico considera que los principales vacíos de información en los que hay que trabajar se relacionan con aspectos ecológicos que abarcan desde la escala genética hasta la de paisaje. Mientras tanto, el sector de los practicantes sostiene que es necesario priorizar aspectos técnicos aplicables a su labor, como selección del sitio, manejo de las especies en vivero y en campo, e identificación de las barreras al establecimiento. Finalmente, sugerimos algunas estrategias de comunicación y cooperación directa en investigación para facilitar la colaboración entre científicos y practicantes de restauración, y para lograr juntos el objetivo de conservar y restaurar los ecosistemas de Polylepis. How do we bridge the gaps between science and practice in the restoration of Polylepis forests and shrublands? This question inspired discussion and reflection among a group of academic scientists and restoration practitioners attending the "Reforestation and restoration in Polylepis ecosystems: experiences and perspectives" symposium held during the IV International Congress on Ecology and Conservation of Polylepis Forests. Through dialogue, we recognized there are different experiences related to reforestation with Polylepis trees/shrubs, each with different objectives and degrees of progress and success, and, in general, very low participation of the academic sector. In order for academic scientists to contribute more effectively towards the restoration of these forests, we need to research areas of relevance both to science and restoration practice and explicitly share the implications of our research with practitioners. Here, we seek to guide the future research agenda in Polylepis forest restoration and reforestation science by identifying topics that should have priority in future studies, and present them according to the priorities of academics and practitioners. While the academic sector considers main gaps in knowledge requiring work to be related to ecological aspects at several scales ranging from genetics to landscape, restoration practitioners prioritize research of technical aspects directly applicable to their work (e.g., site selection, species management in greenhouses and the field, identification of barriers to establishment). Finally, we make some suggestions about research communication and direct collaboration between scientists and restoration practitioners to help us accomplish the main objective of conserving and restoring Polylepis ecosystems together. Fil: Morales Moreno, Laura V.. University of California at Davis; Estados Unidos Fil: Fuentealba, Beatriz. Instituto de Montaña, Huaraz; Perú Fil: Sevillano, Cristian S.. Cornell University; Estados Unidos Fil: Gómez, M. Isabel. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural; Bolivia Fil: Segovia Salcedo, M. Claudia. Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas- ESPE; Ecuador Fil: Renison, Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Ecología y Recursos Naturales Renovables; Argentina Fil: Green, Daniel. Meristema Consultores; Chile Fil: Aucca, Constantino. Asociación Ecosistemas Andinos; Perú Fil: Hensen, Isabell. Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg; Alemania. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle Jena Lepzig; Alemania

Pragmatic methods to assess the status of biodiversity at multiple scales are required to support conservation decision-making. At the intersection of several major biogeographic zones, Bolivia has extraordinary potential to develop a monitoring strategy aligned with the objectives of the Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON). Bolivia, a GEO Observer since 2005, is already working on the adequacy of national earth observations towards the objectives of the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). However, biodiversity is still an underrepresented component in this initiative. The integration of biodiversity into Bolivia’s GEO framework would confirm the need for a country level biodiversity monitoring strategy, fundamental to assess the progress towards the 2020 Aichi targets. Here we analyse and discuss two aspects of the process of developing such a strategy: (1) identification of taxonomic, temporal and spatial coverage of biodiversity data to detect both ava...

Resumen Objetivo Conocer la incidencia de colonizacion de los cateteres venosos centrales (CVC) en las unidades de hospitalizacion del Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metaboliques (IMDiM) del Hospital Clinic de Barcelona con intencion de reducir el riesgo de infeccion. Metodo Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo y longitudinal, de 4 meses de duracion. Fueron objeto de estudio los pacientes ingresados en las unidades del IMDiM, portadores de CVC (n = 230). Al retirar el cateter, se procedia al cultivo de la punta del mismo, realizandose 2 hemocultivos si el paciente presentaba fiebre. Se creo una base de datos. Se analizo con SPSS version 11.0. Las variables se compararon mediante prueba de χ 2 , test de la t de Student y se realizo un analisis multivariante mediante la regresion logistica de Cox, considerandose significativa una p igual o inferior a 0,05. Resultados El cultivo de punta de cateter fue positivo en el 45,2%, con una tasa de bacteriemia relacionada con cateter, clinicamente significativa de 2,9 ‰ dias de cateter. La probabilidad de contaminacion de punta de cateter fue del 25% a los 10 dias de colocacion. Realizado el analisis multivariado, observamos que el tipo de cateter, el cambio de aposito y la infeccion bacteriana de las llaves, fueron las 3 variables independientes asociadas a un mayor riesgo de infeccion. Conclusiones Estos resultados sugieren que: 1) se deberia revisar y actualizar el protocolo de insercion y mantenimiento de cateteres; 2) valorar la permanencia de estos a partir del 10.o dia, y 3) seleccionar adecuadamente el tipo de cateter que se va a colocar, utilizar el de menor numero de luces necesario, asi como disminuir el numero de cambios de aposito.

To evaluate the incidence of central venous catheter (CVC) colonization in inpatient units of the Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques (IMDiM) of Hospital Clinic (Barcelona, Spain) with a view to reducing the risk of infection.A 4-month descriptive, prospective and longitudinal study was performed. A total of 230 patients admitted to the IMDiM with CVC were included during the study period. At catheter removal, the tip was cultured and, if the patient had fever, two blood cultures were also obtained. A database was created. Data were analyzed using SPSS v.11.0. Variables were compared with the Chi-square and Student's t-tests and a multivariate analysis was performed using Cox logistic regression. A value of P0.05 was considered significant.Catheter tip culture was positive in 45.2%. The rate of catheter-related bloodstream infections was 2.9 per thousand catheter-days, which was clinically significant. The probability of catheter tip contamination 10 days after placement was 25%. Multivariate analysis revealed that the independent variables associated with a higher risk of infection were catheter type, changes of dressing, and infected bacterial stopcocks.These results suggest that: 1) the protocol for catheter insertion and care should be reviewed and updated, 2) catheter removal should be considered after the 10th day, 3) the appropriate type of catheter should be selected, the catheter with the lowest number of lumens should be used, and changes of catheter dressing should be reduced.